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And since we have so much data, you can see the contours of many countries, especially in the Western world. | Como temos tantos dados, podemos ver os contornos de muitos países, em especial no mundo ocidental. | en-pt |
In this clip, we stratified the map that I've showed you based on the year of births of individuals from 1400 to 1900, and we compared it to known migration events. | Dans cette séquence, on a segmenté la carte que je vous ai montrée, selon l’année de naissance d’individus, ayant vécu entre 1400 et 1900 et on a comparé ça aux grandes migrations connues. | en-fr |
The clip is going to show you that the deepest lineages in our data go all the way back to the UK, where they had better record keeping, and then they spread along the routes of Western colonialism. | 이 동영상은 데이터의 가장 깊은 혈통이 거슬러 올라가보면 영국까지 간다는 걸 보여줍니다. 영국의 기록은 잘 유지되고 있었죠. 그들은 서구 식민주의의 루트를 따라 퍼져나갔습니다. | en-ko |
Let's watch this. | ચાલો આ જોઈએ. | en-gu |
(Music) [Year of birth: ] [1492 - Columbus sails the ocean blue] [1620 - Mayflower lands in Massachusetts] [1652 - Dutch settle in South Africa] [1788 - Great Britain penal transportation to Australia starts] [1836 - First migrants use Oregon Trail] [all activity] I love this movie. | (Música) [Año de nacimiento:] [1492 - Colón navega por el océano] [1620 - El Mayflower llega a Massachusetts] [1652 - Los holandeses se asientan en Sudáfrica] [1788 - Gran Bretaña empieza a transportar presos a Australia] [1836 - Los primeros emigrantes usan la Senda de Oregón] [Todo es actividad] Me encanta esta película. | en-es |
Now, since these migration events are giving the context of families, we can ask questions such as: What is the typical distance between the birth locations of husbands and wives? | اکنون، از آنجا که این رویدادهای مهاجرت زمینه خانواده ها را فراهم می کند، می توانیم سؤالاتی بپرسیم از قبیل: فاصله معمولی بین محل های تولد زن و شوهرها چقدر است؟ | en-fa |
This distance plays a pivotal role in demography, because the patterns in which people migrate to form families determine how genes spread in geographical areas. | Cette distance est primordiale en démographie, car les migrations faites dans le but de fonder une famille déterminent comment les gènes sont répartis géographiquement. | en-fr |
We analyzed this distance using our data, and we found that in the old days, people had it easy. | Analisámos essa distância, usando os nossos dados e descobrimos que, antigamente, isso era fácil para as pessoas. | en-pt |
They just married someone in the village nearby. | Casavam com alguém da aldeia vizinha. | en-pt |
But the Industrial Revolution really complicated our love life. | Ancak Sanayi Devrimi aşk hayatımızı gerçekten zorlaştırdı. | en-tr |
And today, with affordable flights and online social media, people typically migrate more than 100 kilometers from their place of birth to find their soul mate. | Y hoy, con los vuelos asequibles y con las redes sociales, la gente suele emigrar a más de 100 km de su lugar de nacimiento para encontrar a su alma gemela. | en-es |
So now you might ask: OK, but who does the hard work of migrating from places to places to form families? | Là vous vous demandez : d’accord, mais qui prend la peine d’émigrer pour fonder une famille ? | en-fr |
Are these the males or the females? | "É o homem ou é a mulher?" | en-pt |
We used our data to address this question, and at least in the last 300 years, we found that the ladies do the hard work of migrating from places to places to form families. | ကျုပ်တို့ ဒေတာကို သုံးပြီး အဲဒီမေးခွန်း အတွက် အဖြေကို ရှာကြည့်တော့ အနည်းဆုံးအားဖြင့် နောက်ဆုံး နှစ် ၃၀၀ အတွင်းမှာ မိသားစုကို ထူထောင်ဖို့အတွက် တနေရာမှနေပြီး နောက် တနေရာကို သွားရတဲ့ မလွယ်တဲ့ အလုပ်ကို အမျိုးသမီးတွေ ပြုလုပ်ခဲ့ကြတာကို တွေ့နိုင်ပါတယ်။ | en-my |
Now, these results are statistically significant, so you can take it as scientific fact that males are lazy. | હવે, આ પરિણામો આંકડાકીય રીતે નોંધપાત્ર છે, જેથી તમે તેને વૈજ્ .ાનિક તથ્ય તરીકે લઈ શકો પુરુષો આળસુ છે. | en-gu |
(Laughter) We can move from questions about demography and ask questions about human health. | (خنده حضار) می توانیم از سؤالات مربوط به جمعیت شناسی بگذریم و در مورد سلامتی انسان سؤال کنیم. | en-fa |
For example, we can ask to what extent genetic variations account for differences in life span between individuals. | Por exemplo, podemos perguntar até que ponto as variações genéticas existentes contribuem para as diferenças na longevidade entre indivíduos. | en-pt |
Previous studies analyzed the correlation of longevity between twins to address this question. | 之前的研究通过分析 双胞胎寿命的相关性 来解答这个问题。 | en-zh-cn |
They estimated that the genetic variations account for about a quarter of the differences in life span between individuals. | Estimou-se que as variações genéticas respondem por cerca de um quarto das diferenças no tempo de vida das pessoas. | en-pt-br |
But twins can be correlated due to so many reasons, including various environmental effects or a shared household. | De ikreknél ez nagyon sok okkal korrelál, pl. különböző környezeti hatásokkal vagy közös háztartással. | en-hu |
Large family trees give us the opportunity to analyze both close relatives, such as twins, all the way to distant relatives, even fourth cousins. | As grandes árvores genealógicas dão-nos a oportunidade de analisar parentes próximos, como os gémeos, ou parentes distantes, até primos em quarto grau. | en-pt |
This way we can build robust models that can tease apart the contribution of genetic variations from environmental factors. | Ainsi, on peut élaborer des modèles solides qui peuvent discriminer la contribution génétique de celle des facteurs environnementaux. | en-fr |
We conducted this analysis using our data, and we found that genetic variations explain only 15 percent of the differences in life span between individuals. | Realizamos essa análise usando nossos dados, e descobrimos que variações genéticas explicam apenas 15% das diferenças na expectativa de vida entre indivíduos. | en-pt-br |
That is five years, on average. | Ez átlagosan öt év. | en-hu |
So genes matter less than what we thought before to life span. | Tehát a gének az élettartam szempontjából kevésbé fontosak, mint ahogy hittük. | en-hu |
And I find it great news, because it means that our actions can matter more. | em termos de longevidade. E eu acho que é uma boa notícia porque significa que as nossas ações são mais importantes. | en-pt |
Smoking, for example, determines 10 years of our life expectancy -- twice as much as what genetics determines. | 举个例子，吸烟会影响 大约10年的预期寿命—— 是基因所能影响的两倍。 | en-zh-cn |
We can even have more surprising findings as we move from family trees and we let our genealogists document and crowdsource DNA information. | 随着我们从家谱树展开， 让我们的家谱学专家建档， 并且众包DNA信息， 我们能有更多惊奇的发现。 | en-zh-cn |
And the results can be amazing. | Y el resultado puede ser increíble. | en-es |
It might be hard to imagine, but Uncle Bernie and his friends can create DNA forensic capabilities that even exceed what the FBI currently has. | စိတ်ကူးဖို့ မလွယ်ပေမဲ့ Uncle Bernie နဲ့ သူ့မိတ်ဆွေတွေဟာ လက်ရှိ အချိန်မှာ FBI ထံမှာ ရှိနေတဲ့ DNA အခြေပြု ပြစ်မှုစူးစမ်းရှာဖွေရေး အလားအလာတွေထက်တောင် များစွာ သာလွန်မှာပါ။ | en-my |
When you place the DNA on a large family tree, you effectively create a beacon that illuminates the hundreds of distant relatives that are all connected to the person that originated the DNA. | 當你把 DNA 放入大型的家譜樹中， 就能有效地創造出 如燈塔般的光束， 從 DNA 的源頭者放射出與 數百名遠親的連結光束。 | en-zh-tw |
By placing multiple beacons on a large family tree, you can now triangulate the DNA of an unknown person, the same way that the GPS system uses multiple satellites to find a location. | A nagy családfán több jelzőfényt elhelyezve ugyanazon módszerrel határozhatjuk meg ismeretlen személy DNS-ét, mint amelyet a GPS-rendszer használ műholdas helymeghatározásra. | en-hu |
The prime example of the power of this technique is capturing the Golden State Killer, one of the most notorious criminals in the history of the US. | 有個主要的例子可以說明 這項技術有多強大， 那就是追捕金州（加州）殺手， 他是美國史上 最惡名昭彰的罪犯之一。 | en-zh-tw |
The FBI had been searching for this person for over 40 years. | FBI بیش از ۴۰ سال در جستجوی این شخص بود. | en-fa |
They had his DNA, but he never showed up in any police database. | DNA'sına sahiplerdi ancak herhangi bir polis veri tabanında hiç çıkmamıştı. | en-tr |
About a year ago, the FBI consulted a genetic genealogist, and she suggested that they submit his DNA to a genealogy service that can locate distant relatives. | લગભગ એક વર્ષ પહેલા, એફબીઆઇ આનુવંશિક વંશાવળીના નિષ્ણાતની સલાહ લીધી, અને તેમણે સૂચન કર્યું કે તેઓ સબમિટ કરો વંશાવળી સેવા માટે તેના ડીએનએ જે દૂરના સંબંધીઓને શોધી શકે છે. | en-gu |
They did that, and they found a third cousin of the Golden State Killer. | آنها این کار را کردند، و یک پسر عموی سوم قاتل گلدن استیت را پیدا کردند. | en-fa |
They built a large family tree, scanned the different branches of that tree, until they found a profile that exactly matched what they knew about the Golden State Killer. | آنها یک شجره نامه بزرگ ساختند، شاخه های مختلف آن درخت را اسکن کردند، تا زمانی که نمایه ای را پیدا کردند که مطابقت داشت با آنچه درمورد قاتل گلدن استیت می دانستند. | en-fa |
They obtained DNA from this person and found a perfect match to the DNA they had in hand. | Bu kişiden DNA aldılar ve ellerinde olan DNA'yla mükemmel bir eşleşme buldular. | en-tr |
They arrested him and brought him to justice after all these years. | તેઓએ તેની ધરપકડ કરી અને તેને ન્યાય અપાવ્યો આટલા વર્ષો પછી . | en-gu |
Since then, genetic genealogists have started working with local US law enforcement agencies to use this technique in order to capture criminals. | O zamandan beri genetik soy izleme uzmanları, suçluları yakalamak için bu tekniği kullanmaya ve yerel ABD emniyet teşkilatlarıyla çalışmaya başladılar. | en-tr |
And only in the past six months, they were able to solve over 20 cold cases with this technique. | Y solo en los últimos seis meses pudieron cerrar con esta técnica 20 casos sin resolver. | en-es |
Luckily, we have people like Uncle Bernie and his fellow genealogists These are not amateurs with a self-serving hobby. | 다행히도 우리에게는 버니 삼촌과 동료 계보학자와 같은 사람들이 있죠. 그들은 이기적인 취미를 가진 아마추어가 아닙니다. | en-ko |
These are citizen scientists with a deep passion to tell us who we are. | hanem szenvedélyes tudóstársaink, akiknek célja megmondani, kik vagyunk. | en-hu |
And they know that the past can hold a key to the future. | 과거가 미래의 열쇠를 쥐고 있다는 것을 압니다. | en-ko |
AM: Hi, how are you doing? Thank you so much for joining us tonight. | AM: Én is üdvözlöm önt. Nagyon köszönöm, hogy csatlakozik hozzánk! | en-hu |
The second half of the last century was completely defined by a technological revolution: the software revolution. | De tweede helft van de vorige eeuw werd volledig gekenmerkt door een technologische revolutie: de softwarerevolutie. | en-nl |
The ability to program electrons on a material called silicon made possible technologies, companies and industries that were at one point unimaginable to many of us, but which have now fundamentally changed the way the world works. | શક્ય તકનીકઓ બનાવી કંપની, ઉદ્યોગો કે ઍક સમયે હતાં આપણામાંના ઘણા અકલ્પની પણ હવે જે રીતે બદલાયા દુનિયા જેરીતે કામ કરે છે આ સદીનો પ્રથમભાગ, જૉકે રૂપાંતરિત થઇ છે નવી સોફ્ટવેરક્રાંતિ દ્વારા, જીવંતસફ્ટવેરતિ. અને આ ક્ષમતા દ્વારા સંચાલિત કરવામાં આવશે બાયોકેમિસ્ટ્રી કાર્યક્રમ | en-gu |
The first half of this century, though, is going to be transformed by a new software revolution: the living software revolution. | Maar de eerste helft van deze eeuw zal worden getransformeerd door een nieuwe softwarerevolutie: de revolutie van levende software. | en-nl |
And this will be powered by the ability to program biochemistry on a material called biology. | 在一种名为生物的材料上 对生物化学进行编程的能力 将会支持这一革命。 | en-zh-cn |
And doing so will enable us to harness the properties of biology to generate new kinds of therapies, to repair damaged tissue, to reprogram faulty cells or even build programmable operating systems out of biochemistry. | Isso nos permitirá aproveitar as propriedades da biologia para gerar novos tipos de terapias, reparar tecidos danificados, reprogramar células defeituosas ou até construir sistemas operacionais programáveis a partir da bioquímica. | en-pt-br |
If we can realize this -- and we do need to realize it -- its impact will be so enormous that it will make the first software revolution pale in comparison. | Si nous y arrivons - et nous devons y arriver - les impacts seront si importants que cela rendra la première révolution logicielle insignifiante en comparaison. | en-fr |
And that's because living software would transform the entirety of medicine, agriculture and energy, and these are sectors that dwarf those dominated by IT. | Y eso es porque el software viviente transformaría la totalidad de la medicina, la agricultura y la energía, y estos son sectores que eclipsan a los dominados por la TI. | en-es |
Imagine programmable plants that fix nitrogen more effectively or resist emerging fungal pathogens, or even programming crops to be perennial rather than annual so you could double your crop yields each year. | 想像可編寫的植物能更效率地固氮， 能抵抗新興的菌類病原體， 甚至能把一年生的作物 編寫成多年生， 使年產量加倍， | en-zh-tw |
That would transform agriculture and how we'll keep our growing and global population fed. | Isso transformaria a agricultura e o modo como manteremos alimentada nossa crescente população global. | en-pt-br |
Or imagine programmable immunity, designing and harnessing molecular devices that guide your immune system to detect, eradicate or even prevent disease. | Imaginez une immunité programmable, utilisant des dispositifs moléculaires guidant votre système immunitaire pour détecter, éradiquer voire prévenir des maladies. | en-fr |
This would transform medicine and how we'll keep our growing and aging population healthy. | Esto transformaría la medicina y la forma de mantener la salud de una población que crece y envejece. | en-es |
We already have many of the tools that will make living software a reality. | 이미 생물 소프트웨어를 실현시킬 수 있는 많은 도구가 있습니다. | en-ko |
We can precisely edit genes with CRISPR. | Podemos editar genes con precisión con CRISPR. | en-es |
We can rewrite the genetic code one base at a time. | reescrever o código genético uma base por vez | en-pt-br |
We can even build functioning synthetic circuits out of DNA. | 我們甚至能用 DNA 做成能運作的合成電路。 | en-zh-tw |
But figuring out how and when to wield these tools is still a process of trial and error. | Maar uitzoeken hoe en wanneer deze tools te hanteren is nog maar in het stadium van gissen en missen. | en-nl |
It needs deep expertise, years of specialization. | પરંતુ આપણે બધા જાણીએ છીએ કે ઉડાન જેવું છે, સમજાય નહીં | en-gu |
And experimental protocols are difficult to discover and all too often, difficult to reproduce. | ફક્ત પીછાઓનો અભ્યાસ કરીને. પ્રોગ્રામિંગ બાયોલોજી નથી કમ્પ્યુટર પ્રોગ્રામ જેવુ સરળ. | en-gu |
And, you know, we have a tendency in biology to focus a lot on the parts, but we all know that something like flying wouldn't be understood by only studying feathers. | અને પછી બાબતોને વધુ ખરાબ કરવા માટે, જીવંતપ્રણાલ મોટાભાગે સામ્યતા નથી સિસ્ટમો માટે કે તમે, હું રોજ કાર્યક્રમ. | en-gu |
So programming biology is not yet as simple as programming your computer. | Por lo tanto, programar biología aún no es tan simple como programar su computadora. | en-es |
And then to make matters worse, living systems largely bear no resemblance to the engineered systems that you and I program every day. | Para piorar a situação, sistemas vivos não têm grande semelhança com sistemas de engenharia que programamos todos os dias. | en-pt-br |
In contrast to engineered systems, living systems self-generate, they self-organize, they operate at molecular scales. | 相比工程系统， 生物系统能自我生产、 自我组织， 并以分子规模运作。 | en-zh-cn |
And these molecular-level interactions lead generally to robust macro-scale output. | જેમ કે એક બેઠો ઘરે તમારા mantelpiece પર કે તમે પાણીને ભૂલી જતા રહો. | en-gu |
They can even self-repair. | Incluso pueden repararse a sí mismos. | en-es |
Consider, for example, the humble household plant, like that one sat on your mantelpiece at home that you keep forgetting to water. | 예를 들어, 집에서 키우는 작은 식물, 여러분이 자꾸만 물 주기를 잊어버리는 그 화분을 생각해봅시다. | en-ko |
Every day, despite your neglect, that plant has to wake up and figure out how to allocate its resources. | Ondanks je verwaarlozing moet die plant elke dag wakker worden en uitzoeken hoe ze haar middelen zal benutten. | en-nl |
Will it grow, photosynthesize, produce seeds, or flower? | 它是生长、进行光合作用、 产生种子，还是开花？ | en-zh-cn |
And that's a decision that has to be made at the level of the whole organism. | C'est une décision qui doit être prise au niveau de l'organisme entier. | en-fr |
But a plant doesn't have a brain to figure all of that out. | Pero una planta no tiene cerebro para resolver todo eso. | en-es |
It has to make do with the cells on its leaves. | 잎 세포만으로 문제를 해결해야 합니다. | en-ko |
They have to respond to the environment and make the decisions that affect the whole plant. | 細胞必須對環境做出反應 和做出影響整株植物的決策。 | en-zh-tw |
So somehow there must be a program running inside these cells, a program that responds to input signals and cues and shapes what that cell will do. | Et donc, d'une certaine manière, il y a un programme à l'intérieur de ces cellules, qui réagira aux signaux extérieurs et déterminera ce que cette cellule fera. | en-fr |
And then those programs must operate in a distributed way across individual cells, so that they can coordinate and that plant can grow and flourish. | 而這些程式必須 分佈在各個細胞間執行， 彼此協調， 以便使植物生長繁衍。 | en-zh-tw |
If we could understand these biological programs, if we could understand biological computation, it would transform our ability to understand how and why cells do what they do. | Si nous arrivions à comprendre ces programmes biologiques, si nous arrivions à comprendre les calculs biologiques, cela transformerait notre comprehension du comportement des cellules. | en-fr |
Because, if we understood these programs, we could debug them when things go wrong. | આ વિચાર વિશે ઉત્ધનની કારકીર્દિ તરફ દોરીm ગણિતના ઇંટરફેસ પર કમ્પ્યુટર વિજ્ઞાન,જીવવિજ્ઞા | en-gu |
Or we could learn from them how to design the kind of synthetic circuits that truly exploit the computational power of biochemistry. | Ou poderíamos aprender com eles a projetar o tipo de circuitos sintéticos que realmente exploram o poder computacional da bioquímica. | en-pt-br |
My passion about this idea led me to a career in research at the interface of maths, computer science and biology. | 對這想法的熱情引領我進入 與數學、計算機科學 和生物學介面的研究領域。 | en-zh-tw |
And in my work, I focus on the concept of biology as computation. | 저는 생물학을 컴퓨터 과학의 관점에서 바라봅니다. | en-ko |
And that means asking what do cells compute, and how can we uncover these biological programs? | જ્યાં અમે સાથે સમજવા માંગતા હતા જૈવિક કાર્યક્રમ એક અનોખા પ્રકારનાં કોષની અંદર દોડવું: | en-gu |
And I started to ask these questions together with some brilliant collaborators at Microsoft Research and the University of Cambridge, where together we wanted to understand the biological program running inside a unique type of cell: an embryonic stem cell. | 我開始與一些微軟研究所 和劍橋大學的傑出人士 合作提出這些問題， 我們一起，想了解 在「胚胎幹細胞」 這種獨特類型的細胞中 運行的生物程式。 | en-zh-tw |
These cells are unique because they're totally naïve. | 这些细胞很独特，因为它们 非常稚嫩（即未高度分化）。 | en-zh-cn |
They can become anything they want: a brain cell, a heart cell, a bone cell, a lung cell, any adult cell type. | 它們可以變成任何東西： 腦細胞、心臟細胞、 骨細胞、肺細胞， 任何成年細胞類型。 | en-zh-tw |
This naïvety, it sets them apart, but it also ignited the imagination of the scientific community, who realized, if we could tap into that potential, we would have a powerful tool for medicine. | 배아줄기세포를 구별 짓는 이 만능성은 과학계의 상상력에 불을 지폈습니다. 배아줄기세포의 잠재능력을 활용할 수 있다면 의학적으로 강력한 도구가 될 것이기 때문입니다. | en-ko |
If we could figure out how these cells make the decision to become one cell type or another, we might be able to harness them to generate cells that we need to repair diseased or damaged tissue. | Als we kunnen achterhalen hoe deze cellen beslissen om een of ander type cel te zijn, kunnen we dat misschien benutten om cellen te genereren die ziek of beschadigd weefsel herstellen. | en-nl |
But realizing that vision is not without its challenges, not least because these particular cells, they emerge just six days after conception. | Pero cumplir esta visión no está exento de desafíos, sobre todo porque estas células particulares, emergen solo seis días después de la concepción. | en-es |
And then within a day or so, they're gone. | e, cerca de um dia depois, elas se foram. | en-pt-br |
They have set off down the different paths that form all the structures and organs of your adult body. | 13 વર્ષ પહેલાં વૈજ્નિકો ક્રાંતિકાર બતાવ્યું માત્ર એક મુઠ્ઠીભર જનીનો દાખલ કરીને પુખ્ત કોષમાં, | en-gu |
But it turns out that cell fates are a lot more plastic than we might have imagined. | Mas acontece que o destino das células é muito mais plástico do que poderíamos imaginar. | en-pt-br |
About 13 years ago, some scientists showed something truly revolutionary. | 13년 전 쯤에, 몇 명의 과학자들이 정말 놀라운 발견을 했습니다. | en-ko |
By inserting just a handful of genes into an adult cell, like one of your skin cells, you can transform that cell back to the naïve state. | En injectant quelques gènes dans une cellule adulte, par exemple, une cellule de peau, on peut la faire revenir à son état naïf. | en-fr |
And it's a process that's actually known as "reprogramming," and it allows us to imagine a kind of stem cell utopia, the ability to take a sample of a patient's own cells, transform them back to the naïve state and use those cells to make whatever that patient might need, whether it's brain cells or heart cells. | Het is een proces dat bekend staat als ‘herprogrammering’ en laat ons dromen van een stamcel-utopie, waar je een staal van de eigen cellen van een patiënt kan nemen, ze terug naar de naïeve staat kan transformeren en ze gebruiken om de cellen te maken die de patiënt nodig heeft, ongeacht het nu hersen- of hartcellen zijn. | en-nl |
But over the last decade or so, figuring out how to change cell fate, it's still a process of trial and error. | Pero durante la última década más o menos, averiguar cómo cambiar el destino celular, todavía es un proceso de ensayo y error. | en-es |
Even in cases where we've uncovered successful experimental protocols, they're still inefficient, and we lack a fundamental understanding of how and why they work. | 即使是在那些我们已经发现了 成功实验方法的情况下， 它们仍旧低效， 而且我们缺少关于 它们如何以及为何运作的基本理解。 | en-zh-cn |
If you figured out how to change a stem cell into a heart cell, that hasn't got any way of telling you how to change a stem cell into a brain cell. | 如果你能摸清如何把一个干细胞 诱导为一个心脏细胞， 你依然不知道如何把一个干细胞 诱导为一个脑细胞。 | en-zh-cn |
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