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So the one on the top likes to fire sort of midway between the walls of the box that their rat's in. | Die obere feuert gern genau zwischen den Wänden der Schachtel, in der sich die Ratte befindet. | en-de |
And when you expand the box, the firing location expands. | Als je de ruimte groter maakt, gebeurt hetzelfde met de vuurlocatie. | en-nl |
The one below likes to fire whenever there's a wall close by to the south. | เซลล์ด้านล่างก็จะส่งสัญญาณ เมื่อใดก็ตามที่มีผนังอยู่ใกล้ ๆ ทางทิศใต้ | en-th |
And if you put another wall inside the box, then the cell fires in both place wherever there's a wall to the south as the animal explores around in its box. | 因此当你在盒中放入另一屏障时， 不论老鼠在盒中何处， 只要它的南面有屏障， 该细胞中的相应位置便会同时产生信号。 | en-zh-cn |
So this predicts that sensing the distances and directions of boundaries around you -- extended buildings and so on -- is particularly important for the hippocampus. | Այսպիսով, կարելի է ենթադրել, որ հիպոկամպի համար շատ կարևոր է զգալ ձեր շուրջ եղած հեռավորությունն ու ուղղությունը՝ ընդարձակ կառույցներ և այլն: | en-hy |
And indeed, on the inputs to the hippocampus, cells are found which project into the hippocampus, which do respond exactly to detecting boundaries or edges at particular distances and directions from the rat or mouse as it's exploring around. | อันที่จริง ณ ขณะที่ส่งข้อมูลเข้าไปที่ฮิปโปแคมปัส เซลล์จะรู้ว่าอันไหนในฮิปโปแคมปัส จะตอบสนอง เพื่อการตรวจจับแนวเขตกำแพงหรือขอบ ที่มีระยะและทิศทางหนึ่งๆ จากตัวหนู ขณะที่มันสำรวจไปรอบๆ | en-th |
So the cell on the left, you can see, it fires whenever the animal gets near to a wall or a boundary to the east, whether it's the edge or the wall of a square box or the circular wall of the circular box or even the drop at the edge of a table, which the animals are running around. | Komórka, którą widać po lewej wystrzeliwuje, gdy zwierzę zbliża się do ściany lub granicy na wschodzie, zarówno jeśli jest to ściana kwadratowego pudełka, jak i okrągłego, czy nawet krawędź stołu, po którym zwierzęta biegają. | en-pl |
And the cell on the right there fires whenever there's a boundary to the south, whether it's the drop at the edge of the table or a wall or even the gap between two tables that are pulled apart. | そして右側の細胞は 南側の境界があるときに反応します それが壁やテーブルの縁であっても 離れたテーブルの隙間だったとしてもです | en-ja |
So that's one way in which we think place cells determine where the animal is as it's exploring around. | C'est donc une des façons dont nous pensons que les cellules de localisation déterminent où se trouve l'animal quand il explore son environnement. | en-fr-ca |
We can also test where we think objects are, like this goal flag, in simple environments -- or indeed, where your car would be. | Мы можем также проверить местонахождение объектов, как вот этого флажка в обычных условиях, или вашей машины. | en-ru |
So we can have people explore an environment and see the location they have to remember. | Μπορούμε λοιπόν να βάλουμε άτομα να εξερευνήσουν ένα χώρο και να δούμε τη θέση που πρέπει να θυμούνται. | en-el |
And then, if we put them back in the environment, generally they're quite good at putting a marker down where they thought that flag or their car was. | Depois, se os colocarmos de novo no mesmo ambiente, são bastante eficazes a colocar um marcador onde eles pensam que estava a bandeirola ou o seu carro. | en-pt |
But on some trials, we could change the shape and size of the environment like we did with the place cell. | Por gjatë disa eksperimenteve, ne ndryshonim formën dhe madhësinë e mjedisit siç bëmë me qelizën e hipokampusit. | en-sq |
In that case, we can see how where they think the flag had been changes as a function of how you change the shape and size of the environment. | In diesem Fall können wir sehen, wie sich die vermutete Position der Fahne in Abhängigkeit einer veränderten Form und Größe der Umgebung verändert. | en-de |
And what you see, for example, if the flag was where that cross was in a small square environment, and then if you ask people where it was, but you've made the environment bigger, where they think the flag had been stretches out in exactly the same way that the place cell firing stretched out. | ומה שאתם רואים, לדוגמה, זה שהדגל הוא היכן שהצלב היה בסביבה קטנה וריבועית, אך אם תשאלו אנשים היכן הוא היה, אבל הגדלתם את הסביבה, המקום בו הם חושבים שהדגל היה מתרחק בדיוק באותה דרך שמתרחק תא המיקום שיורה. | en-he |
It's as if you remember where the flag was by storing the pattern of firing across all of your place cells at that location, and then you can get back to that location by moving around so that you best match the current pattern of firing of your place cells with that stored pattern. | E ca și cum ți-ai aminti unde a fost steagul memorând tiparul de impulsuri trimise de celulele de locație în acel loc și apoi te poți întoarce în acel loc, deplasându-te, astfel încât să potrivești tiparul actual de trimitere a impulsurilor cu tiparul stocat. | en-ro |
That guides you back to the location that you want to remember. | com o padrão guardado. Isso guia-vos de volta ao local que vocês querem recordar. | en-pt |
But we also know where we are through movement. | लेकिन हम अपने गति के कारण यह भी जानते है कि हम कहाँ हैं | | en-hi |
So if we take some outbound path -- perhaps we park and we wander off -- we know because our own movements, which we can integrate over this path roughly what the heading direction is to go back. | Якщо рухатись шляхом зовні, наприклад, лишити автомобіль і прогулятись, ми чітко знатимемо по наших власних рухах, інтегруваних на цей шлях, якою дорогою повернутись назад. | en-uk |
And place cells also get this kind of path integration input from a kind of cell called a grid cell. | 位置細胞裡面也會類似去接受並記錄每一個位置並綜合起來 這種類型的細胞叫做「網格細胞」 | en-zh-tw |
Now grid cells are found, again, on the inputs to the hippocampus, and they're a bit like place cells. | Rešetkaste stanice pojavljuju se kao projekcija u hipokampusu i nalik su stanicama za lociranje. | en-hr |
But now as the rat explores around, each individual cell fires in a whole array of different locations which are laid out across the environment in an amazingly regular triangular grid. | Ali sada, kad pacov istražuje svaka ćelija okida impulse sa niza različitih mesta i one su raspoređene po celom prostoru u obliku zapanjujuće pravilne rešetkaste mreže trouglova. | en-sr |
And if you record from several grid cells -- shown here in different colors -- each one has a grid-like firing pattern across the environment, and each cell's grid-like firing pattern is shifted slightly relative to the other cells. | Якщо зафіксувати реакцію декількох координатних нейронів (вони позначені тут різними кольорами), то кожен має сіткоподібну модель реакції по всьому середовищу. Сіткоподібна модель реакції кожного нейрона трохи змінюється залежно від інших нейронів. | en-uk |
So the red one fires on this grid and the green one on this one and the blue on on this one. | A vermelha dispara nesta rede e a verde naquela ali e a azul dispara nesta aqui. | en-pt |
So together, it's as if the rat can put a virtual grid of firing locations across its environment -- a bit like the latitude and longitude lines that you'd find on a map, but using triangles. | まとめると ラットは 空間上に 仮想のグリッドを 置いているようです 要は 地図にある経線や緯線のようなものです 三角形ですけどね | en-ja |
And as it moves around, the electrical activity can pass from one of these cells to the next cell to keep track of where it is, so that it can use its own movements to know where it is in its environment. | Và khi nó di chuyển xung quanh, thì hoạt động điện có thể đi qua từ một trong số những tế bào này tới tế bào kế tiếp để lần theo nơi nó đang ở, vì thế nó có thể dùng chuyển động của chính nó để biết được nó đang ở đâu trong môi trường | en-vi |
Do people have grid cells? | Hebben mensen rastercellen? | en-nl |
Well because all of the grid-like firing patterns have the same axes of symmetry, the same orientations of grid, shown in orange here, it means that the net activity of all of the grid cells in a particular part of the brain should change according to whether we're running along these six directions or running along on... | Jo, på grund av att alla rutnätsliknande aktiveringsmönster har samma axlar i symmetrin, samma axelorientering, här visat i orange, så betyder det att nettoaktiviteten hos alla rutnätsceller i viss del av hjärnan borde ändras utefter att vi rör oss längs de där sex riktningarna eller rör oss längs en av de sex riktning... | en-sv |
So we can put people in an MRI scanner and have them do a little video game like the one I showed you and look for this signal. | Possiamo fare una risonanza magnetica e far giocare le persone a un piccolo videogioco come quello che vi ho mostrato e cercare questo segnale. | en-it |
And indeed, you do see it in the human entorhinal cortex, which is the same part of the brain that you see grid cells in rats. | 이 세포는 사람의 대뇌피질에서도 볼 수 있는데요, 쥐의 뇌에서 봤던 격자 세포와 같은 부분입니다. | en-ko |
So back to Homer. | Այսպիսով, վերադառնանք Հոմերին: | en-hy |
He's probably remembering where his car was in terms of the distances and directions to extended buildings and boundaries around the location where he parked. | Có thể anh ta nhớ được chiếc xe của anh ta ở đâu liên hệ với khoảng cách và hướng tới các tòa nhà và đường biên xung quanh vị trí mà anh ta đã đỗ xe. | en-vi |
And that would be represented by the firing of boundary-detecting cells. | Եվ դա հնարավոր է դարձել սահմանները որոշող ակտիվ նեյրոնների շնորհիվ: | en-hy |
He's also remembering the path he took out of the car park, which would be represented in the firing of grid cells. | Također, sjeća se i puta kojim je krenuo s parkirališta, a to bismo vidjeli kao odašiljanje signala rešetkastih stanica. | en-hr |
Now both of these kinds of cells can make the place cells fire. | Ambele tipuri de celule pot activa celulele de localizare. | en-ro |
And he can return to the location where he parked by moving so as to find where it is that best matches the firing pattern of the place cells in his brain currently with the stored pattern where he parked his car. | 그리고 호머는 이전에 주차했던 저장된 패턴과 현재 머리 속에서 작동하는 장소 세포들의 패턴중 가장 잘 맞는 패턴을 찾아서 주차한 위치로 돌아 갈 수 있게 되는것이죠. | en-ko |
And that guides him back to that location irrespective of visual cues like whether his car's actually there. | Und dies führt ihn zurück zu dieser Stelle, ungeachtet von visuellen Hinweisen, wie ob das Auto wirklich dort ist. | en-de |
Maybe it's been towed. | Talán elvontatták.... | en-hu |
But he knows where it was, so he knows to go and get it. | Но он помнит, где она была, и знает, как туда вернуться. | en-ru |
So beyond spatial memory, if we look for this grid-like firing pattern throughout the whole brain, we see it in a whole series of locations which are always active when we do all kinds of autobiographical memory tasks, like remembering the last time you went to a wedding, for example. | Então, para além da memória espacial, se procurarmos este padrão de disparos por todo o cérebro, vamos vê-lo numa série de locais que estão sempre ativos quando fazemos todo o tipo de tarefas ligadas à memória autobiográfica, como recordar a última vez que fomos a um casamento, por exemplo. | en-pt |
So it may be that the neural mechanisms for representing the space around us are also used for generating visual imagery so that we can recreate the spatial scene, at least, of the events that have happened to us when we want to imagine them. | Jadi mungkin saja mekanisme syaraf yang mewakili ruangan di sekitar kita juga digunakan untuk menciptakan khayalan visual sehingga kita dapat menciptakan kembali gambaran spatial dari peristiwa yang telah terjadi pada kita saat kita ingin membayangkannya. | en-id |
So if this was happening, your memories could start by place cells activating each other via these dense interconnections and then reactivating boundary cells to create the spatial structure of the scene around your viewpoint. | 그래서 이런 현상이 일어나면, 여러분의 기억들은 밀접하게 연결된 장소 세포들이 서로 활성화해주어 기억이 시작되고 여러분의 시야에 들어오는 장면들의 공간구조를 만들기 위해 경계 세포들을 재 활성화 하는것 입니다. | en-ko |
And grid cells could move this viewpoint through that space. | Các tế bào lưới có thể dịch chuyển điểm quan sát này qua không gian đằng kia. | en-vi |
Another kind of cell, head direction cells, which I didn't mention yet, they fire like a compass according to which way you're facing. | Druga vrsta ćelija, ćelije pravca glave koje još nisam pomenuo, okidaju kao kompas zavisno od pravca kojem ste okrenuti. | en-sr |
They could define the viewing direction from which you want to generate an image for your visual imagery, so you can imagine what happened when you were at this wedding, for example. | הם יכולים להגדיר את כיוון הראיה ממנו אתם רוצים ליצור תמונה עבור הדימוי החזותי שלכם, ואז תוכלו לדמיין מה קרה כשהייתם באותה חתונה, לדוגמה. | en-he |
So this is just one example of a new era really in cognitive neuroscience where we're beginning to understand psychological processes like how you remember or imagine or even think in terms of the actions of the billions of individual neurons that make up our brains. | Éste es solo un ejemplo de una nueva era en neurociencia cognitiva donde estamos comenzando a comprender los procesos psicológicos, tales como de qué manera recordamos o imaginamos, o alguna vez pensamos en términos de actos de miles de millones de neuronas individuales que componen nuestro cerebro. | en-es |
What I want to talk to you about today is some of the problems that the military of the Western world -- Australia, United States, the UK and so on -- face in some of the deployments that they're dealing with in the modern world at this time. | ما اريد التحدث عنه اليوم هو بعض المشكلات التي تواجهها القوات المسلحة في العالم الغربي-- استراليا,الولايات المتحده,المملكة المتحده ,وغيرها-- في بعض اماكن انتشار الجنود التي يتعاملون فيها مع عالم متطور في هذه المرة اذا فكرت في اشكال الاشياء | en-ar |
If you think about the sorts of things we've sent Australian military personnel to in recent years, we've got obvious things like Iraq and Afghanistan, but you've also got things like East Timor and the Solomon Islands, and so on. | التي ارسلنا اليها طواقم عسكريه استراليه في السنين الاخيرة يكون لدينا وبشكل واضح ,اشياء مثل العراق وافغانستان لكن ايضا لدينا اشياء مثل تيمور الشرقية وجزر سليمان وهكذا. والكثير من تلك الاماكن | en-ar |
And a lot of these deployments that we're sending military personnel to these days aren't traditional wars. | אליהן אנו למעשה שולחים חיילים בימים אלו אינן מלחמות מסורתיות. | en-he |
In fact, a lot of the jobs we're asking military personnel to do in those situations are ones that, in their own countries -- Australia, the US and so on -- would actually be done by police officers. | По большому счёту, большая часть того, что во многих из этих ситуаций требуют выполнить военных, в родной стране этих солдат — Австралии, США и так далее — находится в ведении полиции. | en-ru |
So there's a bunch of problems that come up for military personnel in these situations, because they're doing things they haven't really been trained for. | Das wirft einen Haufen Probleme für Soldaten in diesen Situationen auf, weil sie Arbeit verrichten, für die sie nicht ausgebildet wurden, | en-de |
And they're doing things that those who do them in their own countries are trained very differently for and equipped very differently for. | но също защото тези, които обикновено вършат тези неща в собствените си страни са обучени и оборудвани по друг начин. | en-bg |
Now, there's a bunch of reasons why we send military personnel, rather than police, to do these jobs. | Nu zijn er een heleboel redenen waarom we militairen sturen in plaats van politie om deze taken te verrichten. | en-nl |
If Australia had to send 1,000 people tomorrow to West Papua, for example, we don't have 1,000 police officers hanging around that could go tomorrow, and we do have 1,000 soldiers that could go. | Gdyby Australia miałaby wysłać jutro tysiąc ludzi na przykład do Zachodniej Papui, nie dysponowałaby tysiącem funkcjonariuszy policji, gotowych lecieć jutro, a tysiąc żołnierzy w stanie gotowości się znajdzie. Więc, gdy musimy kogoś wysłać, wyślemy wojsko, | en-pl |
So when we have to send someone, we send the military -- they're there, they're available, and heck, they're used to going off and doing these things and living by themselves and not having all this extra support. | bo jest ono gotowe. Bo jest ono, do licha, przyzwyczajone do wyjazdów w tym celu i da sobie radę, bez tego całego dodatkowego wsparcia. | en-pl |
So they are able to do it in that sense. | ดังนั้นในแง่นี้ พวกเขาจึงสามารถทำได้ แต่พวกเขาไม่ได้รับการฝึกเหมือนที่ตำรวจได้รับ | en-th |
But they aren't trained the same way police officers are, and they're certainly not equipped the way police officers are, so this has raised a bunch of problems for them when dealing with these issues. | dan sudah jelas perlengkapan mereka tidak sama dengan anggota polisi. Sehingga hal ini menimbulkan sejumlah masalah bagi mereka saat berhadapan dengan masalah-masalah ini. Salah satu hal yang muncul | en-id |
One particular thing that's come up that I am especially interested in, is the question of whether, when we're sending military personnel to do these sorts of jobs, we ought to be equipping them differently; and in particular, whether we ought to be giving them access to some of the nonlethal weapons that police have. | che mi interessa particolarmente, è sapere se, quando inviamo l'esercito a effettuare quel tipo di lavori, dovremmo dare loro equipaggiamenti diversi, e in particolare, se dovremmo dare loro accesso ad alcuni tipi di armi non letali che ha la polizia. Visto che vanno a fare il loro stesso lavoro, | en-it |
Since they're doing some of the same jobs, maybe they should have some of those things. | Como eles estão a fazer algumas das mesmas tarefas talvez devessem ter o mesmo tipo de coisas. | en-pt |
And there's a range of places you'd think those things would be really useful. | могут оказаться полезны при самых разных обстоятельствах. | en-ru |
For example, when you've got military checkpoints. | Bij militaire controleposten bijvoorbeeld. | en-nl |
If people are approaching these checkpoints and the military personnel are unsure if this person's hostile or not, say this person approaching here, and they say, "Is this a suicide bomber or not? | 如果有人靠近這些關卡， 並且，士兵們不知道 此人是不是會具有危險性。 他們會想 "這是不是人肉炸彈？” | en-zh-tw |
Is something hidden under their clothes? | האם הוא מסתיר משהו מתחת לבגדים? מה עומד לקרות?" | en-he |
What's going to happen?" | Ze weten niet of deze persoon vijandig is of niet. | en-nl |
They don't know if the person is hostile or not. | Dacă această persoană nu urmează instrucţiunile, | en-ro |
If the person doesn't follow directions, they may end up shooting them, and then find out afterwards either, yes, we shot the right person, or, no, this was just an innocent person who didn't understand what was going on. | potrebbero finire per sparargli e scoprire successivamente che, sì, hanno ucciso la persona giusta, o no, era solo una persona innocente che non aveva capito cosa stesse succedendo. | en-it |
So if they had nonlethal weapons, then they would say, "We can use them in that sort of situation. | Имей военные оружие несмертельного действия, они имели бы возможность сказать себе «Вот, можно в данной ситуации применить его. Если мы и выстрелим в невинного человека, | en-ru |
If we shoot someone who wasn't hostile, at least we haven't killed them." | อย่างน้อยเราก็ไม่ได้ฆ่าเขา" ในอีกสถานการณ์หนึ่ง | en-th |
Another situation: this photo is from one of the missions in the Balkans in the late 1990s. | Outra situação. Esta foto é de uma das missões nos Balcãs, no final dos anos 90. | en-pt |
This situation is a little bit different, where maybe they know someone is hostile; they've got someone shooting at them or doing something else that's clearly hostile, throwing rocks, whatever. | Situata është pak më ndryshe sepse ata kanë më shumë njohuri dhe e dinë që personi është i armiqësor pasi dikush po shtie mbi ta ose po bën dicka që është e rrezikshme si p.sh. gjuan me gurë. Por po qe se ata i kundërpërgjigjen, shumë njerë tjerë | en-sq |
But if they respond, there's a range of other people around who are innocent people, who might also get hurt. | 无辜的人们也会受到伤害-- | en-zh-cn |
It'd be collateral damage that the military often doesn't want to talk about. | 軍事人員一般都不喜歡談論像這樣的附帶損害 | en-zh-tw |
So again, they'd say, "With access to nonlethal weapons, if we've got someone we know is hostile, we can do something to deal with them, and know that if we hit anyone else, at least we're not going to kill them." | ดังนั้น พวกเขาก็จะพูดแบบนี้อีกครั้งว่า "ถ้าเราสามารถเข้าถึงอาวุธไม่สังหารได้ล่ะ ถ้าเราเจอคนที่เรารู้ว่าเป็นศัตรู เราสามารถทำอะไรบางอย่าง เพื่อจัดการพวกเขาได้ และรู้ว่า ถ้าพวกเขายิงโดนใครก็ตามที่อยู่แถวนั้น อย่างน้อย เราก็พูดได้ว่า เราไม่ได้จะฆ่าพวกเขา" มีอีกคำแนะนำหนึ่ง | en-th |
Another suggestion has been, since we're putting so many robots in the field, we can see the time coming where they're actually going to send robots out in the field that are autonomous. | puisque nous déployons tellement de robots sur site, nous pouvons facilement imaginer envoyer des robots complètement autonomes. Ils finiront par décider eux-mêmes sur qui ils doivent tirer ou ne pas tirer, | en-fr |
They'll make their own decisions about who to shoot and who not to shoot, without a human in the loop. | utan någon människa med i beslutet. Och förslaget är då, | en-sv |
So the suggestion is, if we're going to send robots out and allow them to do this, maybe it would be a good idea if they were armed with nonlethal weapons, so if the robot makes a bad decision and shoots the wrong person, again, they haven't actually killed them. | Nên tôi đề xuất là, nếu đưa rô-bốt đi và cho chúng làm điều này, có lẽ sẽ là ý hay nếu trang bị chúng vũ khí phi sát thương, để nếu rô-bốt quyết định sai và bắn nhầm người, một lần nữa, chúng không giết họ. | en-vi |
Now, there's a whole range of different sorts of nonlethal weapons, some of which are available now, some of which they're developing. | อาวุธบางชนิดมีให้ใช้แล้ว อย่างที่เห็นๆกันอยู่ ในขณะที่บางชนิดก็กำลังพัฒนาอยู่ คุณมีอาวุธดั้งเดิมอย่างสเปรย์พริกไทย | en-th |
You've got traditional things like pepper spray, OC spray up at the top there, or Tasers over here. | O.C spray uppe i toppen där, och Tasers (elpistoler) här borta. Den uppe i toppen där är faktiskt en skinande laser | en-sv |
The one on the top right here is actually a dazzling laser, intended to just blind the person momentarily and disorient them. | para cegar a la persona momentáneamente y así desorientarla. Hay municiones no letales | en-es |
You've got nonlethal shotgun rounds that contain rubber pellets instead of the traditional metal ones. | que contêm balas de borracha em vez dos metais tradicionais. | en-pt-br |
And this one in the middle here, the large truck, is called the Active Denial System, something the US military is working on at the moment. | และอันที่อยู่ตรงกลางนี้ ที่เป็นรถบรรทุกคันใหญ่ ที่จริงคือระบบ Active Denial System ซึ่งเป็นสิ่งที่กองทัพสหรัฐฯ กำลังพัฒนาอยู่ในขณะนี้ | en-th |
It's essentially a big microwave transmitter. | Về bản chất nó là bộ phát vi sóng cỡ đại. | en-vi |
It's sort of your classic idea of a heat ray. | Донякъде е класическа идея за топлинен лъч. | en-bg |
It goes out to a really long distance, compared to any of these other sorts of things. | Den når ut en riktigt lång sträcka jämfört med andra typer av liknande lösningar. | en-sv |
Anybody who is hit with this feels a sudden burst of heat, and just wants to get out of the way. | Quelqu'un qui est touché par ce rayon ressentira une soudaine bouffée de chaleur et voudra absolument s'en éloigner. | en-fr |
It is a lot more sophisticated than a microwave oven, but it basically is boiling the water molecules in the very surface level of your skin. | Гораздо более сложная установка, чем микроволновая печь, но и её действие основано на выпаривании молекул воды — в данном случае, из верхнего слоя кожи. Поэтому вы чувствуете этот неимоверный жар | en-ru |
So you feel this massive heat, and you go, "I want to get out of the way." | 然后你就（叫喊），‘我想要脱离出来’ 于是他们想，这将会很有用处 | en-zh-cn |
And they think this will be really useful in places where we need to clear a crowd out of a particular area, if the crowd is being hostile. | Và họ nghĩ loại này sẽ rất hữu dụng ở những nơi cần giải tán đám đông, khi bọn họ chống đối. | en-vi |
If we need to keep people away from a particular place, we can do that with these sorts of things. | Nếu muốn ai tránh xa nơi nào đó, ta có thể làm được nhờ mấy vũ khí này. | en-vi |
So there's a whole range of different nonlethal weapons we could give military personnel, and there's a whole range of situations where they're looking at them and saying, "These things would be really useful." | Obviamente, há toda uma gama de tipos diferentes de armas não letais que podíamos dar aos militares e há toda uma gama de situações em que eles podiam olhar para elas e dizer: "Estas coisas podem ser muito úteis". | en-pt |
But as I said, the military and the police are very different. | ο στρατός και η αστυνομία διαφέρουν πολύ. | en-el |
(Laughter) Yes, you don't have to look very hard at this to recognize that they might be very different. | Nie trzeba nawet za bardzo się im przyglądać, by zauważyć różnice. W szczególności, | en-pl |
In particular, the attitude to the use of force and the way they're trained to use force is especially different. | Cụ thể là, thái độ với việc dùng vũ lực và cách họ được huấn luyện dùng vũ lực thật sự khác biệt. | en-vi |
The police -- and knowing because I've actually helped to train police -- police, particularly in Western jurisdictions at least, are trained to De-escalate force, to try and avoid using force wherever possible, and to use lethal force only as an absolute last resort. | De politie - en ik heb ervaring in de politieopleiding - is, tenminste in de Westerse jurisdicties, opgeleid om geweld te vermijden, om het gebruik van geweld waar mogelijk te voorkomen, en om dodelijk geweld absoluut alleen als een laatste redmiddel te gebruiken. | en-nl |
Military personnel are being trained for war. | Militär personal tränas för krig, | en-sv |
So they're trained that, as soon as things go bad, their first response is lethal force. | está entrenado para que, si las cosas van mal, su primera reacción sea la fuerza letal. | en-es |
The moment the fecal matter hits the rotating turbine -- (Laughter) you can start shooting at people. | В момента, в който фекалната материя удари въртящата се турбина, можеш да започнеш да стреляш по хора. | en-bg |
So their attitudes to the use of lethal force are very different, and I think it's fairly obvious that their attitude to the use of nonlethal weapons would also be very different from what it is with the police. | 所以他們對使用武力的態度是十分不同的， 所以他們對使用武力的態度是十分不同的。 想當然地， 他們對使用非殺傷性武器的態度 也會和警察的不同。 | en-zh-tw |
And since we've already had so many problems with police use of nonlethal weapons in various ways, I thought it would be a good idea to look at some of those things and relate it to the military context. | וכיוון שכבר היו לנו כל כך הרבה בעיות עם השימוש המשטרתי בנשקי אל-הרג בדרכים שונות, חשבתי שיהיה רעיון מצוין לבחון כמה מהדברים האלה ולנסות להתאים את זה להקשר הצבאי. וכשהתחלתי לעשות זאת הופתעתי מאד, | en-he |
I was very surprised when I started to do this to see that, in fact, even the people who advocated the use of nonlethal weapons by the military hadn't actually done that. | dat de mensen die pleitten voor het gebruik van niet-dodelijke wapens door het leger, dit nog niet hadden gedaan. Zij schijnen te denken | en-nl |
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