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So in other words, they worked out, in this mindless sort of evolutionary way, a form of writing that let them write down what they were, so that that way of writing it down could get copied. | إذن وبتعبيرٍ آخر، وجدوا طريقة، في هذه النوع من الأسلوب التطوري المجنون، شكلٍ من الكتابة سمح لهم بكتابة ما هي عليه، بحيث أن طريقة الكتابة تلك قد تستنسخ. | en-ar |
The amazing thing is that that way of writing seems to have stayed steady since it evolved two and a half billion years ago. | Niesamowite jest to, że ten alfabet pozostał niezmienny od czasu kiedy wyewoluował 2,5 miliarda lat temu. | en-pl |
In fact the recipe for us, our genes, is exactly that same code and that same way of writing. | En fait la recette pour nous faire, nous, nos gènes, est exactement le même code et la même manière d'écrire. | en-fr |
In fact, every living creature is written in exactly the same set of letters and the same code. | Все живые организмы записаны тем же набором букв и с использованием этого же кода. | en-ru |
In fact, one of the things that I did just for amusement purposes is we can now write things in this code. | في الحقيقة، أحد الأمور التي قمت بها فقط لغرض التسلية هو أنه بإمكاننا الآن كتابة الأشياء بذلك الترميز. | en-ar |
And I've got here a little 100 micrograms of white powder, which I try not to let the security people see at airports. | Тук имам малко повече от 100 микрограма бял прах, който се опитвам да оставя незабелязано от охраната по летищата. | en-bg |
(Laughter) But this has in it -- what I did is I took this code -- the code has standard letters that we use for symbolizing it -- and I wrote my business card onto a piece of DNA and amplified it 10 to the 22 times. | (ضحك) ولكن هذه فيها -- ما فعلته هو أنني أخذت هذا الترميز -- والترميز لديه حروف قياسية نستخدمها لتمثيله -- وقمت بكتابة بطاقة عملي على جزءٍ من الحمض النووي وقمت بتكبيرها بـ 10 بقوة 22 مرة. | en-ar |
So if anyone would like a hundred million copies of my business card, I have plenty for everyone in the room, and, in fact, everyone in the world, and it's right here. | Nếu có ai đó thích hàng trăm triệu bản sao chép thẻ kinh doanh của tôi, tôi có thể đưa mọi người trong căn phòng này rất nhiều bản, và, trên thực tế, tất cả mọi người trên thế giới, và nó đang ở ngay đây. | en-vi |
(Laughter) If I had really been a egotist, I would have put it into a virus and released it in the room. | (Risas) Si fuera un ególatra lo habría puesto en un virus y lo habría esparcido por la sala. | en-es |
(Laughter) So what was the next step? | (hohote de ras) Deci care era urmatorul pas? | en-ro |
Writing down the DNA was an interesting step. | Het opschrijven van het DNA was een interessante stap. | en-nl |
And that caused these cells -- that kept them happy for another billion years. | Isso fez com que as células vivessem felizes durante mais 1000 milhões de anos. | en-pt |
But then there was another really interesting step where things became completely different, which is these cells started exchanging and communicating information, so that they began to get communities of cells. | Mas depois ocorreu outro passo interessante em que as coisas ficaram completamente diferentes. As células começaram a trocar informações e a comunicar. e começaram a formar comunidades de células. | en-pt |
I don't know if you know this, but bacteria can actually exchange DNA. | Δεν ξέρω εάν το γνωρίζετε, όμως τα βακτήρια μπορούν να ανταλλάξουν DNA. | en-el |
Now that's why, for instance, antibiotic resistance has evolved. | Tak, na przykład, wyewoluowała ich odporność na antybiotyki. | en-pl |
Some bacteria figured out how to stay away from penicillin, and it went around sort of creating its little DNA information with other bacteria, and now we have a lot of bacteria that are resistant to penicillin, because bacteria communicate. | Niektóre bakterie nauczyły się unikać penicyliny i zaczęły wymieniać tą wiedzę w formie DNA z innymi bakteriami i tak teraz mamy wiele bakterii odpornych na penicylinę, ponieważ bakterie się komunikują. | en-pl |
Now what this communication allowed was communities to form that, in some sense, were in the same boat together; they were synergistic. | Η επικοινωνία αυτή επέτρεπε στις κοινότητες να σχηματίσουν το ότι, με κάποιο τρόπο, ήταν στην ίδια βάρκα μαζί, ήταν συνεργατικά. | en-el |
So they survived or they failed together, which means that if a community was very successful, all the individuals in that community were repeated more and they were favored by evolution. | Assim, elas sobreviveram ou pereceram juntas, o que significa que se a comunidade fosse bem sucedida, todos os indivíduos nessa comunidade seriam mais repetidos e favorecidos pela evolução. | en-pt-br |
Now the transition point happened when these communities got so close that, in fact, they got together and decided to write down the whole recipe for the community together on one string of DNA. | Het omslagpunt kwam, toen deze gemeenschappen zo hecht werden dat ze feitelijk gezamenlijk besloten om het recept te noteren voor de hele gemeenschap op één keten DNA. | en-nl |
And so the next stage that's interesting in life took about another billion years. | 그리고 흥미로운 다음 단계가 수십억년에 걸쳐 일어나게 됩니다. | en-ko |
And at that stage, we have multi-cellular communities, communities of lots of different types of cells, working together as a single organism. | E nessa etapa, temos comunidades pluricelulares, comunidade de muitos tipos diferentes de células, trabalhando juntas como um único organismo. | en-pt-br |
And in fact, we're such a multi-cellular community. | Valójában mi is ilyen többsejtből szerveződő közösség vagyunk. | en-hu |
We have lots of cells that are not out for themselves anymore. | יש לנו הרבה תאים שאינם קיימים יותר לעצמם. | en-he |
Your skin cell is really useless without a heart cell, muscle cell, a brain cell and so on. | Je huidcel is waardeloos zonder een hartcel, spiercel, hersencel enzovoort... | en-nl |
So these communities began to evolve so that the interesting level on which evolution was taking place was no longer a cell, but a community which we call an organism. | Dus deze gemeenschappen ontwikkelden zich zodat het niveau waarop evolutie zich afspeelde niet langer een cel was, maar een gemeenschap genaamd 'organisme'. | en-nl |
Now the next step that happened is within these communities. | Et la prochaine étape s'est produite au sein de ces communautés. | en-fr |
These communities of cells, again, began to abstract information. | Queste comunità di cellule cominciarono a loro volta ad astrarre informazioni. | en-it |
And they began building very special structures that did nothing but process information within the community. | Они начали создавать структуры, единственной целью которых была обработка информации внутри сообщества. | en-ru |
And those are the neural structures. | これが神経構造です | en-ja |
So neurons are the information processing apparatus that those communities of cells built up. | Нейроны — это инструменты для обработки информации, созданные сообществом клеток. | en-ru |
And in fact, they began to get specialists in the community and special structures that were responsible for recording, understanding, learning information. | Μάλιστα, άρχισαν να έχουν ειδικούς μέσα στην κοινότητα και ειδικές δομές που ήταν υπεύθυνες για την καταγραφή, την κατανόηση και τη μάθηση πληροφοριών. | en-el |
And that was the brains and the nervous system of those communities. | To mózgi i systemy nerwowe tych społeczności. | en-pl |
And that gave them an evolutionary advantage. | Y eso les dio una ventaja evolutiva. | en-es |
Because at that point, an individual -- learning could happen within the time span of a single organism, instead of over this evolutionary time span. | لأنه آنذاك، الفرد -- قد يحدث التعلم في المدى الزمني لكائن حي واحد، عوضا عن هذا المدى الزمني التطوري. | en-ar |
So an organism could, for instance, learn not to eat a certain kind of fruit because it tasted bad and it got sick last time it ate it. | Затова един организъм би могъл, например, да се научи да не яде определен вид плодове, понеже те имат лош вкус и на него му станало лошо последния път, когато ял от тях. | en-bg |
That could happen within the lifetime of a single organism, whereas before they'd built these special information processing structures, that would have had to be learned evolutionarily over hundreds of thousands of years by the individuals dying off that ate that kind of fruit. | Това може да се случи в рамките на живота на един организъм, а преди да бъдат построени тези специални структури за обработка на информация, това би трябвало да бъде научено еволюционно, за стотици хиляди години, посредством индивиди, умиращи от тези плодове. | en-bg |
So that nervous system, the fact that they built these special information structures, tremendously sped up the whole process of evolution. | Alors ce système nerveux, le fait qu'elles ont construit ces structures spéciales d'information, a énormément accéléré tout le processus d'évolution. | en-fr |
Because evolution could now happen within an individual. | Want evolutie kon nu plaatsvinden binnen een individu. | en-nl |
It could happen in learning time scales. | Elle pouvait se produire dans des échelles de temps d'apprentissage | en-fr |
But then what happened was the individuals worked out, of course, tricks of communicating. | És ami ezután történt az, hogy az egyedek kommunikációs trükköket fejlesztettek ki. | en-hu |
And for example, the most sophisticated version that we're aware of is human language. | その最も洗練された形である 人間の言語が その一例です | en-ja |
It's really a pretty amazing invention if you think about it. | Hakkında biraz düşünürseniz oldukça şaşırtıcı bir buluştur. | en-tr |
Here I have a very complicated, messy, confused idea in my head. | Am o foarte complicata, dezordonata, confuza idee in cap. | en-ro |
I'm sitting here making grunting sounds basically, and hopefully constructing a similar messy, confused idea in your head that bears some analogy to it. | Ik zit dan min of meer knorrende geluiden te maken, wat hopelijk een gecompliceerd, warrig idee in jullie hoofd oproept, dat er gelijkenis mee vertoont. | en-nl |
But we're taking something very complicated, turning it into sound, sequences of sounds, and producing something very complicated in your brain. | We nemen iets zeer gecompliceerds, veranderen dat in geluiden, reeksen geluiden, en produceren iets zeer gecompliceerds in je hersenen. | en-nl |
So this allows us now to begin to start functioning as a single organism. | وهذا يتيح لنا الآن ببدء القيام بوظائف ككائنٍ حي مفرد. | en-ar |
And so, in fact, what we've done is we, humanity, have started abstracting out. | 所以，实际上，我们已经完成的 就是我们，人类， 开始抽离出来。 | en-zh-cn |
We're going through the same levels that multi-cellular organisms have gone through -- abstracting out our methods of recording, presenting, processing information. | Минахме през същите нива, през които са минали многоклетъчните организми -- абстрахирайки методите ни на записване, представяйки и обработвайки информацията. | en-bg |
So for example, the invention of language was a tiny step in that direction. | Na przykład wynalezienie języka, było malutkim krokiem w tym kierunku. | en-pl |
Telephony, computers, videotapes, CD-ROMs and so on are all our specialized mechanisms that we've now built within our society for handling that information. | A telefonia, os computadores as cassetes de vídeo, os CD-ROMs e outros são mecanismos especializados que construímos dentro da sociedade | en-pt |
And it all connects us together into something that is much bigger and much faster and able to evolve than what we were before. | Ve bunlar birbirimizi daha önce olduğumuzdan çok daha büyük çok daha hızlı birşeye evrimleşebilen bir şeye bağlıyor. | en-tr |
So now, evolution can take place on a scale of microseconds. | 所以，現在進化可以發生在 微秒的數量級上。 | en-zh-tw |
And you saw Ty's little evolutionary example where he sort of did a little bit of evolution on the Convolution program right before your eyes. | Si ati vazut micul exemplu evolutionar al lui Ty unde a exersat putin evolutia in cadrul programului Convolution sub privirea noastra. | en-ro |
So now we've speeded up the time scales once again. | Si am accelerat scara temporala din nou. | en-ro |
So the first steps of the story that I told you about took a billion years a piece. | Τα πρώτα βήματα της ιστορίας που σας είπα πήραν ένα δισεκατομμύριο χρόνια το καθένα. | en-el |
And the next steps, like nervous systems and brains, took a few hundred million years. | Die nächsten Schritte, wie das Nervensystem und das Gehirn, dauerten einige hundert Millionen Jahre. | en-de |
Then the next steps, like language and so on, took less than a million years. | Следващите стъпки, като език и т.н., са отнели по-малко от милион години. | en-bg |
And these next steps, like electronics, seem to be taking only a few decades. | E estes próximos passos, como a eletrônica, parecem levar apenas umas poucas décadas. | en-pt-br |
The process is feeding on itself and becoming, I guess, autocatalytic is the word for it -- when something reinforces its rate of change. | Этот процесс самоподпитывающийся и становится автокаталитическим, что означает, что он ускоряет свой темп развития. | en-ru |
The more it changes, the faster it changes. | 변화하면 할수록, 더 빠르게 변화하는 것이죠. | en-ko |
And I think that that's what we're seeing here in this explosion of curve. | Sanırım burada, eğrinin bu patlamasında gördüğümüz şey budur. | en-tr |
We're seeing this process feeding back on itself. | この過程が次の過程に影響しているのです | en-ja |
Now I design computers for a living, and I know that the mechanisms that I use to design computers would be impossible without recent advances in computers. | 私の本業はコンピューターの設計ですが 私自身 コンピューターの設計が 近年のコンピュータの進化そのものなくしては 出来ないことを 知っています 出来ないことを 知っています | en-ja |
So right now, what I do is I design objects at such complexity that it's really impossible for me to design them in the traditional sense. | 特に最近は 昔ながらの感覚では設計を行うことができない程に とても複雑なものを設計しているのです | en-ja |
I don't know what every transistor in the connection machine does. | Я не знаю, что именно делает каждый транзистор, | en-ru |
There are billions of them. | Има милиарди от тях. | en-bg |
Instead, what I do and what the designers at Thinking Machines do is we think at some level of abstraction and then we hand it to the machine and the machine takes it beyond what we could ever do, much farther and faster than we could ever do. | Това, което правя, и което дизайнерите в Тинкинг машинс правят, е, че мислим на някакво ниво на абстракция и когато го предадем на машината, машината произвежда повече, отколкото можем да направим, много по-бързо от нас. | en-bg |
And in fact, sometimes it takes it by methods that we don't quite even understand. | Всъщност, понякога тя го прави по начини, които не разбираме. | en-bg |
One method that's particularly interesting that I've been using a lot lately is evolution itself. | Một phương pháp đặc biệt thú vị mà tôi hiện vẫn đang dùng nhiều là bản thân sự tiến hóa | en-vi |
So what we do is we put inside the machine a process of evolution that takes place on the microsecond time scale. | Това, което правим, е, че слагаме в машината процес на еволюция, който се осъществява за микросекунда. | en-bg |
So for example, in the most extreme cases, we can actually evolve a program by starting out with random sequences of instructions. | 比如， 大部分极端情况下， 我们实际上能 通过从随机的指令序列开始进化一个程式。 | en-zh-cn |
Say, "Computer, would you please make a hundred million random sequences of instructions. | 예를 들어, "컴퓨터, 수백만개의명령어를 만들어 주세요." | en-ko |
Now would you please run all of those random sequences of instructions, run all of those programs, and pick out the ones that came closest to doing what I wanted." | Şimdi lütfen tüm bu rastgele komut sıralarını ve tüm bu programları çalıştırıp istediğime en yakın şeyi yapanları seçermisin." | en-tr |
So in other words, I define what I wanted. | 也就是說，我定義我要什麼。 | en-zh-tw |
Let's say I want to sort numbers, as a simple example I've done it with. | 假設我需要分類資料， 這是個我用它試驗過的簡單例子。 | en-zh-tw |
So find the programs that come closest to sorting numbers. | Dus: vind de programma's die het dichtst komen bij getallen sorteren. | en-nl |
So of course, random sequences of instructions are very unlikely to sort numbers, so none of them will really do it. | אז כמובן, רצפים אקראיים של הוראות אינם מאוד סבירים כדי למיין מספרים, כך שאף אחד מהם לא באמת יעשה זאת. | en-he |
But one of them, by luck, may put two numbers in the right order. | しかし、偶然にも その中のひとつが ２つの数字を正しく並べたとすると、 | en-ja |
And I say, "Computer, would you please now take the 10 percent of those random sequences that did the best job. | Jetzt sage ich, "Computer, nimm jetzt diejenigen 10 % der Sequenzen, welche meinen Vorgaben am nächsten gekommen sind. | en-de |
Save those. Kill off the rest. | שמור אותם. הרוג את השאר. | en-he |
And now let's reproduce the ones that sorted numbers the best. | 「そして 数字を上手く並び替えたものを 再生産してください」 | en-ja |
And let's reproduce them by a process of recombination analogous to sex." | ובואו נשחזר אותם בתהליך של רקומבינציה באופן אנלוגי לרבייה." | en-he |
Take two programs and they produce children by exchanging their subroutines, and the children inherit the traits of the subroutines of the two programs. | Pega-se em dois programas e eles produzem filhos pela troca de sub-rotinas. Os filhos herdam as características das sub-rotinas dos dois programas. | en-pt |
So I've got now a new generation of programs that are produced by combinations of the programs that did a little bit better job. | Így programok új generációjához jutunk, amely olyan programok kombinációjából születik, amelyek egy kicsivel jobb eredményt produkáltak. | en-hu |
Say, "Please repeat that process." | Ripetiamo il processo. | en-it |
Score them again. | 再做一次。 | en-zh-tw |
Introduce some mutations perhaps. | Introduza algumas mutações, talvez. | en-pt-br |
And try that again and do that for another generation. | Направи това отново и го направи за друго поколение. | en-bg |
Well every one of those generations just takes a few milliseconds. | 次の世代を作るのに ほんの数ミリ秒しかかかりません | en-ja |
So I can do the equivalent of millions of years of evolution on that within the computer in a few minutes, or in the complicated cases, in a few hours. | Donc, je peux faire là l'équivalent de millions d'années d'évolution au sein de l'ordinateur en quelques minutes, ou dans les cas compliqués, en quelques heures. | en-fr |
At the end of that, I end up with programs that are absolutely perfect at sorting numbers. | 結束時，我得到 絕對完美地分類資料的程式。 | en-zh-tw |
In fact, they are programs that are much more efficient than programs I could have ever written by hand. | Sunt, in fapt, programe care sunt mult mai eficiente decat cele pe care as fi putut sa le scriu manual. | en-ro |
Now if I look at those programs, I can't tell you how they work. | Maintenant, si je regarde ces programmes, Je ne peux pas vous dire comment ils fonctionnent. | en-fr |
I've tried looking at them and telling you how they work. | Ho provato a capire come funzionino. | en-it |
They're obscure, weird programs. | Átláthatatlan, furcsa programok. | en-hu |
But they do the job. | De jól működnek. | en-hu |
And in fact, I know, I'm very confident that they do the job because they come from a line of hundreds of thousands of programs that did the job. | 저는 이 프로그램들이 이 작업을 할 것이라고 확신하죠. 왜냐하면 그런 작업들을 했던 수백, 수천줄의 프로그램에서 나왔기 때문이죠. | en-ko |
In fact, their life depended on doing the job. | En fait, leur vie en dépendait. | en-fr |
(Laughter) I was riding in a 747 with Marvin Minsky once, and he pulls out this card and says, "Oh look. Look at this. | (Gelächter) Ich sass einmal in einer 747 zusammen mit Marvin Minsky, ale er eine Karte hervorholt und sagt, "Oh schau. | en-de |
It says, 'This plane has hundreds of thousands of tiny parts working together to make you a safe flight.' Doesn't that make you feel confident?" | 這上面說“本飛機有很多精密部件 協作，保障您飛行安全。” 這是不是讓你很有信心？” | en-zh-tw |
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