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So you can see that if you actually found one that was 80 percent grown and you didn't know that it was going to grow up to a cassowary, you would think they were two different animals. | Vidíte, že kdybyste našli nějakého, který dorostl do 80 % a nevěděli byste, že z něj bude kasuár, mysleli byste si, že se jedná o dvě různá zvířata. | en-cs |
So this was a problem, and Peter Dodson pointed this out using some duck-billed dinosaurs then called Hypacrosaurus. | 이것은 문제였습니다. 그래서 피터 돕슨은 오리 주둥이를 가진 공룡을 이용해 이런 문제들을 지적하며 그와 같은 공룡들을 히파크로사우루스라고 불렀습니다. | en-ko |
And he showed that if you were to take a baby and an adult and make an average of what it should look like, if it grew in sort of a linear fashion, it would have a crest about half the size of the adult. | Ukázal, že když lze vzít mládě a dospělého jedince a průměrem určit, jak by měl vypadat, že kdyby narůstal lineárním způsobem, mělo by hřeben asi poloviční velikosti než dospělec. | en-cs |
But the actual subadult at 65 percent had no crest at all. | Aber der wirkliche Halbwüchsige bei 65 % | en-de |
So this was interesting. | nije uopće imala krijestu. Tako da je to bilo zanimljivo. | en-hr |
So this is where people went astray again. | Chính lúc này mọi người bắt đầu lại bị phân tâm. | en-vi |
I mean, if they'd have just taken that, taken Peter Dodson's work, and gone on with that, then we would have a lot less dinosaurs than we have. | 我是說 如果他們可以接受 接受彼得‧道森的研究結論，然後繼續往下發展 那麼我們的恐龍數目 就會大大減少 | en-zh-tw |
But scientists have egos; they like to name things. | Ale vědci mají ego, rádi dávají věcem jména. | en-cs |
And so they went on naming dinosaurs because they were different. | Így tehát továbbra is neveket adtak a dinoszauruszoknak, mert különbözőek voltak. | en-hu |
Now we have a way of actually testing to see whether a dinosaur, or any animal, is a young one or an older one. | Teraz máme spôsob, ako určiť, či je dinosaurus alebo iné zviera mláďaťom alebo dospelým jedincom. | en-sk |
And that's by actually cutting into their bones. | וזה נעשה ע"י חיתוך של העצמות. | en-he |
But cutting into the bones of a dinosaur is hard to do, as you can imagine, because in museums, bones are precious. | Mas cortar ossos de um dinossauro é complicado, como podem imaginar, porque nos museus ossos são preciosos. | en-pt-br |
You go into a museum, and they take really good care of them. | Si aneu a un museu veureu que en tenen molta cura. | en-ca |
They put them in foam, little containers. | Ils les mettent dans de petits contenants en mousse | en-fr |
They're very well taken care of. | On en prend vraiment bien soin. | en-fr |
They don't like it if you come in and want to saw them open and look inside. | Те няма да харесат, ако влезете и поискате да ги разрежете и да погледнете вътре в тях. | en-bg |
(Laughter) So they don't normally let you do that. | (Râsete) Aşa că, în mod normal, nu te lasă să faci asta. | en-ro |
(Laughter) But I have a museum and I collect dinosaurs and I can saw mine open. | Però jo tinc un museu I recullo dinosaures i puc serrar els meus. Per tant, és el que faig. | en-ca |
So that's what I do. | Đó là điều tôi làm. | en-vi |
(Applause) So if you cut open a little dinosaur, it's very spongy inside, like A. | (Potlesk) Takže když rozříznu malého dinosaura, je to uvnitř velmi houbovité (jako A). | en-cs |
And if you cut into an older dinosaur, it's very massive. | E se cortarem um dinossauro mais velho, | en-pt |
You can tell it's mature bone. | je to velmi masivní. Vidíme, že je to dospělá kost. | en-cs |
So it's real easy to tell them apart. | پس این خیلی آسانست که از هم جداشون کنیم. | en-fa |
So what I want to do is show you these. | Por isso, o que quero fazer é mostrar-vos estes. | en-pt |
In North America in the northern plains of the United States and the southern plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan, there's this unit of rock called the Hell Creek Formation that produces the last dinosaurs that lived on Earth. | Na América do Norte, nas planícies do norte dos EUA e nas planícies do sul de Alberta e de Saskatchewan, há uma formação rochosa chamada Hell Creek Formation que produz os últimos dinossauros que viveram na Terra. | en-pt |
And there are 12 of them that everyone recognizes -- I mean the 12 primary dinosaurs that went extinct. | و ۱۲ تا از آنها وجود دارد که هر کسی میتونه تشخیصشان بده - منظورم ۱۲ دایناسور اصلی هستند که منقرض شدند. منظورم ۱۲ دایناسور اصلی هستند که منقرض شدند. | en-fa |
And so we will evaluate them. | Die zullen we evalueren. | en-nl |
And that's sort of what I've been doing. | 그것이 제가 해왔던 그런 일들입니다. 그래서 저의 학생들과 스태프 | en-ko |
So my students, my staff, we've been cutting them open. | Então, os meus alunos, o meu pessoal, temos estado a cortá-los ao meio. | en-pt |
Now as you can imagine, cutting open a leg bone is one thing, but when you go to a museum and say, "You don't mind if I cut open your dinosaur's skull, do you?" | حالا، همونطور که میتونید تجسم کنید، بریدن یک استخوان ران یک طرف، اما وقتی به یک موزه میروی و میگی: «اشکالی داره اگر من کاسهی سر دایناسور را ببرم؟» و میگی: «اشکالی داره اگر من کاسهی سر دایناسور را ببرم؟» | en-fa |
they say, "Go away." | והם אומרים " לך מפה." | en-he |
(Laughter) So here are 12 dinosaurs. | (Nevetés) Itt van 12 dinoszaurusz. | en-hu |
And we want to look at these three first. | E primeiro queremos ver esses três. | en-pt-br |
So these are dinosaurs that are called Pachycephalosaurus. | خب، اینها دایناسورهایی هستند که بهشون میگن پاکیسِفالوساروس. | en-fa |
And everybody knows that these three animals are related. | Každý ví, že tato 3 zvířata jsou spřízněná. | en-cs |
And the assumption is that they're related like cousins or whatever. | La suposición es que están emparentados como primos o algo así. | en-es |
But no one ever considered that they might be more closely related. | Ale ještě nikoho nenapadlo, že by mohli být příbuzní ještě více. | en-cs |
In other words, people looked at them and they saw the differences. | Jinými slovy, lidé se na ně dívali a viděli rozdíly. | en-cs |
And you all know that if you are going to determine whether you're related to your brother or your sister, you can't do it by looking at differences. | Pero todos saben, que si quieren establecer si alguien está emparentado con su hermano, no se pueden observar las diferencias. | en-es |
You can only determine relatedness by looking for similarities. | Man kan bara fastställa släktskap genom att leta efter likheter. | en-sv |
So people were looking at these and they were talking about how different they are. | Die Leute sahen sich also diese Saurier an und sprachen darüber, wie unterschiedlich sie seien. | en-de |
Pachycephalosaurus has a big, thick dome on its head, and it's got some little bumps on the back of its head, and it's got a bunch of gnarly things on the end of its nose. | Pachicefalozauras turi didelę, storą kupolo formą ant galvos ir kelis mažus iškilumus ant pakaušio, ir keletą gumbų and nosies galo. | en-lt |
And then Stygimoloch, another dinosaur from the same age, lived at the same time, has spikes sticking out the back of its head. | Iný dinosaurus, Stygimoloch, žil v rovnakej dobe a mal vzadu na hlave ostne. | en-sk |
It's got a little, tiny dome, and it's got a bunch of gnarly stuff on its nose. | Kicsi, apró fejboltozata van, és egy tucat csomós dudor van az orrán. | en-hu |
And then there's this thing called Dracorex hogwartsia. | و بعد این یکی که اسمش هست دراکورکس، چشم هاگوارتز. | en-fa |
Guess where that came from? | Adivinhem de onde vem o nome? | en-pt |
Dragon. | Drake. Det här är en dinosaurie | en-sv |
So here's a dinosaur that has spikes sticking out of its head, no dome and gnarly stuff on its nose. | Zde je dinosaurus, který má ostny na hlavě, žádnou klenbu a drsné výrůstky na nose. | en-cs |
Nobody noticed the gnarly stuff sort of looked alike. | لم يلاحظ احد ان العُقد تٌعتبر تشابه | en-ar |
But they did look at these three and they said, "These are three different dinosaurs, and Dracorex is probably the most primitive of them. | Però van mirar-se aquests tres i van dir, “Aquests són tres dinosaures diferents, i el Dracorex és probablement el més primitiu d’ells. | en-ca |
And the other one is more primitive than the other." | そしてもう一方は他のより昔の物だろう」 私にはよくわかりません | en-ja |
It's unclear to me how they actually sorted these three of them out. | كيف رتبوا تلك الثلاثة | en-ar |
But if you line them up, if you just take those three skulls and just line them up, they line up like this. | Men om man radar upp dem, om man bara tar de tre kranierna och radar upp dem, så ser det ut så här. | en-sv |
Dracorex is the littlest one, Stygimoloch is the middle-size one, Pachycephalosaurus is the largest one. | Dracorex je najmenší, Stygimoloch je veľkosťou prostredný, Pachycephalosaurus je najväčší. | en-sk |
And one would think, that should give me a clue. | Ktoś mógłby pomyśleć, że to mi powinno coś podpowiedzieć. | en-pl |
(Laughter) But it didn't give them a clue. | (Śmiech) Ale nic im to nie podpowiedziało. | en-pl |
(Laughter) Because, well we know why. | خب، ما میدونیم چرا. | en-fa |
Scientists like to name things. | 과학자들은 이름 붙이기를 좋아하기 때문입니다. | en-ko |
So if we cut open Dracorex -- I cut open our Dracorex -- and look, it was spongy inside, really spongy inside. | Ако разрежем костите на Дракорекса - разрязах костите на нашия Дракорекс - погледнете, те са гъбести отвътре, наистина са гъбести отвътре. | en-bg |
I mean, it is a juvenile and it's growing really fast. | Mislim, to je mladi dinosaur i raste stvarno brzo. | en-hr |
So it is going to get bigger. | Hij wordt groter. Bij Stygimoloch | en-nl |
If you cut open Stygimoloch, it is doing the same thing. | será a mesma coisa. | en-pt-br |
The dome, that little dome, is growing really fast. | A boltozat, az a kicsi boltozat nagyon gyorsan növekszik. | en-hu |
It's inflating very fast. | 迅速地膨脹 | en-zh-tw |
What's interesting is the spike on the back of the Dracorex was growing very fast as well. | İlginç olan bir diğer şey de Dracorex'in kafasının arka kısmındaki sivri yapıların da hızla büyümesi. Stygimoloch'un kafasının arkasındaki sivrilikler | en-tr |
The spikes on the back of the Stygimoloch are actually resorbing, which means they're getting smaller as that dome is getting bigger. | werden allerdings resorbiert, d.h. sie werden kleiner, während die Kuppel größer wird. | en-de |
And if we look at Pachycephalosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus has a solid dome and its little bumps on the back of its head were also resorbing. | A když se podíváme na Pachycephalosaura, má pořádnou klenbu a malé výrůstky na týle také ustupují. | en-cs |
So just with these three dinosaurs, as a scientist, we can easily hypothesize that it is just a growth series of the same animal. | 그래서 이러한 세 공룡을 통해 과학자들로서 쉽게, 이것은 단지 같은 동물의 성장의 시리즈라고 우리는 쉽게 가정을 내릴 수 있습니다. | en-ko |
Which of course means that Stygimoloch and Dracorex are extinct. | この話の流れから言える事は スティギモロクとドラコレックスは 絶滅しました | en-ja |
(Laughter) OK. | (Te qeshura) OK. | en-sq |
(Laughter) Which of course means we have 10 primary dinosaurs to deal with. | Što naravno znači da imamo 10 primarnih dinosaura s kojima se možemo baviti. | en-hr |
So a colleague of mine at Berkeley -- he and I were looking at Triceratops. | С одним моим коллегой в Беркли мы рассматривали трицератопса. | en-ru |
And before the year 2000 -- now remember, Triceratops was first found in the 1800s -- before 2000, no one had ever seen a juvenile Triceratops. | Przed rokiem 2000 -- a pamiętajcie, że triceratops został odkryty w XIX wieku -- przed rokiem 2000 nikt nigdy nie widział młodego triceratopsa. | en-pl |
There's a Triceratops in every museum in the world, but no one had ever collected a juvenile. | يوجد تراسيراتوبس في كل متحف في العالم لكن يقم احد بجمع اي ديناصور يافع منها | en-ar |
And we know why, right? | E nós sabemos o porquê, certo? Porque todo mundo quer ter um adulto. | en-pt-br |
So everyone had a big one. | Herkeste büyük olanlar vardı. Biz de çıktık ve birkaç şey topladık | en-tr |
So we went out and collected a whole bunch of stuff and we found a whole bunch of little ones. | намерихме и много малки динозаври. Има ги навсякъде. | en-bg |
So we have a whole bunch of them at our museum. | لدينا كمية منها في متحفنا | en-ar |
(Laughter) And everybody says it's because I have a little museum. | (צחוק) וכולם אומרים שזה בגלל שיש לי מוזיאון קטן. | en-he |
When you have a little museum, you have little dinosaurs. | وقتی موزهات کوچک باشد، دایناسورهای کوچکی هم نصیبت میشه. | en-fa |
(Laughter) If you look at the Triceratops, you can see it's changing, it's shape-shifting. | (Risate) Se osservate i Triceratopi, vedete come cambiano, sono dei mutaforma. Mentre quelli piccoli crescono, | en-it |
As the juveniles are growing up, their horns actually curve backwards. | 角は後方に湾曲していきます | en-ja |
And then as they get older, the horns grow forward. | Y cuando se hacen mayores, se curvan hacia delante. | en-es |
If you look along the edge of the frill, they have these little triangular bones that actually grow big as triangles and then they flatten against the frill pretty much like the spikes do on the Pachycephalosaurs. | אם מסתכלים על קצה הגולגולת, יש להם מין עצמות משולשות למעשה הן גדולות כמשולשים והן משתטחות כנגד הגולגולת כמעט כמו שקוצים עושים אצל הפאקיצאפלוזארס | en-he |
And then, because the juveniles are in my collection, I cut them open ... | 私は子供の化石を持っているので 切り開いて | en-ja |
(Laughter) and look inside. | והסתכלתי בפנים | en-he |
And the little one is really spongy. | وكان الأصغر بالفعل إسفنجي. | en-ar |
And the middle-size one is really spongy. | 中型的也很像海綿 | en-zh-tw |
But what was interesting was the adult Triceratops was also spongy. | Ama ilginç olan şu ki yetişkin Triceratops da aynı şekilde süngerimsi iç yapıya sahipti. | en-tr |
And this is a skull that is two meters long. | Bu kafatası iki metre uzunluğundaydı. | en-tr |
It's a big skull. | 非常的大 | en-zh-cn |
But there's another dinosaur that is found in this formation that looks like a Triceratops, except it's bigger, and it's called Torosaurus. | Bet yra kitas dinozauras, kuris rastas toje pat geologinėje vietovėje, kuris atrodo, kaip triceratopsas, išskyrus tai, kad jis didesnis, ir jis vadinamas torozauru. | en-lt |
And Torosaurus, when we cut into it, has mature bone. | Y cuando abrimos al torosaurio encontramos hueso adulto. | en-es |
But it's got these big holes in its shield. | אבל היום לו חורים גדולים כאלה בגולגולת. | en-he |
And everybody says, "A Triceratops and a Torosaurus can't possibly be the same animal because one of them's bigger than the other one." | 所有人都说： 三角龙和牛角龙不可能是同一种动物 因为这种比那种大太多了 | en-zh-cn |
(Laughter) "And it has holes in its frill." | (ضحك) "ولديه ثقوب في الهدب " وقلت,"حسناً هل لدينا أي توروسورس يافع؟" | en-ar |
And they said, "Well, no, but it has holes in its frill." | Отговориха ми: "Нямаме, но той има дупки в щита си." | en-bg |
So one of my graduate students, John Scannella, looked through our whole collection and he actually discovered that the hole starting to form in Triceratops and, of course it's open, in Torosaurus -- so he found the transitional ones between Triceratops and Torosaurus, which was pretty cool. | dediler. Benim mezun öğrencilerimden birisi, John Scanella, bütün koleksiyonumuzu gözden geçirdi ve kalkandaki deliklerin Triceratops'ta başladığını ve Torosaurus'da görünür bir hal aldığını keşfetti. Triceratops ve Torosaurus arasında bir ara form bularak bunu başardı. | en-tr |
So now we know that Torosaurus is actually a grown-up Triceratops. | Và giờ chúng ta biết rằng Torosaurus thực ra chính là một con Triceratops đã trưởng thành. | en-vi |
Now when we name dinosaurs, when we name anything, the original name gets to stick and the second name is thrown out. | Agora, quando damos nomes aos dinossauros, quando damos nome a qualquer coisa, o nome original tende a ficar e o segundo nome é descartado. | en-pt |
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