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We look for these things everywhere, and we've evolved in such a way that it's enjoyable when we make a new connection, when we learn something new, when we understand something meaningful. | Buscamos estas cosas en todos lados, y hemos evolucionado de tal modo que disfrutamos cuando hacemos una conexión nueva, cuando aprendemos algo nuevo, cuando entendemos algo significativo. | en-es |
We find pleasure in it. | siamo contenti. | en-it |
We see things that are meaningful to us even when they are not there. | Troviamo senso nelle cose anche quando non c'è. | en-it |
We see faces everywhere; they are important to us. | Vediamo volti dappertutto, perché sono importanti per noi. | en-it |
We anthropomorphize or attribute human-like traits to our pets, or cars, or digital devices. | Tendiamo ad antropomorfizzare o attribuire tratti umani agli animali domestici, alle automobili o ai dispositivi digitali. | en-it |
When we hear repeated sounds, and we know what they mean, we call it music. | Mikor ismétlődő hangokat hallunk, és ismerjük jelentésüket, azt zenének hívjuk. | en-hu |
Speech becomes song just by repetition. | El habla se convierte en música solo por repetición. | en-es |
In fact, repetition is the one quality of music that seems to be common across all cultures and genres, even in the one genre in which it's explicitly avoided - we call this classical contemporary music composition." | La ripetizione è la qualità della musica per eccellenza comune in tutte le culture e in tutti i generi, anche quando la si vuole evitare a tutti i costi; chiamiamo questo genere composizione classica di musica contemporanea. | en-it |
Elizabeth Margulis found if you artificially insert repetition into these pieces, people find them more enjoyable, more interesting, more likely to be rated as having been composed by a human being rather than a computer. | Elizabeth Margulis descubrió que si insertamos artificialmente repeticiones en estas piezas, la gente las encuentra más agradables y más interesantes, y es más probable que sean consideradas como compuestas por un humano en lugar de una computadora. | en-es |
Because repetition signals intention, it frames the pattern, it shows you that there is something meaningful here to listen to. | Porque la repetición indica una intención, expresa un patrón, muestra que hay allí hay algo significativo para escuchar. | en-es |
But that's not enough to explain a human obsession. | Ma questo non basta per spiegare l'ossessione umana per la musica. | en-it |
After all, music can cause riots, topple governments, raise the hairs on the back of your neck. | Si pensi al potere che ha la musica nell'innescare rivolte, rovesciare governi e far rizzare i capelli. | en-it |
What can science tell us about that? | ¿Qué puede decirnos la ciencia sobre eso? | en-es |
It turns out that when your brain is enjoying a piece of music that might even give you the chills, it's awash with a neurotransmitter called dopamine. | Resulta que cuando el cerebro está disfrutando una pieza de música, que quizás hasta produce escalofríos, está inundado de un neurotransmisor llamado dopamina. | en-es |
Dopamine, despite its widespread fame, has actually been undersold in many ways; people think of it as the "pleasure chemical," but that's not all it does. | La dopamina, a pesar de su extensa fama, ha sido subestimada de varias formas; la gente piensa en ella como el "químico del placer", pero eso no es todo lo que hace. | en-es |
A better term for it is the "salience chemical," because it's awash in some parts of your brain when you're trying to hold important things in mind, when you're nauseated, when you want something, when there is a meaning to be found. | Una definizione migliore potrebbe essere: la "sostanza chimica della rilevanza" perché è presente nel cervello in grandi quantità quando si sta tentando di tenere a mente qualcosa di importante, quando uno è nauseato, quando si vuole qualcosa o si è alla ricerca di un significato. | en-it |
The way that dopamine's awash in the brain while you're getting the chills from music is very specific to when and where it happens. | Ahogy a dopamin elönti agyunkat, miközben beleborzongunk a zenébe, nagyon sajátságos, hogy mikor és hol történik. | en-hu |
There's a paper from Robert Zatorre's lab at McGill with Valorie Salimpoor, the first author that documents these changes and showed me, finally, what it means to be musical. | Robert Zatorre McGill egyetemi laborja Valorie Salimpoorral cikket tett közzé. Ő az első, aki e változásokat leírta, és végül bemutatta nekem, mit tesz muzikálisnak lenni. | en-hu |
Even as a master's student, I self-doubted my ability to sing musically; it was a bit like being cool: everyone seemed to know what it was and how to do it, but if you even asked the question, it showed that you weren't cool. | Incluso como estudiante del máster, dudaba de mi habilidad para cantar musicalmente; era un poco como ser divertido: todo el mundo parecía saber lo que era y cómo hacerlo, pero si tan solo uno hacía la pregunta, mostraba que no era divertido. | en-es |
I guess the fact I turned to science for help puts the nail in the coffin of my coolness. | Nel mio caso, aver chiesto aiuto alla scienza dimostra che non lo sono. | en-it |
(Laughter) Even though in the practice room, I'd spend almost all my time perfecting my high notes, after all, that's what gets you hired. | (Risate) Anche quando ero nella sala prove passavo ore e ore a perfezionare le mie note alte, dopotutto ti assumono per questo: | en-it |
They come at the climax of the piece; they get the biggest reaction from the audience; and if you screw them up, they are the most memorable. | Aparecen en el clímax de la obra, ellas obtienen la mayor reacción de la audiencia y si uno se equivoca, son las más memorables. | en-es |
But my singing teacher would say to me, "It's all the notes that are leading up to the high note that are more important than the high note, and that's what you should practice." | De énektanárom mindig mondogatta: "A magas hangoknál sokkal fontosabbak a hozzájuk vezető hangok. Azokat gyakorold!" Technikai szempontból értettem, amit mondott, | en-hu |
I understood that from a technical perspective but not from a musical one until I read the Salimpoor paper. | de zenei szempontból nem, amíg Salimpoor cikkét el nem olvastam. | en-hu |
In the Salimpoor paper, they show that there are two regions of the brain that mediate getting the chills from music and they tracked dopamine in these regions. | El trabajo de Salimpoor muestra que en el cerebro hay dos regiones implicadas en la obtención de escalofríos por la música, y rastrea la dopamina en estas regiones. | en-es |
They are the caudate and the nucleus accumbens. | vale a dire nel caudato e nel nucleo accumbens. | en-it |
You can think of the caudate as your parent: it tells you that your behavior has consequences, it tracks how the things that you see, hear, observe, and do have outcomes; it sets up the expectation of a reward of pleasure and ensures, in the future, you will behave in such a way that you will seek reward and avoid the things that led to punishment. | Pueden pensar en el caudado como en sus padres: les dice que su comportamiento tiene consecuencias, controla cómo las cosas que ven, escuchan observan y hacen tienen resultados; prepara la expectativa de una recompensa gratificante y asegura que, en el futuro, se comporten de tal modo que busquen la gratificación y eviten las cosas que llevan al castigo. | en-es |
The caudate is awash with dopamine when you are leading up to the special moment that will give you the chills. | La dopamina è presente in elevata concentrazione nel caudato quando si è prossimi a vivere un momento speciale che dà i brividi. | en-it |
But when you get to the moment that give you the chills, there is a dopamine spike in your nucleus accumbens. | Ma quando questo momento sopraggiunge, si registra un picco di dopamina nel nucleo accumbens. | en-it |
Your nucleus accumbens is your BFF, it's your best friend for life, because more dopamine in the nucleus accumbens correlates with a bigger high. | Il nucleo accumbens è l'amico del cuore: più alto il livello di dopamina nel nucleo accumbens e più forte lo sballo. | en-it |
In the 1950s, Olds and Milner stuck electrodes into the nucleus accumbens of a bunch of rats. | Az 1950-es években Olds és Milner elektródákat helyezett el patkányok nucleus accumbensébe. | en-hu |
Then, they taught those rats to press the lever; and every time they pressed the lever, they'd get a little electric current that stimulates their nucleus accumbens. | Majd emeltyű lenyomására tanították meg az állatokat, és ahányszor lenyomták, nucleus accumbensüket serkentő kisfeszültség érte őket. A patkányok folyton nyomkodni akarták az emeltyűt. | en-hu |
Those rats wanted nothing more than to press that lever. | I topi non smettevano di premere la leva: | en-it |
One rat pressed it 7,500 times in 12 hours, suggesting that it would starve rather than stop pressing. | Egyikük 12 óra alatt 7 500-szor nyomta le, amiből úgy tűnt, hogy inkább éhezik, semmint fölhagy a nyomkodással. | en-hu |
The nucleus accumbens likes, but the caudate wants. | Il nucleo accumbens trasmette un piacere mentre il caudato un volere. | en-it |
The intensity of the chills that you feel from music depends on how much dopamine there is in your nucleus accumbens, but the number of times you get the chills or, if you get them at all, depends on the amount of dopamine in your caudate. | A zene okozta borzongás erőssége attól függ, mennyi dopamin jutott nucleus accumbensünkbe. Ám az, hogy hányszor borzongunk meg, vagy hogy megborzongunk-e, a farkas magunkban lévő dopamin mennyiségétől függ. | en-hu |
That's what I learned, that's what it means to be musical. | Tehát megtudtam, mit jelent muzikálisnak kenni. | en-hu |
You need to set up the musical intention for your audience so that they will pay attention, so that the caudate will know that there is a reward to be had, and we better pay attention. | Si deve impostare l'intenzione musicale del pubblico in modo che presti attenzione: cioè si deve predisporre il caudato ad aspettarsi una ricompensa, così sarà indotto a fare attenzione. | en-it |
Then, as a musician, you use all kinds of tools, once you've set up the tension, to delay it, to delay the release. | Il musicista, una volta impostata la tensione, userà tutti gli stratagemmi possibili per ritardarne il rilascio. | en-it |
There's all kinds of music tools you can use to increase the desire, the expectation, the motivation for the reward, because, after all, pleasure is the death of desire. | Mindenféle zenei eszközünk van a vágy, a várakozás és a jutalom iránti késztetés fölcsigázására, mert hiszen az élvezet a vágy halála. | en-hu |
But the more desire there is, the better the pleasure. | Pero cuanto mayor es el placer, mayor es el deseo. | en-es |
That's what I learned. | Questo è quello che ho imparato. | en-it |
So let me demonstrate to you this little theory in practice. | Hadd szemléltessem e kis elméletet a gyakorlatban! | en-hu |
One of my favorite opera is "La Traviata" by Verdi. | Una delle mie opere preferite è "La Traviata" di Verdi. | en-it |
It tells the story of a Parisian courtesan, a high class prostitute, who is dying of tuberculosis, as lots of sopranos do. | Egy párizsi kurtizán, előkelő luxusprosti történetét beszéli el, aki tébécétől haldoklik, ahogy ez szopránoknál szokás. | en-hu |
(Laughter) She is entertaining a lavish party because she's giving everybody pleasure. | (Risas) Está dando una fiesta fastuosa porque brinda placer a todos. | en-es |
That's what she does for a living, she gives pleasure, and she gets exhausted by the party; but at the party, she meets this young man who has been sitting outside her window while she was ill, unable to give pleasure when all her friends had abandoned her, and he was waiting for her because he really loved her. | Lo fa per professione, intrattiene la gente. Alla fine della festa è esausta, ma alla festa ha incontrato un giovane: lui era rimasto seduto alla finestra mentre tutti gli amici l'avevano abbandonata perché malata. L'aveva aspettata perché l'amava davvero. | en-it |
And now, alone in her room, she wonders, "What would it be like to feel true love?" | Y, sola en su habitación, se pregunta: "¿cómo será sentir amor verdadero? | en-es |
"What is this mysterious thing, this pulse of the universe?" | Mi ez a rejtélyes dolog, a világegyetem lüktetése?" | en-hu |
She realizes that it's a double-edged sword, that love is both torture and delight, (Italian) "croce e delizia." | ". Se da cuenta de que es una espada de doble filo, que el amor es tortura y deleite, (En italiano) "croce e delizia". | en-es |
That's the intention I want to communicate to you, musically, because, of course, the idea is much more complicated than we can say. | Questa è l'intenzione che voglio comunicarvi musicalmente, perché, ovviamente, l'idea è molto più complicata. | en-it |
In order to do that, I'll first sing a repeat of what the tenor's saying earlier in the act. | Per prima cosa canterò una ripetizione di quello che il tenore stava dicendo nell'atto. | en-it |
Clever Verdi! | A bölcs Verdi! | en-hu |
We like things better the second time around; repetition. | Preferiamo le cose per la seconda volta, ripetute. | en-it |
Then I will set up the expectation, I'll tell you straight off, there will be a high note - Setting that up? - but I will delay that high note as long as possible to increase your motivation to get dopamine into your caudates, so that by the time we relax that tension, there is a dopamine spike in your nucleus accumbens. | Ezután várakozást keltek: kerek perec megmondom: magas hang jön. Fölkészültek? De amíg csak lehet, késleltetem a magas hangot, vágyfokozónak, hogy minél több dopamin jusson a farkas magjukba, hogy mire kioldódik a feszültség, dopaminlövést kapjanak a nucleus accumbensükbe. | en-hu |
(Laughter) (Piano music starts) (Singing) (Singing and piano music end) (Applause) | (Nevetés) (Zongoraszó indul) (Ének) (Az ének és zongoraszó vége) (Taps) | en-hu |
Ideas worth spreading. | Ideias que vale a pena difundir. | en-pt |
When is an idea worth spreading? | Quando é que uma ideia merece ser difundida? | en-pt |
Is an idea good by itself? | ¿Una idea es buena por sí sola? | en-es |
Can inappropriate context ruin an idea? | ¿Un contexto inapropiado puede arruinar una idea? | en-es |
Can a simple idea work within a very motivating context? | Una idea simple con un contexto muy motivador, ¿puede funcionar? | en-es |
Here I have a piano. | Tengo un piano acá. | en-es |
And within music there are ideas. | Na música existem ideias. | en-pt |
For example, if I play this, (Music) I can see ladies in the audience sighing because it is a wonderful idea. | Por exemplo, se tocar isto: (Música) Já estou a ver algumas senhoras da plateia a suspirar porque é uma ideia maravilhosa. | en-pt |
Who doesn't know Beethoven's 'Fur Elise'? | Quem não conhece "Para Elisa" de Beethoven? | en-pt |
Now, this idea needs a context. | Agora, esta ideia precisa de um contexto. | en-pt |
On the piano, the context is played by the left hand. | el contexto en el piano, en este caso lo hace la mano izquierda. | en-es |
The left hand plays this. | A mão esquerda acompanha e toca. | en-pt |
(Music) Perfect. I have an idea and a context. | (Música) Perfeito. Já tenho uma ideia. Já tenho o contexto. | en-pt |
Then, I just have to put them together, So it sounds like this. | Só me falta unir as duas coisas para que fique assim: | en-pt |
(Music) Something is wrong. | (Música dissonante) Há qualquer coisa errada. | en-pt |
You may notice that this (Music) can't be Beethoven. | Se habrán dado cuenta de que esto: (Música) no puede ser Beethoven. | en-es |
It is wrong because the melody, the idea, (Music) is in one tone but the context is in another. | Lo que está mal es que la melodía, la idea, (Música) está en una tonalidad, pero el contexto está en otro. | en-es |
(Music) This happens often in real life too. You feel like you have an idea but the context is in a different tone. | (Música) Acontece na vida real. Sentimos que temos uma ideia, mas que o contexto está noutro tom. | en-pt |
If I take the context and do this. | Se eu, em vez de fazer o contexto assim... | en-pt |
(Music) I change it (Music) and I put it in the same frequency and tone as the idea. | (Música) ... o modificar... (Música) ... e o colocar na mesma frequência, no mesmo tom que a ideia... | en-pt |
(Music) Then, everything starts to work. | (Música) ... aí parece que as coisas começam a funcionar. | en-pt |
But this example is easy, if the idea is as wonderful as Beethoven's idea. | Mas o exemplo é muito fácil, quando a ideia é tão maravilhosa como esta que Beethoven teve. | en-pt |
But imagine that a boy says to me "Hi Fefe" -- they call me Fefe, I don't know why. | Imaginem agora que vem uma criança e me diz: "Olá Fefe... — chamam-me Fefe, não sei porquê — | en-pt |
"Hi Fefe. I want to be a composer and I have composed my first piece, this is the idea I have. | "Hola Fefe, mirá yo quiero ser compositor y compuse mi primera obra, mirá, acá está la idea que tengo". | en-es |
(Music) And I say, "Yes, yes, very nice." | (Música) Y yo le digo: "Sí, sí, nene muy lindo". | en-es |
It reminds me of the story of the father that makes his son study violin and takes him to a friend and says: "Look, Juan, listen how my son plays the violin." | Me hace acordar a la historia esa del padre que hace estudiar violín al chico y lo lleva a un amigo y le dice: "Mirá Juan, escuchá cómo toca violín mi hijo". | en-es |
The son plays the violin... very badly. (Laughter) And he says: "what do you think about the execution?" | E o filho toca violino... muito mal. E ele diz: "Que tal te parece a execução?" | en-pt |
"Well, executing him is excessive, a couple of slaps would be enough." | "Bueh, la ejecución es un poco exagerado, un par de bofetazos alcanzaría". | en-es |
(Laughter) But, that wasn't the case. | (Risos) Mas também não era caso para isso. | en-pt |
(Applause) Without going that far it occurred to me to say "If this is your idea... (Music) you'd better do something else, son". | (Aplausos) Sem pensar em bofetões, lembrei-me de dizer esta ideia: (Música) Apetece dizer: "É melhor dedicares-te a outra coisa". | en-pt |
But, if that child was Frédéric Chopin, a Polish composer of the nineteenth century, he could have written (Music) And with this very simple idea, which could deserve a slap, he composed a prelude, "Prelude in E Minor" a wonderful piece that is played in piano recitals everywhere. | Mas se esse menino fosse Frédéric Chopin. um compositor polaco do século XIX, podia ter escrito: (Música) Com essa ideia tão simples, que dava para levar um bofetão, fez um prelúdio, o "Prelúdio em Mi menor", uma obra maravilhosa que se toca em todos os recitais de piano. | en-pt |
So we had these two examples. | Vimos assim dois exemplos. | en-pt |
But, what happens if I say I have an idea, I'm going to be a composer, and this is my idea. | ¿Y qué pasa si yo digo... tengo una idea, voy a ser compositor, mi idea es esta. | en-es |
(Note) Ha! (Laughter) What do you think? | (Nota) ¡Ja! (Risas) ¿Qué les parece? | en-es |
I hear laughs. But be careful, because laughter can be disrespectful because this note, (Note) this idea, can be repeated. | Escucho risas. Cuidado que las risas pueden ser irrespetuosas, porque yo este (Nota) esta idea, la puedo repetir | en-es |
(Two notes) Ha! It starts to sound different. | (Duas notas) Ah! Já começa a ter outra... | en-pt |
I can even change the rhythm -- rhythm is the duration of a note. | Incluso puedo modificar el ritmo. --el ritmo es la duración de las notas-- | en-es |
I can do this. (Notes) If I am Tom Jobim, for example, a Brazilian composer, I can do this. | posso fazer assim: (A mesma nota, várias vezes) Se eu for o Tom Jobim, por exemplo, um compositor brasileiro, posso fazer: | en-pt |
(Music) This is "One-note Samba." | (Música) É o "Samba de uma nota só". | en-pt |
you may have noticed why it's called that. | Devem perceber o porquê do título. | en-pt |
(Laughter) Now, this one-note samba makes the most of the idea of one idea - the redundancy is intended - reduced to the expression of a single note. | Ahora, (Risas) este "Samba de una nota sola" explota casi al máximo la idea de una idea --valga la redundancia-- reducida a la expresión de una sola nota. | en-es |
But, speaking of reducing ideas, there is one example which is pretty average. | Mas, falando em reduzir ideias, há um exemplo que é quase paradigmático. | en-pt |
The most interesting example of synthesizing an idea was invented by John Cage, who composed a piece for piano called "4 Minutes 33 Seconds." | El ejemplo más interesante de síntesis de una idea, que lo produjo John Cage, compositor de una obra para piano que se llama: "4 minutos 33 segundos" | en-es |
And in this case, to be faithful to the piece, I'm going to use a score if you don't mind. | y en este caso para ser fiel a la obra, voy a utilizar la partitura si Uds. | en-es |
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