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(Laughter) And that tweet had a link to the "New York Times" blog, where a guest blogger translated the study findings from a "Live Science" article, which got its original information from the Harvard School of Public Health news site, which cited the actual study abstract, which summarized the actual study published ... | (خنده) و آن توییت یک لینک به وبلاگ نیویورک تایمز داشت که یک بلاگر مهمان یافتههای مطالعه را ترجمه کرده بود از یک مقاله در Live Science، که اطلاعات اصلی خود را از دانشکده سلامت عمومی هاروارد گرفته بود، که به خلاصه مقاله اصلی رجوع کرده بود، که مقاله اصلی را که در یک مجله علمی چاپ شده بود خلاصه کرده بود. | en-fa |
(Laughter) It's like the six degrees of separation, but with research. | (Smeh) To je kao teorija o šest stepeni razdvajanja, ali sa istraživanjima. | en-sr |
(Laughter) So, when I said I read a study, what I actually read was 59 characters that summarized 10 years of research. | (smiech) Takže keď som povedala, že som čítala štúdiu, v skutočnosti som si prečítala 59 znakov, ktoré zhrnuli 10 rokov výskumu. | en-sk |
(Laughter) So, when I said I read a study, I was reading fractions of the study that were put together by four different writers that were not the author, before it got to me. | (Gülüşmeler) Yani, ben bir çalışmayı okudum dediğimde çalışmanın bana ulaşmadan önce gerçek yazarı olmayan dört farklı yazar tarafından bir araya getirilmiş küçük parçalarını okuyordum. | en-tr |
That doesn't seem right. | Nincs ez így rendjén. | en-hu |
But accessing original research is difficult, because academics aren't regularly engaging with popular media. | Maar toegang krijgen tot origineel onderzoek is moeilijk, omdat academici zich niet vaak inlaten met populaire media. | en-nl |
And you might be asking yourself, why aren't academics engaging with popular media? | Je vraagt je misschien af waarom academici geen contact zoeken met populaire media. | en-nl |
It seems like they'd be a more legitimate source of information than the media pundits. | Ils semblent pourtant être une source d'informations plus légitime que les commentateurs médiatiques. | en-fr |
(Laughter) In a country with over 4,100 colleges and universities, it feels like this should be the norm. | （笑聲） 在一個有 4100 間大專院校的國家， 感覺這應該是常態才對。 | en-zh-tw |
So, how did we get here? | إذن لم أصبح الوضع هكذا؟ | en-ar |
To understand why scholars aren't engaging with popular media, you first have to understand how universities work. | Pour comprendre pourquoi les universitaires sont absents des médias, il faut d'abord comprendre le fonctionnement des universités. | en-fr |
Now, in the last six years, I've taught at seven different colleges and universities in four different states. | Az utóbbi hat évben összesen hét felsőoktatási intézményben tanítottam, négy államban. | en-hu |
I'm a bit of an adjunct extraordinaire. | Biraz fazla sıra dışıyım. | en-tr |
(Laughter) And at the same time, I'm pursuing my PhD. | （笑聲） 同時，我也在攻讀博士學位。 | en-zh-tw |
In all of these different institutions, the research and publication process works the same way. | Во всех этих различных институтах исследования и процесс публикации проходят одинаково. | en-ru |
First, scholars produce research in their fields. | Innanzitutto, i ricercatori producono ricerche nel loro campo. | en-it |
To fund their research, they apply for public and private grants and after the research is finished, they write a paper about their findings. | Pra bancar suas pesquisas, eles concorrem a investimentos público e privado e, quando concluem a pesquisa, escrevem um artigo sobre suas descobertas. | en-pt-br |
Then they submit that paper to relevant academic journals. | Puis, ils envoient leur article aux revues universitaires de leur domaine. | en-fr |
Then it goes through a process called peer review, which essentially means that other experts are checking it for accuracy and credibility. | Onda on prolazi kroz proces zvani pregled kolega, što u suštini znači da ga drugi stručnjaci proveravaju u pogledu tačnosti i verodostojnosti. | en-sr |
And then, once it's published, for-profit companies resell that information back to universities and public libraries through journal and database subscriptions. | Aztán publikálás után nyereségérdekelt cégek újból eladják az információt egyetemeknek, közkönyvtáraknak folyóirat- és adatbázis-előfizetés útján. | en-hu |
So, that's the system. | Ecco, questo è il sistema. | en-it |
Research, write, peer-review, publish, repeat. | Recherche, rédaction, évaluation par les pairs, publication, | en-fr |
My friends and I call it feeding the monster. | encore et encore. Mes amis et moi appelons ça nourrir le monstre. | en-fr |
And you can see how this might create some problems. | 你們可以看出這方式 可能會造成一些問題。 | en-zh-tw |
The first problem is that most academic research is publicly funded but privately distributed. | İlk problem çoğu akademik çalışmanın devlet tarafından finanse edilip özel olarak dağıtılması. | en-tr |
Every year, the federal government spends 60 billion dollars on research. | Ogni anno il governo federale spende 60 miliardi di dollari nella ricerca. | en-it |
According to the National Science Foundation, 29 percent of that goes to public research universities. | Podľa National Science Foundation 20 % z toho ide na univerzity s verejným výskumom. | en-sk |
So, if you're quick at math, that's 17.4 billion dollars. | Als je snel kan rekenen: dat is 17,4 miljard dollar. | en-nl |
Tax dollars. | полученных от налогоплательщиков. | en-ru |
And just five corporations are responsible for distributing most publicly funded research. | وخمس مؤسسات فقط هي المسؤولة عن نشر البحوث الأعلى تمويًلا حكوميًا. | en-ar |
In 2014, just one of those companies made 1.5 billion dollars in profit. | 2014 年，光是其中一間公司 就賺了 15 億美元的利潤。 | en-zh-tw |
It's a big business. | É um grande negócio. | en-pt |
And I bet you can see the irony here. | Στοιχηματίζω ότι βλέπετε την ειρωνεία. | en-el |
If the public is funding academics' research, but then we have to pay again to access the results, it's like we're paying for it twice. | 如果公家在資助學術人士的研究， 但我們卻要再付錢 才能取得研究結果， 好像我們為此付了兩次錢。 | en-zh-tw |
And the other major problem is that most academics don't have a whole lot of incentive to publish outside of these prestigious subscription-based journals. | والمعضلة الكبيرة الأخرى هي أن غالبية الأكاديميين يفتقرون للكثير من الحافز لنشر بحوثهم خارج هذه الدوريات المرموقة القائمة على الإشتراكات. | en-ar |
Universities build their tenure and promotion systems around the number of times scholars publish. | 大學中的終身職和升職體制， 是以學者刊出的數目為依據。 | en-zh-tw |
So, books and journal articles are kind of like a form of currency for scholars. | پس، کتابها و مقالات مجلهها، نوعی نقدینگی برای اساتید محسوب میشود. | en-fa |
Publishing articles helps you get tenure and more research grants down the road. | 发表论文帮你得到终身职位， 以及更多的研究经费。 | en-zh-cn |
But academics are not rewarded for publishing with popular media. | En revanche, les universitaires n'ont pas d'avantages à publier | en-fr |
So, this is the status quo. | これが現状です | en-ja |
The current academic ecosystem. | Het huidige academische ecosysteem. | en-nl |
But I don't think it has to be this way. | Ma non penso debba andare così. | en-it |
We can make some simple changes to flip the script. | Мы можем сделать простые изменения, чтобы поменять ход событий. | en-ru |
So, first, let's start by discussing access. | Laten we eerst toegang bespreken. | en-nl |
Universities can begin to challenge the status quo by rewarding scholars for publishing not just in these subscription-based journals but in open-access journals as well as on popular media. | As universidades podem começar a desafiar o status quo recompensando pesquisadores por publicarem não apenas nessas revistas por assinatura, mas também em jornais de livre acesso e em mídias populares. | en-pt-br |
Now, the open-access movement is starting to make some progress in many disciplines, and fortunately, some other big players have started to notice. | Le mouvement pour la gratuité commence à progresser dans de nombreux domaines et, heureusement, d'autres acteurs importants l'ont remarqué. | en-fr |
Google Scholar has made open-access research searchable and easier to find. | Google Scholar ha reso gli articoli ad accesso libero consultabili e più facili da trovare. | en-it |
Congress, last year, introduced a bill that suggests that academic research projects with over 100 million or more in funding should develop an open-access policy. | Kongres je prošle godine izneo predlog zakona koji zahteva da akademski istraživački projekti finansirani sa 100 miliona i više treba da uvedu politiku otvorenog pristupa. | en-sr |
And this year, NASA opened up its entire research library to the public. | e, este ano, a NASA tornou pública toda sua biblioteca de pesquisa. | en-pt-br |
So, you can see this idea is beginning to catch on. | Как видите, эта идея набирает обороты. | en-ru |
But access isn't just about being able to get your hands on a document or a study. | No prístup nie je iba o tom, že sa dostanete k dokumentu alebo štúdii. | en-sk |
It's also about making sure that that document or study is easily understood. | 它的重點在於要確保 那份文件或研究能很容易理解。 | en-zh-tw |
So, let's talk about translation. | Dakle, hajde da govorimo o prevođenju. | en-sr |
I don't envision this translation to look like the six degrees of separation that I illustrated earlier. | No creo que la traducción sea como los seis grados de separación que mencioné antes. | en-es |
Instead, what if scholars were able to take the research that they're doing and translate it on popular media and be able to engage with the public? | Αντίθετα, πώς θα ήταν αν οι ακαδημαϊκοί μπορούσαν να μεταφράσουν την έρευνά τους σε δημοφιλή μέσα και να απευθυνθούν στο ευρύτερο κοινό; | en-el |
If scholars did this, the degrees of separation between the public and research would shrink by a lot. | Ak by k tomu došlo, stupne separácie medzi verejnosťnou a výskumom by boli omnoho menšie. | en-sk |
So, you see, I'm not suggesting a dumbing-down of the research. | Dakle, vidite, ja ne predlažem pojednostavljivanje istraživanja, | en-sr |
I'm just suggesting that we give the public access to that research and that we shift the venue and focus on using plain language so that the public who's paying for the research can also consume it. | Ben araştırma için para ödeyen halkın da yetki dairesinin değiştirilerek ve sade bir dil kullanılarak araştırmadan yararlanmasını öneriyorum. | en-tr |
And there are some other benefits to this approach. | ولهذه العملية فوائد أخرى | en-ar |
By showing the public how their tax dollars are being used to fund research, they can begin to redefine universities' identities so that universities' identities are not just based on a football team or the degrees they grant but on the research that's being produced there. | Ao mostrar ao público a forma como os dólares dos seus impostos são usados no financiamento da pesquisa, podemos começar a redefinir as identidades das universidades por forma a que não sejam definidas apenas com base na equipa de futebol ou nas classificações atribuídas mas na pesquisa aí realizada. | en-pt |
And when there's a healthy relationship between the public and scholars, it encourages public participation in research. | Lorsque la relation est saine entre le grand public et les universitaires, ça encourage le grand public à participer à la recherche. | en-fr |
Can you imagine what that might look like? | 你能想象这会产生什么样的变化吗？ | en-zh-cn |
What if social scientists helped local police redesign their sensitivity trainings and then collaboratively wrote a manual to model future trainings? | 如果一个社会学科学家 能帮助警察重新设计敏感性训练， 然后一起写个手册来 为未来的训练做示范？ | en-zh-cn |
Or what if our education professors consulted with our local public schools to decide how we're going to intervene with our at-risk students and then wrote about it in a local newspaper? | Vagy ha tanárképzők konzultálnák a helyi iskolákat, hogyan bánjanak veszélyeztetett tanulóikkal, majd írnának róla a helyi újságba? | en-hu |
Because a functioning democracy requires that the public be well-educated and well-informed. | چراکه یک دموکراسی موثر نیازمند این است که عموم مردم تحصیل کرده و مطلع باشند. | en-fa |
Instead of research happening behind paywalls and bureaucracy, wouldn't it be better if it was unfolding right in front of us? | 研究は有料サイトや煩雑なしくみの 背後で行われるのではなく みんなの目の前で展開されるほうが 良いとは思いませんか？ | en-ja |
Now, as a PhD student, I realize I'm critiquing the club I want to join. | 저는 지금 박사 과정 학생이면서 제가 앞으로 속하게 될 집단을 비판하고 있습니다. | en-ko |
(Laughter) Which is a dangerous thing to do, since I'm going to be on the academic job market in a couple of years. | (خنده) که کار خطرناکی است، چون در چند سال آینده در بازار کار دانشگاهی خواهم بود. | en-fa |
But if the status quo in academic research is to publish in the echo chambers of for-profit journals that never reach the public, you better believe my answer is going to be "nope." | しかし 学術研究の現状が 一般人には近寄れない 利益追求型学会誌の ムラ社会で発表することを 意味するなら 私が「ダメよ」と言わざるを得ないと 分かっていただけますね？ | en-ja |
I believe in inclusive, democratic research that works in the community and talks with the public. | Я верю во всеобщие демократические исследования, которые проводятся в социуме и обращены к людям. | en-ru |
I want to work in research and in an academic culture where the public is not only seen as a valuable audience, but a constituent, a participant. | Szeretnék tudományos kutatói közegben dolgozni, amely a nyilvánosságot nemcsak értékes közönségnek, hanem alkotó résztvevőnek is tekinti. | en-hu |
And in some cases even the expert. | А в некоторых случаях и как специалисты. | en-ru |
And this isn't just about giving you guys access to information. | Δεν πρόκειται μόνο για την προσφορά πρόσβασης στην πληροφόρηση. | en-el |
It's about shifting academic culture from publishing to practice and from talking to doing. | Je to o zmene akademickej kultúry z publikovania na prax, z rečí na činy. | en-sk |
And you should know that this idea, this hope -- it doesn't just belong to me. | E devo dizer que essa ideia, essa esperança, não é só minha. | en-pt-br |
I'm standing on the shoulders of many scholars, teachers, librarians and community members who also advocate for including more people in the conversation. | Hablo por boca de muchos académicos profesores, bibliotecarios y miembros de la comunidad que también quieren incluir a más personas en la conversación. | en-es |
I hope you join our conversation, too. | Ελπίζω να συμμετέχετε κι εσείς επίσης. | en-el |
Now when we think of our senses, we don't usually think of the reasons why they probably evolved, from a biological perspective. | 現在當我們想到知覺時 我們通常並不會特別去想 從生物演化的觀點，他們是怎麼發展而成的 | en-zh-tw |
We don't really think of the evolutionary need to be protected by our senses, but that's probably why our senses really evolved -- to keep us safe, to allow us to live. | אנחנו לא באמת מהרהרים בעובדה שמבחינה אבולוציונית החושים שלנו הכרחיים כדי להגן עלינו. אך זוהי כנראה בדיוק הסיבה לשמה החושים שלנו התפתחו - כדי להגן עלינו, כדי לאפשר לנו לחיות. | en-he |
Really when we think of our senses, or when we think of the loss of the sense, we really think about something more like this: the ability to touch something luxurious, to taste something delicious, to smell something fragrant, to see something beautiful. | Trên thực tế, khi chúng ta nghĩ tới các giác quan của chúng ta, hay khi nghĩ tới việc mất một giác quan nào đó, chúng ta thực sữ nghĩ tới một thứ cụ thể hơn là: khả năng chạm vào thứ gì lộng lẫy, hay nếm thứ gì đó ngon ngửi thấy hương thơm nào đó, hay nhìn thấy cái gì đó đẹp. | en-vi |
This is what we want out of our senses. | אלו הדברים למענם אנו רוצים חושים. | en-he |
We want beauty; we don't just want function. | Chcemy piękna, a nie tylko funkcji. | en-pl |
And when it comes to sensory restoration, we're still very far away from being able to provide beauty. | És amikor az érzékek helyreállításáról van szó, még nagyon messze járunk attól, hogy visszaadjuk a szépséget. | en-hu |
And that's what I'd like to talk to you a little bit about today. | É sobre isto que gostaria de vos falar hoje. | en-pt |
Likewise for hearing. | А также о слухе. | en-ru |
When we think about why we hear, we don't often think about the ability to hear an alarm or a siren, although clearly that's an important thing. | وقتی به اين فكر می كنيم كه دلیل حس شنوایی ما چیست، به توانای شنيدن صدای آلارم يا آژير نمی انديشيم، گرچه كه به طور واضح اين مساله مهمی است. | en-fa |
Really what we want to hear is music. | O que realmente queremos ouvir é música. | en-pt-br |
(Music) So many of you know that that's Beethoven's Seventh Symphony. | 음악 여러분 대부분은 이것이 베토벤의 7번 교향곡이란 것과 | en-ko |
Many of you know that he was deaf, or near profoundly deaf, when he wrote that. | 在座的许多都知道当他谱写这首曲子时， 他已失聪，或近乎完全失聪。 | en-zh-cn |
Now I'd like to impress upon you how unusual it is that we can hear music. | الآن أود أن أثير إعجابكم كيف أنه من غير المعتاد أن نسمع الموسيقى. | en-ar |
Music is just one of the strangest things that there is. | Âm nhạc là một trong những thứ kì lạ nhất từng có | en-vi |
It's acoustic vibrations in the air, little waves of energy in the air that tickle our eardrum. | Đó là những rung động âm thanh trong không gian, những sóng năng lượng rất nhỏ trong không gian kích thích màng tai | en-vi |
Somehow in tickling our eardrum that transmits energy down our hearing bones, which get converted to a fluid impulse inside the cochlea and then somehow converted into an electrical signal in our auditory nerves that somehow wind up in our brains as a perception of a song or a beautiful piece of music. | Dieses Schwingen wird dann auf unsere Gehörknöchelchen übertragen, die die Schwingungen dann in einen Impuls der Flüssigkeit in der Cochlea, der Schnecke, umsetzen. Dieser Impuls wird dann in ein elektrisches Signal für unsere Hörnerven konvertiert, das dann wiederum im Gehirn als Eindruck eines Lieds oder eines wunder... | en-de |
That process is entirely abstract and very, very unusual. | Dat proces is volledig abstract en heel erg ongewoon. | en-nl |
And we could discuss that topic alone for days to really try to figure out, how is it that we hear something that's emotional from something that starts out as a vibration in the air? | ويمكن أن نناقش ذاك الموضوع لوحده لعدة أيام في محاولة لمعرفة الحقيقة, وكيف أننا نسمع شيئا عاطفيا من شيء على شكل اهتزاز في الهواء؟ | en-ar |
Turns out that if you have hearing loss, most people that lose their hearing lose it at what's called the cochlea, the inner ear. | Wenn Sie Ihr Gehör verlieren, bedeutet das bei den meisten Menschen einen Funktionsverlust der Schnecke, des Innenohrs. | en-de |
And it's at the hair cell level that they do this. | این بخش هم سطح سلول مو هست که این را انجام میدهند. | en-fa |
Now if you had to pick a sense to lose, I have to be very honest with you and say, we're better at restoring hearing than we are at restoring any sense that there is. | Wenn Sie nun den Sinn, den Sie verlieren, auswählen könnten, würde ich Ihnen ehrlicherweise sagen, dass wir besser darin sind, das Gehör wiederherzustellen, als irgendeinen anderen Sinn. | en-de |
In fact, nothing even actually comes close to our ability to restore hearing. | Niets komt ook maar in de buurt van ons vermogen om het gehoor te herstellen. | en-nl |
And as a physician and a surgeon, I can confidently tell my patients that if you had to pick a sense to lose, we are the furthest along medically and surgically with hearing. | Και ως γιατρός και χειρούργος, μπορώ να πω με σιγουριά στους ασθενείς μου πως αν αναγκαζόσασταν να χάσετε μια από τις αισθήσεις σας, είμαστε πιο προχωρημένοι ιατρικά και χειρουργικά στο κομμάτι της ακοής. | en-el |
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