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One of my first assignments as director of "The Dog on the Moon" -- way before creating "Zamba" -- was traveling across the country visiting public schools and interviewing kids.
Uno de mis primeros trabajos como director en "El perro en la Luna", mucho antes de hacer "Zamba", fue viajar por escuelas públicas de todo el país
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I must have interviewed around 1,500 or 2,000 kids.
entrevistando chicos. Debo haber entrevistado, no sé, como 1500 o 2000 chicos.
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They taught me to stop looking at them from above, to lower the camera, to look at them in the eyes, and to see the world as they see it.
Ellos me enseñaron a dejar de mirarlos desde arriba, a bajar la cámara, a mirarlos a los ojos, y a mirar el mundo como lo ven ellos.
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That ended up having a lot of impact in the project, because there is something from each of those kids in Zamba.
Eso terminó impactando muchísimo en el proyecto, porque hay algo de cada uno de esos chicos en Zamba.
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Anyone who had contact with Argentina's hinterland knows that the representation of children we see on TV is quite different from reality.
Cualquiera que conozca la Argentina profunda sabe perfectamente que la representación de la infancia que vemos en la tele es bien diferente a la realidad.
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Of course, because TV is designed to treat children as consumers.
Y es lógico, porque la televisión está pensada para tratar a los chicos como consumidores.
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Paka-Paka comes to treat children like children, and for us as storytellers, that was an incredible opportunity.
Paka-Paka llega para tratar a los chicos como chicos, y para nosotros, como contadores de historias, esa era una oportunidad increíble.
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So we started to design the character.
Así que nos pusimos a diseñar el personaje.
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We had to think of an Argentine boy.
Había que pensar un chico argentino.
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If you were to draw an Argentine boy, what would you do?
Si Uds. tuvieran que dibujar un chico argentino, ¿cómo lo harían?
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What would the hair color be? His skin color?
¿Cómo sería el color de pelo? ¿Cómo sería el color de piel?
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What would the width of the nose be?
¿Cómo sería el ancho de la nariz?
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These are the first sketches of Zamba.
Estos son los primeros bocetos de Zamba.
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At that time we asked ourselves if boys and girls would identify with a boy who did not have super powers, and that instead of a cape, he wears a pinafore like them.
En ese momento nosotros nos preguntábamos si los chicos y las chicas se iban a identificar con un nene que no tuviera súper poderes, y que en vez de capa tuviera un guardapolvo blanco como ellos.
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Finally, this is the definitive design of Zamba.
Finalmente, este es el diseño definitivo de Zamba.
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(Applause) We made him short like Messi for agility and to facilitate escaping.
(Aplausos) Lo hicimos bajito como Messi para que sea escurridizo y se pueda escapar.
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He has a backpack so he's similar to those hectic kids that are running around with their backpack on.
Tiene una mochilita para que sea como esos nenes hiperquinéticos que van corriendo de un lado a otro con la mochila puesta.
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We put on his pajamas under his pinafore.
Le pusimos el piyama abajo del guardapolvo.
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We made his skin brown.
Le hicimos piel trigueña.
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If you look carefully, he has like some little horns here, to make it look a bit more mischievous.
Si se fijan bien, tiene como una especie de cuernitos acá, para que parezca un poco más travieso.
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And we gave him a broken tooth, as a war wound of that battle we all go through and is called "infancy."
Y le hicimos un diente roto, como herida de guerra de esa batalla que libramos todos y se llama "infancia".
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At this point, you should be asking: "How is it that a guy who went through elementary or middle school without knowing why San Martin had crossed the Andes, can write and direct a program on history?"
En una de esas, a esta altura, Uds. se deben estar preguntando: "Bueno, ¿y cómo es que un tipo que pasó por la primaria y por la secundaria sin saber por qué San Martín cruzó los Andes, puede escribir y dirigir un programa sobre historia?
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Gabriel Di Meglio, who is a historian and researcher at the CONICET, was on the team.
". Gabriel Di Meglio, que es historiador e investigador del CONICET, estaba en el equipo.
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Gaby, among other things, chose to be a historian because in his childhood he read Asterix.
Gaby, entre otras cosas, eligió ser historiador porque de chico leía Ásterix.
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And I had the chance to sit with him, face to face, and ask him about history in the same way Zamba asks San Martin.
Y yo me pude sentar con él, mano a mano, y preguntarle sobre historia de la misma forma que Zamba le pregunta a San Martín.
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Then, what at first seemed a hindrance ended up being an advantage because I could write Zamba from naivety, without solemnity.
Entonces algo que en principio parecía un impedimento terminó siendo una ventaja porque pude escribir a Zamba desde la ingenuidad, sin solemnidad.
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We could get our heroes off their horses, we could brush off the bronze; we could tell our history through humor.
Pudimos bajar a los próceres del caballo, pudimos sacarles el bronce, pudimos contar nuestra historia desde el humor.
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Today, we live in a time of peace.
Hoy vivimos en un tiempo de paz.
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But throughout our history a lot of men and women lost their lives, the only life they had, to fight for values like freedom and independence.
Pero a lo largo de nuestra historia hubo un montón de hombres y mujeres que dejaron su vida, la única vida que tenían, por luchar por valores como la libertad y la independencia.
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And they could not see the outcome of that struggle.
Y no pudieron ver el resultado de esa lucha.
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It hurt me, for example, when I came to know that Belgrano died in a period of anarchy, with the feeling that all he had done had rendered useless.
Me dió mucha pena, por ejemplo, cuando me enteré que Belgrano se murió en un período de anarquía con el sentimiento de que todo lo que había hecho no había servido para nada.
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But it was useful.
Sí sirvió.
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To all who do Zamba, we like to think that Belgrano, San Martin, Sarmiento or Juana Azurduy would like to know that those values of freedom and independence are moving on to the next generation.
A todos los que hacemos Zamba nos gusta pensar que a Belgrano, a San Martín, a Sarmiento o a Juana Azurduy les gustaría saber que esos valores de libertad e independencia están pasando a la próxima generación.
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Today, kids recognize their struggles and recognize them as characters of Zamba on banknotes.
Hoy los chicos reconocen sus luchas y los reconocen como personajes de Zamba en los billetes.
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(Applause) Zamba might be revolutionary?
(Aplausos) ¿Zamba debe haber sido revolucionario?
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I have no idea. We can't know this by now.
Qué sé yo; no lo podemos saber ahora.
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We may have to wait 20 or 30 years.
Por ahí vamos a tener que esperar 20 o 30 años, me parece.
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And something similar must happen with teachers, right?
Y algo parecido le debe pasar a los maestros, ¿no?
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How much time must pass so you can see the result of their efforts of their dedication?
¿Cuánto tiempo tiene que pasar para que se vea el resultado de su esfuerzo, de su dedicación?
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And when I was preparing this talk, tin!
Y cuando estaba preparando esta charla, ¡tin!,
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My favorite teacher, Claudio, comes to mind again.
se me vuelve a aparecer mi maestro favorito, Claudio.
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I said, "Well, I have to tell him this, I have to share this with him."
Dije: "Bueno, le tengo que contar esto, tengo que compartir esto con él".
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So I googled him.
Así que lo googleé.
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Claudio did not have Facebook.
Claudio no tenía Facebook.
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And all I found was a very improbable e-mail account, and I wrote an email that said this I will read to you: "Hello Claudio.
Y lo único que encontré fue una cuenta de e-mail bastante improbable, y le escribí un mail que dice así, se los voy a leer. "Hola Claudio.
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I was your student 30 years ago, perhaps you don't remember me.
Fui alumno tuyo hace como 30 años, quizás no te acuerdes de mí.
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I write you because I'm one of the makers of a cartoon called Zamba, it's shown in Paka-Paka and I have to give a talk about it.
Te escribo porque resulta que soy uno de los que hizo un dibujo animado que se llama Zamba y lo pasan por Paka-Paka y tengo que dar una charla sobre eso.
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I needed to tell you that Zamba is named Jose after "Hurry up, Jose" the song that one day you showed us to explain the flooding in Formosa.
Necesitaba contarte que Zamba se llama José por "Apurate José", la canción que un día nos pasaste para explicarnos las inundaciones en Formosa.
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And that's also why Zamba is from Clorinda.
Y no por nada Zamba es de Clorinda.
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I needed you to know that if you watch the episode about the Falklands, you will find a veteran teacher and it is a tribute to you.
Necesitaba que sepas también que si ves el capítulo de Malvinas vas a encontrar un maestro excombatiente y es en homenaje a vos.
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If by chance you see this mail I hope you are doing well and that you receive a little recognition and appreciation for the work you did with us."
Si de casualidad ves este mail espero que andes bien y que te llegue un poco de reconocimiento y agradecimiento por el trabajo que hiciste con nosotros".
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(Applause) Today, was approaching and Claudio's reply did not come.
(Aplausos) Se acercaba el día de hoy y la respuesta de Claudio no llegaba.
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And very recently it arrived.
Y hace muy poquito me llegó su respuesta.
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Claudio is still the guy I remembered.
Claudio sigue siendo el tipo que yo recordaba.
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He went to live in Bariloche, he was a rural teacher, he devoted his life to teaching and he now works there at a center of teacher training.
Se fue a vivir a Bariloche, fue maestro rural, dedicó toda su vida a la docencia y hoy trabaja allá, en el centro de formación docente.
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What was I supposed to do? I went to meet him.
¿Qué iba a hacer? Fui a encontrarme con él.
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And it turns out that when I arrived, Claudio had a surprise for me.
Y resulta que cuando llegué, Claudio me tenía preparada una sorpresa.
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I did not remember, but on the last day of school Claudio asked us to write what we liked most of 4th grade.
Yo no me acordaba, pero el último día de clases Claudio nos pidió que escribiéramos qué fue lo que más nos había gustado de 4º grado.
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And these 30 years Claudio had treasured my answer and my peers'.
Y estos 30 años Claudio había guardado como un tesoro mi respuesta y la de mis compañeros.
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(Applause) "What I liked about the year -- I wrote -- was the camp, because we played a lot and had fun."
(Aplausos) "Lo que más me gustó del año -puse- fue el campamento, porque jugamos mucho y nos divertimos".
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Today, Claudio is here sitting among us.
Hoy Claudio está acá sentado entre nosotros.
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(Applause) And I have the possibility to thank Claudio personally and in front of you those gestures, that dedication, that one day he made us listen to a song, that one day he shared with us such a personal and intimate history as that of the Falklands war.
(Aplausos) Y tengo la posibilidad de agradecerle a Claudio personalmente y frente a Uds. esos gestos, esa dedicación, porque un día nos haya pasado una canción, porque un día haya tenido el gesto de compartir con nosotros una historia tan personal y tan íntima como es la de Malvinas.
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Because those little things helped, they are what ultimately make that future engineers, future scientists, future teachers, future artists, workers, and perhaps even future presidents, today, at school, when they go out to recess they end up shouting: "Let us be free, nothing else matters."
Porque esas pequeñas cosas colaboraron, son las que en definitiva hacen que las futura ingenieras, los futuros científicos, los futuros maestros, las futuras artistas, obreros, en una de esas los futuros presidentes, hoy, en la escuela, cuando salen al recreo lo hacen gritando: "Seamos libres, que lo demás no importa nada".
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(Audience) Whoa!
(Аудиторія) Ото так!
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Do you remember when we were children, when the adults without fail, to show us they were interested in us, they would ask us the question: "And you, what do you want to be when you grow up?"
Lembram-se de quando éramos pequenos e os adultos, infalivelmente, para mostrarem que se interessavam por nós, nos perguntavam: "O que é queres ser quando fores grande?"
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And in general, we said whatever came to our heads.
Geralmente, dizíamos sempre qualquer coisa.
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I wanted to be an astronaut.
Eu queria ser astronauta.
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But that didn't work out.
Mas isso não resultou.
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I ended up becoming a doctor, a neurologist and a researcher.
Acabei por ser médico, neurólogo e investigador.
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And the question I always asked myself: What are the limits of human adaptation to extreme environments such as high or low temperatures, high heights, extreme depth, even outer space?
Y la pregunta que yo siempre me hice: ¿cuáles son los límites de la adaptación del organismo humano a los medios ambientes extremos como son las altas o bajas temperaturas, la altitud, las grandes profundidades, e inclusive, el espacio exterior?
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As you can imagine, I don't have any patients, because you need to be in great health to be able to face such an extreme environment.
Como se imaginan, tampoco tengo pacientes, porque hay que estar en muy buena salud para poder enfrentar esos medios ambientes.
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This theme, became the research focus that I have followed throughout my whole career in science.
Este tema passou a ser o meu tema de investigação que me seguiu durante toda a minha carreira científica.
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My work place?
Mi lugar de trabajo
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The European Astronaut Centre of the European Space Agency.
é o Centro Europeu de Astronautas da Agência Espacial Europeia.
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Who are my patients? The team of European astronauts.
¿Mis pacientes? El cuerpo de astronautas europeos.
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By the way, do you know that there are astronauts in space right now?
A propósito, sabem que, neste momento, há astronautas no espaço?
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Yes or no?
¿Sí o no?
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Since 2001, there has been a permanent presence of humans in space.
Desde 2001, há uma presença humana permanente no espaço.
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Six astronauts from various nationalities spend six months in the International Space Station.
Seis astronautas de diversas nacionalidades passam seis meses na Estação Espacial Internacional,
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Every six months, there are three that come down and three that go up.
Todos los seis meses, hay tres que bajan y tres que suben.
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The last three actually just arrived yesterday to the ISS station.
Ainda ontem chegaram à estação — à EEI — os últimos três.
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The ISS, or what we call it, the International Space Station, is a grand scientific laboratory.
A EEI, ou como nós lhe chamamos, a Estação Espacial Internacional, é um grande laboratório científico.
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It it right here, in a "suburb" of the Earth.
Está acá nomás, en el suburbio de la Tierra;
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It's is flying at 400 kilometers away at a velocity of 17,400 mph.
está volando a 400 kilómetros de distancia y a una velocidad de 28 000 km/h.
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The astronauts go 16 times around the Earth in 24 hours.
Los astronautas dan 16 veces la vuelta a la Tierra en 24 horas.
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At this velocity, instead of in 14 hours, tomorrow I could go home to my house in Paris in 24 minutes.
A esa velocidad, en lugar de 14 horas, yo mañana podría volver a mi casa, en París, en 24 minutos.
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It would be awesome!
Seria genial!
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(Laughter) The astronauts -- Who are the astronauts?
(Risos) Os astronautas... Quem são os astronautas?
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They are professionals, high level technicians.
São profissionais, técnicos de alto nível.
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They are experimenters, because they perform the scientific experiments that we doctors and researches design.
Son experimentadores, porque ellos ejecutan las experiencias científicas que nosotros médicos, investigadores, concebimos.
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They are also the subjects of our experiments, because we do experiments on them.
Também são os sujeitos da experiência, porque fazem as experiências neles mesmos.
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The question that you will ask, of course is: if the astronauts are all healthy, why do they need a doctor?
Ahora, por supuesto, la pregunta que se van a hacer: ¿si los astronautas están todos sanos, para qué se necesita un médico?
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They actually do, because my work within the research, like those of my colleagues, is to enable the astronauts to overcome their fiscal physical and psychological problems so they can live and work in space.
Precisam, claro, porque o meu trabalho, através das investigações, tal como o dos meus colegas, é fazer com que os astronautas consigam superar os problemas físicos e psicológicos que têm para poderem viver e trabalhar no espaço,
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An environment for which evolution didn't prepare us.
num meio ambiente para o qual a evolução não nos preparou.
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On the Earth there are two fundamental factors; the force of gravity that has conditioned our entire anatomy, the rotation of Earth and the way it alternates between light and darkness, that has conditioned all of our physiology.
Na Terra há dois fatores fundamentais: a força da gravidade, que condicionou toda a nossa anatomia, a rotação da Terra e a alternância entre a luz e a escuridão que condicionaram toda a fisiologia.
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The force of gravity has conditioned our anatomy giving us our symmetrical body, more or less, our sense of balance, the skeleton, our muscle mass, all of this is conditioned by gravity and the fight against it.
La fuerza de gravedad ha condicionado nuestra anatomía dando nuestra simetría corporal -- más o menos -- el sentido del equilibrio, el esqueleto, nuestra masa muscular; todo esto es condicionado por la gravedad y para luchar contra ella.
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There is no gravity in space, so what will happen?
No espaço não há gravidade, então o que irá acontecer?
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They will have balance problems, they will have decalcification.
Vão ter problemas de equilíbrio, vai haver descalcificação
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The skeleton that's up there will have a loss of muscle mass.
— o esqueleto está lá — vai haver perda de massa muscular.
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we have designed a series of physical exercises with very precise protocols which take into account all of the sectors of the body, so they can stay in shape.
nosotros hemos concebido una serie de ejercicios físicos con un protocolo bien preciso, que tiene en cuenta todos los sectores del cuerpo, para que puedan mantenerse en forma.
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