english stringlengths 2 3.06k | non_english stringlengths 1 2.84k | language stringclasses 52 values |
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So we wanted to understand the biological program running inside an embryonic stem cell, and understanding the computation performed by a living system starts with asking a devastatingly simple question: What is it that system actually has to do? | Nous voulions donc comprendre le programme biologique qui tourne dans une cellule souche embryonnaire. Et comprendre les calculs effectués par un système vivant démarre en posant une question incroyablement simple : au fait, qu'est-ce que ce système doit faire ? | en-fr |
Now, computer science actually has a set of strategies for dealing with what it is the software and hardware are meant to do. | 计算机科学实际上已有一套策略 来执行软件和硬件的功能。 | en-zh-cn |
When you write a program, you code a piece of software, you want that software to run correctly. | Wanneer je een programma of een stukje software schrijft, wil je dat die software goed werkt. | en-nl |
You want performance, functionality. | 다양한 기능을 빠르게 수행하기 바라고, | en-ko |
You want to prevent bugs. | Desean evitar errores. | en-es |
They can cost you a lot. | Les puede costar mucho. | en-es |
So when a developer writes a program, they could write down a set of specifications. | સંખ્યાઓનું કદ, કદ વધારીને સંખ્યાઓ ઓર્ડેર કરો,તકનીક અસ્તિત્વમાં છેજે આપણને | en-gu |
These are what your program should do. | મંજૂરીઆપે તપાસમાટે શું અમારી લાક્ષણિકતાઓ | en-gu |
Maybe it should compare the size of two numbers or order numbers by increasing size. | Tal vez debería comparar el tamaño de dos números u ordenar números por tamaño. | en-es |
Technology exists that allows us automatically to check whether our specifications are satisfied, whether that program does what it should do. | 这样的技术存在： 允许我们自动检查 我们的代码是否符合技术规范， 程序是否在完成它的本职工作。 | en-zh-cn |
And so our idea was that in the same way, experimental observations, things we measure in the lab, they correspond to specifications of what the biological program should do. | Nuestra idea era que de la misma manera, observaciones experimentales, cosas que medimos en el laboratorio, corresponden a especificaciones de lo que debe hacer el programa biológico. | en-es |
So we just needed to figure out a way to encode this new type of specification. | Así que solo necesitábamos encontrar una manera para codificar este nuevo tipo de especificación. | en-es |
So let's say you've been busy in the lab and you've been measuring your genes and you've found that if Gene A is active, then Gene B or Gene C seems to be active. | Digamos que você estivesse ocupado no laboratório avaliando seus genes e descobrisse que, se o gene A está ativo, então o gene B ou C parece estar ativo. | en-pt-br |
We can write that observation down as a mathematical expression if we can use the language of logic: If A, then B or C. | We kunnen die observatie opschrijven als een wiskundige uitdrukking. In de taal van de logica: als A, dan B of C. | en-nl |
Now, this is a very simple example, OK. | 물론 현실은 이만큼 간단하지 않습니다. | en-ko |
It's just to illustrate the point. | 只為了說明這一點。 | en-zh-tw |
We can encode truly rich expressions that actually capture the behavior of multiple genes or proteins over time across multiple different experiments. | On sait encoder des expressions complexes qui décrivent réellement le comportement dans le temps de gènes ou de protéines dans différentes expériences. | en-fr |
And so by translating our observations into mathematical expression in this way, it becomes possible to test whether or not those observations can emerge from a program of genetic interactions. | Door onze observaties zo in wiskundige vorm te gieten, wordt het mogelijk om te testen of deze waarnemingen al dan niet kunnen ontstaan uit een programma van genetische interacties. | en-nl |
And we developed a tool to do just this. | 我们开发了一个工具 来实现这个目的。 | en-zh-cn |
We were able to use this tool to encode observations as mathematical expressions, and then that tool would allow us to uncover the genetic program that could explain them all. | Pudimos usar esta herramienta para codificar observaciones como expresiones matemáticas y luego esa herramienta nos permitiría descubrir el programa genético que podría dar explicación de todos. | en-es |
And we then apply this approach to uncover the genetic program running inside embryonic stem cells to see if we could understand how to induce that naïve state. | સોલવર પર કે જે તૈનાત છે નિયમિતપણે વિશ્વભરમાં પરંપરાગત સ softwareફ્ટવેર ચકાસણી માટે. તેથી અમે એક સેટ સાથે પ્રારંભ કર્યો લગભગ 50 વિવિધ સ્પષ્ટીકરણો અમે પ્રાયોગિક- | en-gu |
And this tool was actually built on a solver that's deployed routinely around the world for conventional software verification. | Esta herramienta se construyó realmente en un solucionador que se implementa habitualmente en todo el mundo para verificación de software convencional. | en-es |
So we started with a set of nearly 50 different specifications that we generated from experimental observations of embryonic stem cells. | Começamos com um conjunto de quase 50 especificações diferentes que geramos a partir de observações experimentais de células-tronco embrionárias. | en-pt-br |
And by encoding these observations in this tool, we were able to uncover the first molecular program that could explain all of them. | સમાધાન કરવા માટે સક્ષમ છે આ બધા જુદા જુદા અવલોકનો વસ્તુ પ્રકારની નથી તમે એક પરબિડીયું પાછળ કરી શકો છો, ભલે તમારી પાસે ખરેખર મોટું પરબિડીયું હોય. | en-gu |
Now, that's kind of a feat in and of itself, right? | Eso es una hazaña en sí misma, ¿verdad? | en-es |
Being able to reconcile all of these different observations is not the kind of thing you can do on the back of an envelope, even if you have a really big envelope. | Conseguir conciliar todas essas observações diferentes não é o tipo de coisa que se pode fazer no verso de um envelope, mesmo que ele seja muito grande. | en-pt-br |
Because we've got this kind of understanding, we could go one step further. | Com esse tipo de entendimento, poderíamos dar um passo adiante | en-pt-br |
We could use this program to predict what this cell might do in conditions we hadn't yet tested. | 我们能够用这个程序 在尚未测试的条件下， 来预测这个细胞可能会做什么。 | en-zh-cn |
We could probe the program in silico. | અમને જણાવીશક્યું,આપણે કેવીરીતે કરીશકીએ પ્રગતિવેગ | en-gu |
And so we did just that: we generated predictions that we tested in the lab, and we found that this program was highly predictive. | We deden precies dat: we maakten voorspellingen die we testten in het lab en we vonden dat dit programma een hoge voorspellende waarde had. | en-nl |
It told us how we could accelerate progress back to the naïve state quickly and efficiently. | Nos dijo cómo podríamos acelerar el progreso, volver al estado inocente de forma rápida y eficiente. | en-es |
It told us which genes to target to do that, which genes might even hinder that process. | Nos dijo a qué genes apuntar para hacer eso, qué genes podrían incluso obstaculizar ese proceso. | en-es |
We even found the program predicted the order in which genes would switch on. | 程式甚至預測了基因開啟的順序。 | en-zh-tw |
So this approach really allowed us to uncover the dynamics of what the cells are doing. | Essa abordagem nos permitiu descobrir a dinâmica do que as células estão fazendo. | en-pt-br |
What we've developed, it's not a method that's specific to stem cell biology. | 我们开发的不只是一种 仅限于干细胞生物的方法。 | en-zh-cn |
Rather, it allows us to make sense of the computation being carried out by the cell in the context of genetic interactions. | 相反，这能帮助我们理解 在遗传相互作用的环境下 细胞内在的计算程序。 | en-zh-cn |
So really, it's just one building block. | Het is slechts één bouwsteen. | en-nl |
The field urgently needs to develop new approaches to understand biological computation more broadly and at different levels, from DNA right through to the flow of information between cells. | Nous avons besoin de vite développer de nouvelles approches pour comprendre plus largement les calculs biologiques, et ce, à différents niveaux, depuis l'ADN jusqu'aux flux d'information entre cellules. | en-fr |
Only this kind of transformative understanding will enable us to harness biology in ways that are predictable and reliable. | Seulement ce type de compréhension transformative nous permettra d'utiliser la biologique de manière prévisible et fiable. | en-fr |
But to program biology, we will also need to develop the kinds of tools and languages that allow both experimentalists and computational scientists to design biological function and have those designs compile down to the machine code of the cell, its biochemistry, so that we could then build those structures. | 但是為要編寫生物學， 我們還需要開發各種工具和語言， 使實驗人員和計算科學家 都可以設計生物學功能， 並將這些設計編譯為 細胞的機器代碼和生物化學， 就可以建造那些結構。 | en-zh-tw |
Now, that's something akin to a living software compiler, and I'm proud to be part of a team at Microsoft that's working to develop one. | Cela ressemble à un compilateur de logiciel vivant, et je suis fière de faire partie d'une équipe qui en développe une. | en-fr |
Though to say it's a grand challenge is kind of an understatement, but if it's realized, it would be the final bridge between software and wetware. | 尽管，说这是一个 很大的挑战有点轻描淡写， 但如果能实现， 这将会成为 软件和湿件最后的桥梁。 | en-zh-cn |
More broadly, though, programming biology is only going to be possible if we can transform the field into being truly interdisciplinary. | Biologieprogrammering zal echter alleen maar mogelijk worden als we het gebied echt interdisciplinair kunnen maken. | en-nl |
It needs us to bridge the physical and the life sciences, and scientists from each of these disciplines need to be able to work together with common languages and to have shared scientific questions. | Se necesita unir las ciencias físicas y de la vida, y científicos de cada una de estas disciplinas necesitan poder trabajar juntos con idiomas comunes y compartir preguntas científicas. | en-es |
In the long term, it's worth remembering that many of the giant software companies and the technology that you and I work with every day could hardly have been imagined at the time we first started programming on silicon microchips. | A largo plazo, vale la pena recordar que muchas de las compañías gigantes de software y tecnología con las que Uds. y yo trabajamos todos los días difícilmente podrían haber sido imaginadas cuando comenzamos a programar en microchips de silicio. | en-es |
And if we start now to think about the potential for technology enabled by computational biology, we'll see some of the steps that we need to take along the way to make that a reality. | Si nous imaginons maintenant le potentiel pour les technologies apporté par la biologie computationnelle, nous verrons quelques étapes du chemin qui nous mènera vers la concrétisation. | en-fr |
Now, there is the sobering thought that this kind of technology could be open to misuse. | Nu is er de ontnuchterende gedachte dat van dit soort technologie misbruik gemaakt kan worden. | en-nl |
If we're willing to talk about the potential for programming immune cells, we should also be thinking about the potential of bacteria engineered to evade them. | ત્યાં કરવા માટે તૈયાર લોકો હોઈ શકે છે. હવે, આમાં એક આશ્વાસન વિચાર તે છે - સારું, ઓછા તેથી વૈજ્નિકો માટે -જીવવિજ્ઞાન છે કે સાથે કામ કરવા માટે નાજુકવસ્તુ | en-gu |
There might be people willing to do that. | Pode haver pessoas dispostas a fazer isso. | en-pt-br |
Now, one reassuring thought in this is that -- well, less so for the scientists -- is that biology is a fragile thing to work with. | 그나마 위안이 되는 것은, 과학자들에게는 별로 해당하지 않는 이야기지만, 생물이 다루기 까다로운 대상이라는 점입니다. | en-ko |
So programming biology is not going to be something you'll be doing in your garden shed. | 生物程式不是能躲在後院 工具間裡編寫得出的。 | en-zh-tw |
But because we're at the outset of this, we can move forward with our eyes wide open. | Omdat we aan het begin hiervan staan, kunnen we verder gaan met onze ogen wijd open. | en-nl |
We can ask the difficult questions up front, we can put in place the necessary safeguards and, as part of that, we'll have to think about our ethics. | Nous pouvons déjà poser les questions difficiles, mettre en place les garde-fous nécessaires, et, en complément de tout ça, nous devons parler d'éthique. | en-fr |
We'll have to think about putting bounds on the implementation of biological function. | Tendremos que pensar en poner límites a la implementación de la función biológica. | en-es |
So as part of this, research in bioethics will have to be a priority. | Como parte de esto, la investigación en bioética tendrá que ser una prioridad. | en-es |
It can't be relegated to second place in the excitement of scientific innovation. | કૃષિ અને દવા ક્ષેત્રે energyર્જા અને સામગ્રી માટે અને તે પણ ગણતરી. | en-gu |
But the ultimate prize, the ultimate destination on this journey, would be breakthrough applications and breakthrough industries in areas from agriculture and medicine to energy and materials and even computing itself. | 但我们这场旅行的最终目的地 将会是突破性的应用 以及突破性行业， 从农业，医疗，到能源和材料， 甚至计算机技术本身。 | en-zh-cn |
Imagine, one day we could be powering the planet sustainably on the ultimate green energy if we could mimic something that plants figured out millennia ago: how to harness the sun's energy with an efficiency that is unparalleled by our current solar cells. | 언젠가는 지구 전체가 지속 가능한 친환경 에너지만으로 생활할지도 모릅니다. 식물들이 수백만년 전부터 하던 것처럼 기존의 태양광 패널과는 비교할 수 없는 효율로 태양에너지를 이용할 수 있다면요. | en-ko |
If we understood that program of quantum interactions that allow plants to absorb sunlight so efficiently, we might be able to translate that into building synthetic DNA circuits that offer the material for better solar cells. | 如果我们能理解 让植物高效吸收太阳光的 量子相互作用的程序， 我们或许能将其编译为 能够为太阳能电池提供 更好材料的合成 DNA 电路。 | en-zh-cn |
There are teams and scientists working on the fundamentals of this right now, so perhaps if it got the right attention and the right investment, it could be realized in 10 or 15 years. | Il y a des équipes de scientifiques qui travaillent sur ces fondements, et donc avec la bonne attention et les bons investissements, on pourrait y arriver en 10 à 15 ans. | en-fr |
So we are at the beginning of a technological revolution. | Estamos no início de uma revolução tecnológica. | en-pt-br |
Understanding this ancient type of biological computation is the critical first step. | 了解這古老的生物運算類型 是關鍵的第一步。 | en-zh-tw |
And if we can realize this, we would enter in the era of an operating system that runs living software. | 若能意識到這一點， 我們即將進入運行 實時生物軟體作業系統的時代。 | en-zh-tw |
So what I'm going to talk about here is, this is a power station. | Ya que estamos en una central eléctrica, | en-es |
So if you've ever wondered what a couple of million horsepower looked like, that's pretty much what it looks like. | si alguna vez se han preguntado cómo lucen dos millones de caballos de fuerza, es algo parecido a esto. | en-es |
And for me, it's always been about the rocket. | J'ai toujours été fasciné par les fusées. | en-fr |
In fact so much so that when I was growing up, the school called in my parents to have a bit of a discussion, because they believed that my aspirations were unrealistic for what I wanted to do. | Tanto que, de niño, el colegio convocó a mis padres a una breve charla porque consideraban que mis objetivos no eran realistas. | en-es |
(Laughter) And they suggested that I take up a job at the local aluminium smelter, because I was very good with my hands. | (Rires) Et ils m'ont suggéré de prendre un boulot à la fonderie d'aluminium du coin car j'étais très habile de mes mains. | en-fr |
But for me, aluminium, or as you Canadians say, "aluminum," was not part of my plan at all. | Mais pour moi, l'aluminium, ou comme vous dites au Canada « aluminum », ne faisait pas du tout partie de mon plan. | en-fr |
So I started building rockets when I was at school. | Empecé a construir cohetes en el colegio, y cada vez eran más grandes. | en-es |
I actually hold an unofficial land speed record for a rocket bike and roller blades while wearing a rocket pack. | Je détiens un record officieux de vitesse au sol pour un vélo-fusée et des rollers avec un jet-pack. | en-fr |
(Laughter) But as the rockets got larger and larger, and more and more complex, I started to be able to think I could do something with this. | (Rires) Mais à mesure que les fusées grandissaient et se complexifiaient, j'ai commencé à penser que je pouvais en faire quelque chose. | en-fr |
Now today we hear about very large rockets taking humans to, or aspiring to take humans to, the Moon, and Mars and beyond. | Hoy en día oímos hablar de cohetes enormes que llevan, o pretenden llevarnos a la Luna, a Marte y más allá. | en-es |
And that's really important, but there's a revolution going on in the space industry, and it's not a revolution of the big, it's a revolution of the small. | Et c'est très important, mais une révolution a lieu dans l'industrie spatiale : ce n'est pas la révolution du grand, c'est une révolution du petit. | en-fr |
So here we have an average-to-large-sized spacecraft in 1990. | Aquí vemos una nave espacial de tamaño medio a grande en 1990. | en-es |
We can tell it's 1990 because of the powder blue smocks for all the trained in the clean rooms in 1990. | On peut voir que c'est en 1990 grâce aux blouses bleu pastel du personnel de la salle blanche. | en-fr |
But that was your average-to-large-sized spacecraft in 1990. | Un vaisseau spatial de 1990 de taille moyenne à grande était ainsi. | en-fr |
Here's a spacecraft that's going to launch this year. | Voici un vaisseau spatial qui sera lancé cette année. | en-fr |
This particular spacecraft has four high-resolution cameras, a whole lot of senors, a CoMP communication system. | Il contient quatre appareils photos haute résolution, de nombreux capteurs et un système de communication CoMP. | en-fr |
We're going to launch thousands of these into the solar system to look for extraterrestrial life. | Vamos a enviar un gran número de ellas al sistema solar para buscar vida extraterrestre. | en-es |
Quite different. | Assez différent. | en-fr |
You see that Moore's law really applied itself to spacecraft. | La loi de Moore s'est vraiment appliquée aux vaisseaux spatiaux. | en-fr |
However, the rockets that we've been building have been designed for carrying these very large, school-bus-sized spacecraft to orbit. | Cependant, les fusées que nous avons créées sont conçues pour lancer en orbite ces immenses vaisseaux spatiaux de la taille d'un bus scolaire. | en-fr |
But this kind of launch vehicle here is not very practical for launching something that will fit on the tip of my finger. | Pero este tipo de lanzadera espacial no es del todo apropiada para poner en órbita algo que cabe en la punta de un dedo. | en-es |
And to give you a sense of scale here, this rocket is so large that I inserted a picture of myself in my underpants, in complete confidence, knowing that you will not be able to find me. | Pour vous donner une idée de l'échelle, cette fusée est si grande que j'ai inséré une photo de moi en sous-vêtements, en toute confiance, en sachant que vous ne pourrez pas la trouver. | en-fr |
That's how big this rocket actually is. | Así de pequeño es este cohete. | en-es |
(Laughter) Moving on. | (Risas) Cambiando de tema. | en-es |
(Laughter) So this is our rocket -- it's called the Electron. | (Rires) Donc, voici notre fusée -- elle s'appelle Electron. | en-fr |
It's a small launch vehicle for lifting these small payloads into orbit. | Es una lanzadera espacial pequeña para poner en órbita pequeñas cargas útiles. | en-es |
And the key here is not the size of the rocket -- the key here is frequency. | Y la clave no es el tamaño del cohete, la clave es la frecuencia. | en-es |
If you actually wanted to democratize space and enable access to space, launch frequency is the absolute most important thing out of all of this. | Si queremos democratizar el espacio y que se pueda acceder a él la frecuencia de lanzamiento es el factor más importante. | en-es |
Now in order to really democratize space, there's three things you have to do. | Ahora bien, para democratizar el espacio es necesario llevar a cabo tres acciones, | en-es |
And each one of these three things has kind of the equivalent amount of work. | y cada una de estas acciones tiene una magnitud de esfuerzo similar. | en-es |
So the first is, obviously, you have to build a rocket. | La primera es, obviamente, que hay que construir un cohete. | en-es |
The second is regulatory, and the third is infrastructure. | La deuxième est d'ordre réglementaire et la troisième est l'infrastructure. | en-fr |
So let's talk a little bit about infrastructure. | Hablemos sobre la infraestructura. | en-es |
So this is our launch site -- it's obviously not Cape Canaveral, but it's a little launch site -- in fact, it's the only private orbiter launch site in the entire world, down in New Zealand. | Este es nuestro punto de despegue; es obvio que no es Cabo Cañaveral, es una base de despegue pequeña. De hecho, es la única base de despegue de orbitadores privada del mundo y está en Nueva Zelanda. | en-es |
And you may think that's a bit of an odd place to build a rocket company and a launch site. | Vous pouvez penser que c'est un endroit étrange pour construire des fusées et un site de lancement. | en-fr |
But the thing is that every time you launch a rocket, you have to close down around about 2,000 kilometers of airspace, 2,000 kilometers of marine and shipping space, and ironically, it's one of the things in America that doesn't scale very well, because every time you close down all that airspace, you disrupt all these travelers trying to get to their destination. | pero cada vez que se lanza un cohete hay que cercar alrededor de 2000 km de espacio aéreo y 2000 km de espacio marítimo de transporte. Curiosamente, es una de las cuestiones que EE. UU. no gestiona bien, porque cuando se cerca todo ese espacio aéreo se altera el viaje de muchos pasajeros que intentan llegar a su destino. | en-es |
The airlines really hate rocket companies, because it costs them around $70,000 a minute, and so on. | Les compagnies aériennes détestent les fusées car elles leur coûtent environ 70 000 $ par minute. | en-fr |
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