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And so what did we find? | Aşadar ce am aflat? | en-ro |
We found spectacular new species, the most beautiful and visually stunning things everywhere we looked -- from the shoreline to the abyss, form microbes all the way up to fish and everything in between. | Wir fanden spektakuläre neue Spezies, die schönsten und visuell umwerfendsten Dinge überall, von der Küstenlinie bis zum Abgrund, von Mikroben bis hin zu Fisch und alles dazwischen. | en-de |
And the limiting step here wasn't the unknown diversity of life, but rather the taxonomic specialists who can identify and catalog these species that became the limiting step. | Munkánk határát nem a feltáratlan sokféleség, hanem a rendszertan tudósai szabták meg. Dolguk az új fajok leírása és besorolása. A rendszertanosok ma már, úgymond, | en-hu |
They, in fact, are an endangered species themselves. | في الواقع ، هي نفسها كائنات مهددة بالإنقراض. | en-ar |
There are actually four to five new species described everyday for the oceans. | На данный момент, ежедневно регистрируется 4-5 новых видов организмов. | en-ru |
And as I say, it could be a much larger number. | 如我所說的，還可以是個更大的數字。 | en-zh-tw |
Now, I come from Newfoundland in Canada -- It's an island off the east coast of that continent -- where we experienced one of the worst fishing disasters in human history. | さて私はカナダのニューファンドランド 北米大陸の東海岸沖合の島の出身です。 ニューファンドランドは人類史上最悪の漁場の 乱獲に見舞われました | en-ja |
And so this photograph shows a small boy next to a codfish. | 这张图片里，一个小男孩站在一条银鳕鱼旁边 | en-zh-cn |
It's around 1900. | C'est vers 1900. | en-fr |
Now, when I was a boy of about his age, I would go out fishing with my grandfather and we would catch fish about half that size. | Când aveam vârsta acestui băieţel, mă duceam la pescuit cu bunicul meu şi prindeam peşti care erau cam jumătate din acesta. | en-ro |
And I thought that was the norm, because I had never seen fish like this. | Для меня это было в порядке вещей, потому что рыбу другого размера я просто не видел. | en-ru |
If you were to go out there today, 20 years after this fishery collapsed, if you could catch a fish, which would be a bit of a challenge, it would be half that size still. | אילו באתם לשם היום, 20 שנה אחרי קריסת אזורי הדיג, והייתם מצליחים לדוג איזה דג - אתגר לא קטן - גודלו עדיין היה חצי מזה. | en-he |
So what we're experiencing is something called shifting baselines. | 我们正在经历一个被称为“基准线的变动”的过程。 | en-zh-cn |
Our expectations of what the oceans can produce is something that we don't really appreciate because we haven't seen it in our lifetimes. | Aşteptările noastre cu privire la ceea ce pot produce oceanele este ceva ce noi nu putem aprecia pentru că nu am văzut aşa ceva în timpul vieţii noastre. | en-ro |
Now most of us, and I would say me included, think that human exploitation of the oceans really only became very serious in the last 50 to, perhaps, 100 years or so. | 現在大部份的人們，也包括我， 會認為人類對海洋的浩劫 大約是在過去50年、100年或更早 才開始嚴重起來的。 | en-zh-tw |
The census actually tried to look back in time, using every source of information they could get their hands on. | 這個調查試圖利用所有能找到的資訊 來回溯過去的時間點。 | en-zh-tw |
And so anything from restaurant menus to monastery records to ships' logs to see what the oceans looked like. | Étlapokat, kolostori írásokat, hajónaplókat bújtunk, hogy felmérjük, milyen volt valaha az óceán. | en-hu |
Because science data really goes back to, at best, World War II, for the most part. | Want wetenschappelijke data gaan grotendeels hooguit terug tot aan de Tweede Wereldoorlog. | en-nl |
And so what they found, in fact, is that exploitation really began heavily with the Romans. | Та всъщност това, което те откриха е, че експлоатацията действително е започнала да става силна при римляните. | en-bg |
And so at that time, of course, there was no refrigeration. | W tamtych czasach nie było chłodzenia, | en-pl |
So fishermen could only catch what they could either eat or sell that day. | Aşa că pescarii prindeau numai ceea ce mâncau sau vindeau în acea zi. | en-ro |
But the Romans developed salting. | Aber die Römer entwickelten das Pökeln. | en-de |
And with salting, it became possible to store fish and to transport it long distances. | 有了醃漬法， 存放及長途漁獲運輸變成可行了。 | en-zh-tw |
And so began industrial fishing. | Aşa a început pescuitul industrial. | en-ro |
And so these are the sorts of extrapolations that we have of what sort of loss we've had relative to pre-human impacts on the ocean. | E estes são os tipos de extrapolações que temos de qual tipo de perda tivemos relativos aos impactos pré-humanos no oceano. | en-pt-br |
They range from 65 to 98 percent for these major groups of organisms, as shown in the dark blue bars. | Elles vont de 65 à 98 pour cent pour ces grands groupes d'organismes, comme indiqué dans les barres en bleu foncé. | en-fr |
Now for those species the we managed to leave alone, that we protect -- for example, marine mammals in recent years and sea birds -- there is some recovery. | Для тех же видов, которых мы смогли оставить в покое и которых мы охраняем, — например, морские млекопитающие, морские птицы — наблюдается процесс восстановления. | en-ru |
So it's not all hopeless. | existe alguma recuperação. Portanto, existe esperança. | en-pt |
But for the most part, we've gone from salting to exhausting. | אך ככלל, עברנו מהמלחה למיצוי משאבים. | en-he |
Now this other line of evidence is a really interesting one. | 現在另一個證據是非常有趣的。 | en-zh-tw |
It's from trophy fish caught off the coast of Florida. | 이건 플로리다 해안에서 잡힌 물고기들입니다. | en-ko |
And so this is a photograph from the 1950s. | Esta fotografia é dos anos 50. | en-pt |
I want you to notice the scale on the slide, because when you see the same picture from the 1980s, we see the fish are much smaller and we're also seeing a change in terms of the composition of those fish. | Reparem na escala no diapositivo porque, quando vemos a mesma fotografia nos anos 80, vemos que os peixes são muito mais pequenos e também vemos uma diferença na composição desses peixes. | en-pt |
By 2007, the catch was actually laughable in terms of the size for a trophy fish. | Pada tahun 2007, penangkapan ikan menjadi lelucon apalagi untuk ikan seukuran ikan trofi. | en-id |
But this is no laughing matter. | 但這並不是件好笑的事。 | en-zh-tw |
The oceans have lost a lot of their productivity and we're responsible for it. | Плодовитость океана сильно снизилась, и ответственность за это лежит на нас. | en-ru |
So what's left? Actually quite a lot. | E o que sobrou? Na verdade, muito. | en-pt-br |
There's a lot of exciting things, and I'm going to tell you a little bit about them. | 还有有很多令人兴奋的事情，我要和大家聊一些。 | en-zh-cn |
And I want to start with a bit on technology, because, of course, this is a TED Conference and you want to hear something on technology. | Dan saya akan memulai dengan sedikit teknologi, karena, tentu saja, ini adalah konferensi TED dan Anda mau mendengar sesuatu tentang teknologi. | en-id |
So one of the tools that we use to sample the deep ocean are remotely operated vehicles. | Una forma de detectar muestras en aguas profundas son los vehículos a control remoto. | en-es |
So these are tethered vehicles we lower down to the sea floor where they're our eyes and our hands for working on the sea bottom. | Assim, esses são veículos ligados por cabos que baixamos no leito do oceano onde são nossos olhos e mãos para trabalhar no fundo do mar. | en-pt-br |
So a couple of years ago, I was supposed to go on an oceanographic cruise and I couldn't go because of a scheduling conflict. | 2년 전에 전 해양탐사선을 타기로 되어있었는데 일정 문제로 가지 못했었습니다. | en-ko |
But through a satellite link I was able to sit at my study at home with my dog curled up at my feet, a cup of tea in my hand, and I could tell the pilot, "I want a sample right there." | Mais grâce à une liaison satellite, j'ai pu m'asseoir à mon bureau à la maison avec mon chien couché à mes pieds, une tasse de thé dans la main, et je pouvais dire au pilote, "je veux un échantillon juste là." | en-fr |
And that's exactly what the pilot did for me. | 그리고 아주 정확히 그 조종사는 제가 원하는 일을 해주었습니다. | en-ko |
That's the sort of technology that's available today that really wasn't available even a decade ago. | Ini adalah jenis teknologi yang ada sekarang yang bahkan 10 tahun lalu masih belum ada. | en-id |
So it allows us to sample these amazing habitats that are very far from the surface and very far from light. | היא מאפשרת לנו לקחת דגימות מבתי גידול מופלאים אלה שמרוחקים מאד מפני הים ומהאור הטבעי. | en-he |
And so one of the tools that we can use to sample the oceans is acoustics, or sound waves. | 그리고 바다를 조사하는 사용할 수 있는 도구 중 하나는 음향시설 또는 음파입니다. | en-ko |
And the advantage of sound waves is that they actually pass well through water, unlike light. | היתרון של גלי קול הוא שהם עוברים היטב במים, שלא כמו אור. | en-he |
And so we can send out sound waves, they bounce off objects like fish and are reflected back. | つまり 音波を送ると 魚のような物体に当たると反射するんです | en-ja |
And so in this example, a census scientist took out two ships. | E este é um exemplo, um cientista do censo utilizou dois navios. | en-pt-br |
One would send out sound waves that would bounce back. | 한 대는 반사되어 되돌아올 파동을 내보내고 | en-ko |
They would be received by a second ship, and that would give us very precise estimates, in this case, of 250 billion herring in a period of about a minute. | Das zweite Schiff empfing diese Schallwellen, was uns eine sehr genaue Schätzung gab, von in diesem Fall 250 Milliarden Heringen in einem Zeitraum von ungefähr einer Minute. | en-de |
And that's an area about the size of Manhattan Island. | E essa é uma área aproximadamente do tamanho da Ilha de Manhattan. | en-pt-br |
And to be able to do that is a tremendous fisheries tool, because knowing how many fish are there is really critical. | Dan untuk dapat melakukannya, sudah ada peralatan perikanan luar biasa, karena mengetahui seberapa banyak ikan di sana sangatlah penting. | en-id |
We can also use satellite tags to track animals as they move through the oceans. | Używamy również nadajników satelitarnych do namierzania zwierząt wędrownych. | en-pl |
And so for animals that come to the surface to breathe, such as this elephant seal, it's an opportunity to send data back to shore and tell us where exactly it is in the ocean. | Wypływając na powierzchnię by zaczerpnąć powietrza, zwierzęta takie jak foki umożliwiają przesłanie danych na brzeg i określenie swojej pozycji. | en-pl |
And so from that we can produce these tracks. | A partir daí podemos produzir estes rastos. | en-pt |
For example, the dark blue shows you where the elephant seal moved in the north Pacific. | 例えば 濃紺の色をたどれば ゾウアザラシが北太平洋のどこにいるかが分かるでしょう | en-ja |
Now I realize for those of you who are colorblind, this slide is not very helpful, but stick with me nonetheless. | Я понимаю, что для тех, кто не различает цвета, здесь трудно разобраться, но вы можете смело мне доверять. | en-ru |
For animals that don't surface, we have something called pop-up tags, which collect data about light and what time the sun rises and sets. | 對那些不到水面上的動物， 我們有一個叫做彈出標簽的東西， 它會收集光線的資料和日出日落的時間。 | en-zh-tw |
And then at some period of time it pops up to the surface and, again, relays that data back to shore. | Dopo un dato periodo di tempo, distaccandosi vengono in superficie e inviano i dati a terra. | en-it |
Because GPS doesn't work under water. That's why we need these tools. | Mert ugye a GPS nem működik víz alatt. | en-hu |
And so from this we're able to identify these blue highways, these hot spots in the ocean, that should be real priority areas for ocean conservation. | Daardoor kunnen we deze blauwe snelwegen identificeren, deze 'hot spots' in de oceaan. Dat moeten echt prioritaire gebieden voor oceaanbehoud worden. | en-nl |
Now one of the other things that you may think about is that, when you go to the supermarket and you buy things, they're scanned. | Biztosan önöknél is beszkennelik a bevásárlóközpontokban a termékeket. | en-hu |
And so there's a barcode on that product that tells the computer exactly what the product is. | Ada kode bar di produk tersebut yang menunjukkan komputer apa produk itu sesungguhnya. | en-id |
Geneticists have developed a similar tool called genetic barcoding. | Genetici ontwikkelden iets soortgelijks: genetische barcode. | en-nl |
And what barcoding does is use a specific gene called CO1 that's consistent within a species, but varies among species. | そのバーコードで何をするかというと ある生物が同じ種であればが必ず持つCO1と言う 特別な遺伝子を使うのです この特別な遺伝子は種によって異なります | en-ja |
And so what that means is we can unambiguously identify which species are which even if they look similar to each other, but may be biologically quite different. | וזה אומר שאנו יכולים לזהות באופן חד משמעי מהו המין גם אם מדובר במינים זהים לכאורה, שעשויים להיות שונים לגמרי מבחינה ביולוגית. | en-he |
Now one of the nicest examples I like to cite on this is the story of two young women, high school students in New York City, who worked with the census. | 用其中一個我喜歡的例子來說， 一個在紐約市的兩個女高中生 與調查計畫合作的故事 | en-zh-tw |
They went out and collected fish from markets and from restaurants in New York City and they barcoded it. | New York-i piacokról és éttermekből gyűjtöttek nekünk halat, és ellátták vonalkóddal. | en-hu |
Well what they found was mislabeled fish. | و ما وجدتاه كان أسماك لم تُصنف بشكل صحيح. | en-ar |
So for example, they found something which was sold as tuna, which is very valuable, was in fact tilapia, which is a much less valuable fish. | Например, намерили риба, която била продавана като риба тон, която е много скъпа, а всъщност е била тилапия, която е много по-евтина риба. | en-bg |
They also found an endangered species sold as a common one. | وجدتا أيضاً أنواع مهددة بالإنقراض تُباع كأنواع منتشرة. | en-ar |
So barcoding allows us to know what we're working with and also what we're eating. | Dieses Barcoding lässt uns also wissen, womit wir arbeiten und was wir essen. | en-de |
The Ocean Biogeographic Information System is the database for all the census data. | Sistemul Informatic Biogeografic al Oceanului este o bază de date pentru toate informaţiile recensământului. | en-ro |
It's open access; you can all go in and download data as you wish. | 它是开放的；你们都可以进去下载你们想要的的数据 | en-zh-cn |
And it contains all the data from the census plus other data sets that people were willing to contribute. | И съдържа цялата информация за преброяването плюс други комплекти с данни, с които хората са пожелали да допринесат. | en-bg |
And so what you can do with that is to plot the distribution of species and where they occur in the oceans. | O que podemos fazer com esses dados é assinalar a distribuição das espécies e onde elas se encontram no oceano | en-pt |
What I've plotted up here is the data that we have on hand. | 제가 여기에 올린 도표는 우리가 쉽게 구할 수 있는 자료들입니다. | en-ko |
This is where our sampling effort has concentrated. | Isto é onde nossos esforços de amostragem se concentraram. | en-pt-br |
Now what you can see is we've sampled the area in the North Atlantic, in the North Sea in particular, and also the east coast of North America fairly well. | 你們可以看到 我們在北大西洋蒐集樣本， 主要在北海， 在北美洲東部海洋也蒐集到很多。 | en-zh-tw |
That's the warm colors which show a well-sampled region. | A meleg színek jól feltárt területet jelölnek. | en-hu |
The cold colors, the blue and the black, show areas where we have almost no data. | Warna dingin, biru dan hitam, menunjukkan daerah hampir tanpa data. | en-id |
So even after a 10-year census, there are large areas that still remain unexplored. | Ook na een 10-jarig onderzoek zijn er grote gebieden nog steeds ononderzocht. | en-nl |
Now there are a group of scientists living in Texas, working in the Gulf of Mexico who decided really as a labor of love to pull together all the knowledge they could about biodiversity in the Gulf of Mexico. | Einige Wissenschaftler in Texas, die im Golf von Mexiko arbeiten, beschlossen eher aus Liebe zur Sache, alle verfügbaren Informationen über die biologische Vielfalt im Golf von Mexiko zusammenzutragen. | en-de |
And so they put this together, a list of all the species, where they're known to occur, and it really seemed like a very esoteric, scientific type of exercise. | Hanno compilato un elenco di tutte le specie, dei luoghi maggiormente frequentati, e inizialmente sembrava un tipo di lavoro esoterico, troppo scientifico. | en-it |
But then, of course, there was the Deep Horizon oil spill. | Aber dann gab es natürlich die Ölkatastrophe "Deep Horizon". | en-de |
So all of a sudden, this labor of love for no obvious economic reason has become a critical piece of information in terms of how that system is going to recover, how long it will take and how the lawsuits and the multi-billion-dollar discussions that are going to happen in the coming years are likely to be resolved. | Plotseling werd dit vrijwilligerswerk, zonder duidelijke economische aanleiding, tot een essentiële informatiebron over hoe dat systeem zich gaat herstellen, hoe lang het zal duren en hoe de rechtszaken en de multimiljard-dollardiscussies van de komende jaren waarschijnlijk hun beslag zullen vinden. | en-nl |
So what did we find? | Какво открихме? | en-bg |
Well, I could stand here for hours, but, of course, I'm not allowed to do that. | حسناً, أستطيع أن أقف هنا لأربع ساعات لكن طبعاً لا يُسمح لي فعل ذلك. | en-ar |
But I will tell you some of my favorite discoveries from the census. | 但我要告訴你們一部分在這個調查中 我最喜歡的發現。 | en-zh-tw |
So one of the things we discovered is where are the hot spots of diversity? | Descobrimos onde se encontram os focos de biodiversidade, | en-pt |
Where do we find the most species of ocean life? | dove troviamo la maggior parte delle specie marine viventi. | en-it |
And what we find if we plot up the well-known species is this sort of a distribution. | ומה שאנו מוצאים כשאנו עוקבים אחר המינים המוכרים הוא התפלגות מעין זו. | en-he |
And what we see is that for coastal tags, for those organisms that live near the shoreline, they're most diverse in the tropics. | وما رأيناه فيما يتعلق بالكائنات التي تعيش عند السواحل, تلك الكائنات الحية التي تعيش بالقرب من الشاطئ, أنها تكون أكثر تنوعاً في المناطق الإستوائية. | en-ar |
This is something we've actually known for a while, so it's not a real breakthrough. | ידענו זאת מזה זמן-מה, כך שזו איננה פריצת-דרך אמיתית. | en-he |
What is really exciting though is that the oceanic tags, or the ones that live far from the coast, are actually more diverse at intermediate latitudes. | O que é muito excitante é que as etiquetas oceânicas, de organismos que vivem longe da costa, mostram que há maior diversidade em latitudes intermédias. | en-pt |
This is the sort of data, again, that managers could use if they want to prioritize areas of the ocean that we need to conserve. | Estes são o tipo de dados, que poderemos utilizar para definir prioridades nas áreas do oceano que devem ser protegidas. | en-pt |
You can do this on a global scale, but you can also do it on a regional scale. | 皆さんだって地球規模でこれを利用できるし 地域ごとにも利用できるます | en-ja |
And that's why biodiversity data can be so valuable. | Und daher sind Daten über biologische Vielfalt so wertvoll. | en-de |
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