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How many lives will be lost while we wait?
Berapa nyawa yang akan hilang saat kita menunggu?
en-id
Too many already.
Troppe.
en-it
But prevail we will.
하지만 우리는 승리할 것입니다.
en-ko
I'm going to speak about a tiny, little idea.
Bu gün konuşacağım konu küçük bir fikir.
en-tr
And this is about shifting baseline.
celle de repousser les limites.
en-fr-ca
And because the idea can be explained in one minute, I will tell you three stories before to fill in the time.
Și fiindcă ideea poate fi explicată într-un minut, voi spune înainte 3 povești să umplu timpul.
en-ro
And the first story is about Charles Darwin, one of my heroes.
最初のお話は 私が憧れる チャールズ・ダーウィンについてです
en-ja
And he was here, as you well know, in '35.
ご存知のように 1835年 彼はガラパゴス諸島を訪れました
en-ja
And you'd think he was chasing finches, but he wasn't.
Talvez pensem que ele andava atrás de pássaros,
en-pt
He was actually collecting fish.
Aslında balık topluyordu.
en-tr
And he described one of them as very "common."
Jednu od njih je opisao kao veoma učestalu vrstu.
en-sr
This was the sailfin grouper.
Era la cernia di fondale,
en-it
A big fishery was run on it until the '80s.
그 물고기 때문에 80년대 까지 이곳이 큰 어장을 형성하고 있었는데
en-ko
Now the fish is on the IUCN Red List.
Ora è tra le specie a rischio di estinzione dell'IUCN.
en-it
Now this story, we have heard it lots of times on Galapagos and other places, so there is nothing particular about it.
Cette histoire, nous l'avons entendu de nombreuses fois aux Galapagos et d'autres endroits, elle n'a donc rien de particulier.
en-fr
But the point is, we still come to Galapagos.
Dar încă vizităm Insulele Galapagos.
en-ro
We still think it is pristine.
ritnenendole ancora incontaminate.
en-it
The brochures still say it is untouched.
لاتزال المطوية تقول أنها غير ممسوسة.
en-ar
So what happens here?
这里究竟是什么情况
en-zh-cn
The second story, also to illustrate another concept, is called shifting waistline.
第二個故事,也可以用來說明另一個概念 叫做腰圍變化
en-zh-tw
(Laughter) Because I was there in '71, studying a lagoon in West Africa.
(Risos) Porque eu estive lá em 71, estudando uma lagoa na África Ocidental.
en-pt-br
I was there because I grew up in Europe and I wanted later to work in Africa.
我去那里是因为我在欧洲长大 我想以后到非洲工作
en-zh-cn
And I thought I could blend in.
Mặc dù tôi đã có thể hòa nhập với cuộc sống tại đó
en-vi
And I got a big sunburn, and I was convinced that I was really not from there.
Und ich bekam einen schlimmen Sonnenbrand und war überzeugt, dass ich wirklich nicht von dort stammte.
en-de
This was my first sunburn.
Ce fut mon premier coup de soleil.
en-fr
And the lagoon was surrounded by palm trees, as you can see, and a few mangrove.
И лагуната беше обградена от палмови дървета, както можете да видите, и няколко мангрови дървета.
en-bg
And it had tilapia about 20 centimeters, a species of tilapia called blackchin tilapia.
có cả cá rô phi khoảng chừng 20 cm một loài cá rô phi được với với cái tên là cá rô phi cằm đen
en-vi
And the fisheries for this tilapia sustained lots of fish and they had a good time and they earned more than average in Ghana.
Η αλιεία αυτoύ του είδους στήριζε τότε πολλούς ψαράδες που ήταν χαρούμενοι γιατί κέρδιζαν έναν πολύ καλό μισθό για τα δεδομένα της Γκάνας.
en-el
When I went there 27 years later, the fish had shrunk to half of their size.
Kada sam se vratio tamo posle 27 godina, ribe su se znatno smanjile, gotovo prepolovile.
en-sr
They were maturing at five centimeters.
Ils venaient à maturité à cinq centimètres.
en-fr
They had been pushed genetically.
Ikan ini telah didorong secara genetik.
en-id
There were still fishes.
Certes il y avait toujours du poisson et de la pêche.
en-fr-ca
They were still kind of happy.
كانت لا تزال فرحة نوعا ما.
en-ar
And the fish also were happy to be there.
Peshqit poashtu ishin të lumtur që ishin aty.
en-sq
So nothing has changed, but everything has changed.
Dakle, ništa se nije promenilo, ali se sve promenilo.
en-sr
My third little story is that I was an accomplice in the introduction of trawling in Southeast Asia.
Meine dritte kleine Geschichte erzählt von meiner Mittäterschaft bei der Einführung der Schleppnetzfischerei in Südostasien.
en-de
In the '70s -- well, beginning in the '60s -- Europe did lots of development projects.
Në vitet e 70-ta, ose më mirë të them me fillim në vitet e 60-ta Evropa bëri shumë projekte zhvillimi.
en-sq
Fish development meant imposing on countries that had already 100,000 fishers to impose on them industrial fishing.
Развитие рыбного промысла означало внедрение в странах, в которых было более 100 000 рыбаков, внедрение в них промышленного лова.
en-ru
And this boat, quite ugly, is called the Mutiara 4.
Κι αυτό το σκάφος, το ασχημούτσικο, λεγόταν Μουτιάρα 4.
en-el
And I went sailing on it, and we did surveys throughout the southern South China sea and especially the Java Sea.
Ci ho navigato, e abbiamo fatto verifiche in tutto il Mar Cinese Meridionale e specialmente nel Mare di Giava.
en-it
And what we caught, we didn't have words for it.
Apanhávamos coisas que nem sabíamos como se chamavam.
en-pt
What we caught, I know now, is the bottom of the sea.
Çfarë ne kapëm, tani e di, është fundi i detit.
en-sq
And 90 percent of our catch were sponges, other animals that are fixed on the bottom.
El 90% de lo que capturamos eran esponjas, otros animales que están en el fondo.
en-es
And actually most of the fish, they are a little spot on the debris, the piles of debris, were coral reef fish.
Dan sebenarnya kebanyakan ikan hanyalah daerah kecil dari puing ini, tumpukan dari puing ini adalah ikan terumbu karang.
en-id
Essentially the bottom of the sea came onto the deck and then was thrown down.
基本上這等於將海底搬上甲板 然後隨意丟棄
en-zh-tw
And these pictures are extraordinary because this transition is very rapid.
Deze beelden zijn bijzonder, want deze transitie gaat erg snel.
en-nl
Within a year, you do a survey and then commercial fishing begins.
Innerhalb eines Jahres führt man eine Erhebung durch und beginnt dann mit dem gewerblichen Fischfang.
en-de
The bottom is transformed from, in this case, a hard bottom or soft coral into a muddy mess.
Дъното е преобразувано от, в този случай, твърдо дъно или мек корал в кална бъркотия.
en-bg
This is a dead turtle.
Questa è una tartaruga morta.
en-it
They were not eaten, they were thrown away because they were dead.
이런 거북들은 죽은 거라서 먹지 않고 버린거죠.
en-ko
And one time we caught a live one.
وما یک بار یکی را زنده گرفتیم.
en-fa
It was not drowned yet.
Todavía no estaba ahogada.
en-es
And then they wanted to kill it because it was good to eat.
Entonces querían matarla porque era un buen alimento.
en-es
This mountain of debris is actually collected by fishers every time they go into an area that's never been fished.
Эта груда мусора на самом деле собирается рыбаками каждый раз, когда они работают в районе, где ещё не ловили рыбу.
en-ru
But it's not documented.
Ancak bunlar belgelenmemiş.
en-tr
We transform the world, but we don't remember it.
אנו משנים את העולם, אבל אנחנו לא זוכרים את זה.
en-he
We adjust our baseline to the new level, and we don't recall what was there.
Ajustăm starea de referință la noul nivel și nu ne mai amintim ce era acolo.
en-ro
If you generalize this, something like this happens.
Ако обобщите това, нещо такова се случва.
en-bg
You have on the y axis some good thing: biodiversity, numbers of orca, the greenness of your country, the water supply.
Op de Y-as heb je iets goeds: biodiversiteit, aantallen orka's, de groenheid van je land, de watervoorraad.
en-nl
And over time it changes -- it changes because people do things, or naturally.
και, με το χρόνο, αυτό αλλάζει λόγω ανθρωπίνων ή φυσικών παραγόντων.
en-el
Every generation will use the images that they got at the beginning of their conscious lives as a standard and will extrapolate forward.
Każde pokolenie wykorzysta obrazy z początku swego świadomego życia jako pewien standard i na ich podstawie dokona szacunków na przyszłość.
en-pl
And the difference then, they perceive as a loss.
Atëherë ndryshimin, e perceptojnë si një humbje.
en-sq
But they don't perceive what happened before as a loss.
Aber sie nehmen die vorangegangenen Verluste nicht wahr.
en-de
You can have a succession of changes.
Uno puede analizar la sucesión de cambios.
en-es
At the end you want to sustain miserable leftovers.
最后你希望 保住最后可怜的幸存者
en-zh-cn
And that, to a large extent, is what we want to do now.
W dużym stopniu to to, co chcemy robić teraz.
en-pl
We want to sustain things that are gone or things that are not the way they were.
Wir möchten Dinge erhalten, die verschwunden sind oder Dinge, die nicht mehr so sind, wie sie waren.
en-de
Now one should think this problem affected people certainly when in predatory societies, they killed animals and they didn't know they had done so after a few generations.
עכשיו צריך לחשוב על כך שהבעיה הזו השפיעה על אנשים בחברות ציד, ללא ספק, הם הרגו חיות והם לא ידעו שהם עשו את זה אחרי כמה דורות.
en-he
Because, obviously, an animal that is very abundant, before it gets extinct, it becomes rare.
Γιατί, προφανώς, το είδος ζώου που βρίσκεται σε αφθονία, προτού εξαφανιστεί, γίνεται πρώτα σπάνιο.
en-el
So you don't lose abundant animals.
Você não perde animais abundantes.
en-pt-br
You always lose rare animals.
Si estinguono sempre quelli rari.
en-it
And therefore they're not perceived as a big loss.
وبالتالي لا ينظر إليها على أنها خسارة كبيرة.
en-ar
Over time, we concentrate on large animals, and in a sea that means the big fish.
Setiap waktu, kita berpusat pada hewan-hewan besar, yang di laut berarti ikan-ikan besar.
en-id
They become rarer because we fish them.
Binatang itu menjadi langka karena ditangkap.
en-id
Over time we have a few fish left and we think this is the baseline.
不久後,海裡只剩一點點魚 然後我們會以這個數量重訂基準線
en-zh-tw
And the question is, why do people accept this?
Întrebarea este de ce acceptă oamenii asta?
en-ro
Well because they don't know that it was different.
Çünkü daha önce bunun farklı olduğunu bilmiyoruz.
en-tr
And in fact, lots of people, scientists, will contest that it was really different.
و در واقع بسیاری از مردم و دانشمندان هم بحث خواهند کرد که آن واقعاً متفاوت بوده. و در واقع بسیاری از مردم و دانشمندان هم بحث خواهند کرد که آن واقعاً متفاوت بوده.
en-fa
And they will contest this because the evidence presented in an earlier mode is not in the way they would like the evidence presented.
Они опровергнут, потому что свидетельства, представленные ранее, не совсем такие, как они хотят представлять.
en-ru
For example, the anecdote that some present, as Captain so-and-so observed lots of fish in this area cannot be used or is usually not utilized by fishery scientists, because it's not "scientific."
举个例子 有人讲了一个故事 说某某船长 发现这个地区有很多鱼 这个故事不能拿来当证据 渔业科学家通常也不会采纳这个故事 因为它不够“科学”
en-zh-cn
So you have a situation where people don't know the past, even though we live in literate societies, because they don't trust the sources of the past.
Προκύπτει λοιπόν αυτή η κατάσταση, οι άνθρωποι να μην γνωρίζουν το παρελθόν, ακόμα και τώρα που ζούμε σε εγγράμματες κοινωνίες, επειδή δεν εμπιστεύονται τις παλαιότερες πηγές.
en-el
And hence, the enormous role that a marine protected area can play.
To je velika uloga koju igra zaštićena pomorska oblast.
en-sr
Because with marine protected areas, we actually recreate the past.
Parce qu'avec des aires marines protégées, nous faisons revivre le passé.
en-fr
We recreate the past that people cannot conceive because the baseline has shifted and is extremely low.
Un passato che la gente nemmeno riesce a immaginare, perché la linea di riferimento si è spostata enormemente verso il basso.
en-it
That is for people who can see a marine protected area and who can benefit from the insight that it provides, which enables them to reset their baseline.
Questo vale per la gente che riesce a visitare queste aree marine e che trae beneficio dal constatarne le condizioni, che permettono loro di azzerare la linea di riferimento.
en-it
How about the people who can't do that because they have no access -- the people in the Midwest for example?
Maar hoe zit het met mensen die hier geen toegang toe hebben -- mensen die ver van zee wonen, bijvoorbeeld?
en-nl
There I think that the arts and film can perhaps fill the gap, and simulation.
Εκεί νομίζω ότι η τέχνη και ο κινηματογράφος μπορούν να παίξουν σημαντικο ρόλο. Και η εξομοίωση το ίδιο.
en-el
This is a simulation of Chesapeake Bay.
Voici une simulation de la Baie Chesapeake
en-fr-ca
There were gray whales in Chesapeake Bay a long time ago -- 500 years ago.
Prije mnogo vremena u Chesapeake zaljevu postojali su sivi kitovi -- prije 500 godina.
en-hr
And you will have noticed that the hues and tones are like "Avatar."
И сте забелязали, че цветовете и тоновете са като "Аватар".
en-bg
(Laughter) And if you think about "Avatar," if you think of why people were so touched by it -- never mind the Pocahontas story -- why so touched by the imagery?
(Lachen) Wenn Sie an "Avatar" denken, wenn Sie daran denken, warum die Menschen davon so berührt wurden – abgesehen von der Pocahontas-Geschichte, warum waren sie so berührt von der Bilderwelt?
en-de
Because it evokes something that in a sense has been lost.
Защото тя предизвиква нещо, което по някъкъв начин е било изгубено.
en-bg
And so my recommendation, it's the only one I will provide, is for Cameron to do "Avatar II" underwater.
Pa je moja preporuka, jedina koju ću dati, da Cameron napravi "Avatar II" pod vodom.
en-hr
Let me begin with four words that will provide the context for this week, four words that will come to define this century.
Zacznę od słów, które dadzą kontekst na ten tydzień, słów, które określą ten wiek.
en-pl
Here they are: The Earth is full.
Aqui estão elas: A Terra está cheia.
en-pt-br
It's full of us, it's full of our stuff, full of our waste, full of our demands.
Sie ist voll von uns, unseren Produkten. Voll von unserem Müll, voll von unserer Nachfrage.
en-de
Yes, we are a brilliant and creative species, but we've created a little too much stuff -- so much that our economy is now bigger than its host, our planet.
Evet, parlak ve yaratıcı bir türüz, fakat biraz fazla ıvır zıvır ürettik -- o kadar ki artık ekonomimiz ev sahibi gezegenimizden daha büyük.
en-tr
This is not a philosophical statement, this is just science based in physics, chemistry and biology.
Ez nem egy filozófiai kijelentés, ez csupán tudomány melynek alapja fizika, kémia és biológia.
en-hu
There are many science-based analyses of this, but they all draw the same conclusion -- that we're living beyond our means.
Istnieje wiele naukowych analiz tego stanu rzeczy, wszystkie mają tą samą konkluzję, że żyjemy ponad stan.
en-pl
The eminent scientists of the Global Footprint Network, for example, calculate that we need about 1.5 Earths to sustain this economy.
A Global Footprint Network kiemelkedő tudósa például arra az eredményre jutott, hogy nagyjából 1.5 Földre van szükségünk, ahhoz, hogy fenntartsuk ezt a gazdaságot.
en-hu