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Everything you know about Beethoven -- basically wrong.
هر چیزی که در مورد بتهوون می‌دانید-- در واقع غلط است.
en-fa
Beethoven was a very clever entrepreneur.
Beethoven nagyon okos vállalkozó volt.
en-hu
So the music he wrote for the popular market -- not the pieces he was going to play himself, but the piano sonatas -- he limits himself to the amount of keys that you have at home in some part of Southern Italy, where you have last year's piano.
所以他为流行市场所写的音乐 而不是他自己将要演奏的作品 比如说刚才提到的钢琴奏鸣曲, 他限制自己使用的音键数量 他所使用的音键数量符合你家里 在意大利南部等地出产的钢琴。
en-zh-cn
So what are the effects of these disruptions in music technology?
音楽テクノロジーにこれらの変化が 及ぼした影響は何でしょうか?
en-ja
How do composers, how do people respond?
Comment les compositeurs, les gens, ont réagi ?
en-fr
We've had three of these things, and they really all worked the same way.
세 가지 혁신이 있었고, 그 모두가 똑같이 작용했습니다.
en-ko
We started off with printing and the piano.
We zijn begonnen met drukken en de piano.
en-nl
The very first thing that happens is: it redefines the product.
A primeira coisa que acontece é: o produto é redefinido.
en-pt
So the product becomes sheet music, becomes a piece of paper that you can then take home.
Le produit devient une partition, devient du papier que vous pouvez rapporter à la maison.
en-fr
In the 20th century, it becomes a record, something that you then take home.
到了 20 世紀,它成為唱片, 你能帶回家。
en-zh-tw
In the 21st century, it becomes a digital file.
21세기에는 디지털 파일이 되었습니다.
en-ko
The nature of the product changes.
A termék természete változik.
en-hu
Second, there's a division of labor.
Dan is er de arbeidsverdeling.
en-nl
If you want to listen to Bach, you've got to go listen to Bach; there's no other way to do this.
Wil je naar Bach luisteren, dan moet je naar een optreden van Bach. Er is geen andere optie.
en-nl
In the 19th century, we've got performers, and we've got composers, people who do different things.
В XIX веке у нас появились исполнители и композиторы с разными функциями.
en-ru
We have listeners who can now manipulate music like you just saw.
現在有能夠操縱音樂的聽眾,
en-zh-tw
It changes expectations of quality.
זה משנה את הציפיות בנוגע לאיכות.
en-he
Once everybody's heard Count Basie and Benny Goodman, maybe you're not quite so happy with your local band as much anymore.
Non appena ascoltate Count Basie e Benny Goodman, forse la vostra band locale non vi soddisfa più così tanto.
en-it
You've now heard ... -- "I want to go listen to Benny Goodman some more."
你會聽到「我想再聽一遍 班尼 · 古德曼」這樣的話。
en-zh-tw
You have now a global market.
이제 글로벌 시장이 생겼습니다.
en-ko
You can hear things that you didn't use to hear.
Potere sentire cose che non sentivate.
en-it
Every time this happens, we take away some social interaction.
בכל פעם שזה קורה, נעלמת עוד קצת אינטראקציה חברתית.
en-he
With Beethoven, you can now play Beethoven at home.
베토벤과 함께, 이제 집에서 베토벤을 플레이할 수 있게 되었죠.
en-ko
You can't play Mozart at home.
모차르트 시대에는 불가능했던 일이죠.
en-ko
But with Beethoven, you can buy the sheet music, you can go home, you can close the door and play the piano.
Мы можем купить партитуры Бетховена, пойти домой, закрыться и играть.
en-ru
Now you have headphones that do the same thing.
Agora existem "headphones" para o mesmo efeito.
en-pt
With each of these disruptions, it changes the amount of social interaction.
Com cada uma destas ruturas, a interação social é afetada.
en-pt
It's a new personalized experience each time.
Telkens weer een persoonlijke ervaring.
en-nl
I can play Beethoven the way I want to.
Je peux jouer Beethoven comme je veux.
en-fr
I can play it faster, I can play it slower.
Posso tocar mais rápido, mais lento. Posso personalizar a experiência.
en-pt
I can actually personalize the experience now.
이제는 그 경험을 실제로 개인화할 수 있습니다.
en-ko
There's more consumer choice, the marketplace gets bigger.
消費者的選擇更多,市場變得更大。
en-zh-tw
The number of titles on sale in those music stores goes up.
Il numero dei titoli in vendita nei reparti musicali cresce.
en-it
But there's also less choice, because in a global pyramid, you can't always tell what you want.
Mas, há também menos escolhas, porque, numa pirâmide global, nem sempre sabemos dizer o que queremos.
en-pt
There's so much choice out there. How do you pick?
گزینه فراوان است. چگونه انتخاب می‌کنید؟
en-fa
And so marketing starts to come in, and "Who is the flavor of the month?"
Itt jelenik meg a marketing, a "Ki a hónap kedvence?
en-hu
There's one more thing that's not on the list: piracy.
달갑지 않은 요소도 끼어듭니다. 불법 복제 말이죠.
en-ko
One of Haydn and Chopin's biggest worries is that people were going to write fake Chopin and put "Chopin" on it.
Una de las mayores preocupaciones de Haydn y Chopin era que alguien podía escribir un Chopin falso y firmar "Chopin".
en-es
Do you think Chopin would have been comforted by the thought, "Hey, 20 percent of the people who buy fake Chopin are more likely to go buy real Chopin"?
Denk je dat Chopin gerustgesteld werd door de gedachte: "Hey, 20% van de mensen die een valse Chopin kopen, kopen ook eerder echte Chopin."
en-nl
I mean -- I don't know.
Ik bedoel...Ik weet het niet.
en-nl
(Laughter) But Chopin, another clever entrepreneur -- you know what he does?
(Gelach) Maar Chopin is ook een slimme ondernemer.
en-nl
He publishes his music in Italy, France, Germany and England on the same day, because there's no international copyright, so he's got to have everything published on the same day.
쇼팽은 이탈리아, 프랑스, ​​독일, 영국에서 악보를 출판하는데, 출판일자가 같습니다. 국제 저작권이 없기 때문에, 같은 날짜에 악보를 한꺼번에 출판해야 하죠.
en-ko
And he puts differences in every country.
Ha messo delle differenze in ogni paese. Se suonate Chopin,
en-it
So if you're playing Chopin, the additions from different countries are different on purpose, because he wanted to be able to track who was a pirate.
그래서 쇼팽을 연주하려고 하면 국가별로 일부러 다르게 추가된 부분이 들리게 되죠. 쇼팽은 해적판을 추적할 수 있기를 바란 겁니다.
en-ko
So, this wasn't something that Sony thought of.
これはソニーにも 考えつかなかったことです
en-ja
So, the question is ...
Então, a questão é:
en-pt-br
This new technology, it makes more choice for more people, it makes it more global, but it also allows more piracy.
Az új technika több embernek nyújt nagyobb választékot, világméretűvé teszi a választékot, de növeli a kalózkodást is.
en-hu
It also allows for people to have a marketing filter.
それにテクノロジーは 人々が物を買う時に 選別フィルターをかけます
en-ja
They have some way to interact that's not always direct.
Elas têm algumas maneiras de interagir que nem sempre são diretas.
en-pt-br
So the next time somebody says, you know, "Nothing like the internet ever happened."
אז בפעם הבאה שמישהו יאמר, "מעולם לא היה משהו כמו האינטרנט."
en-he
Well, it's true, but these kinds of disruptions in music technology have happened before.
嗯,的確如此, 但是這種音樂技術的突破 過去已經發生過,
en-zh-tw
And the model for these disruptions is the same as we see in other kinds of businesses.
Bu kırılmaların modeli diğer işletme çeşitlerinde gördüğümüz modelle aynı.
en-tr
It changes the nature of the product.
שינוי אופי המוצר.
en-he
So if you're in book publishing, you thought you were in book publishing because of these things called books.
所以如果你出版圖書, 你以為你出版圖書 因為這些東西叫做書,
en-zh-tw
Well, you can still sell novels without books.
Mais vendre sans livres, c'est possible.
en-fr
You can still be in the music business even though you're not in the record business.
A zenei üzletben benne lehet valaki, még ha nincs is benne a lemeziparban.
en-hu
You were selling records only because that was the technology that you inherited.
你賣唱片 只因為那是你繼承的技術。
en-zh-tw
Newspaper business: dead.
雖然報業死了,
en-zh-tw
But journalism isn't dead.
Ma il giornalismo non è morto.
en-it
And finally, schools.
و بالاخره، مدارس.
en-fa
School is the next big horizon, because what were we in the business of?
A escola é o próximo grande horizonte, porque estávamos em qual negócio?
en-pt-br
Schools used to be like buying gas or buying food; they had to have local entry points all over the place.
Vroeger waren scholen zoals gaan tanken of eten kopen. Overal waren lokale toegangspunten nodig.
en-nl
But now, with the internet, we have a different distribution system.
Ma oggi, con internet, abbiamo un diverso sistema di distribuzione.
en-it
And so schools have got to think about what we're selling.
所以学校必须考虑 关于我们卖的东西。
en-zh-cn
But I think that the face-to-face interaction is not going to go away.
但我認為面對面的互動不會消失,
en-zh-tw
There's still something of value here, as we've demonstrated today, because we're at this thing called TED, where we still want to get to know each other.
Het heeft nog steeds waarde, wat we vandaag ook bewijzen, door hier bij TED te zijn, waar we elkaar willen leren kennen. Dankjewel.
en-nl
(Video) Voices: Five, four, three, two, one.
صداها (ویدئو): پنج، چهار، سه، دو، یک.
en-fa
So two minutes they do this.
Na de twee minuten vragen we hen hoe krachtig ze zich voelen.
en-nl
In the summer of 2016, I did the sensible thing: I quit my cushy job at a hedge fund to write a play about my family's murder.
2016년 여름 저는 아주 현명한 결정을 했습니다. 제 가족의 살인에 관한 연극을 쓰려고 헤지펀드사 일을 관둔 것이죠.
en-ko
(Sighs) I told my friends and family that this was about art, but in truth, I was on a spiritual vision quest.
(ため息) 友達と家族には これはアートだと話しましたが 本当のところは 精神的なビジョンの探求だったのです
en-ja
I was seeking closure to a relationship with someone that I barely knew - the kid who killed my mother and brother.
잘 알지도 못 했던 어떤 이와의 관계를 끝맺는 법을 찾고 있었는데 바로 제 엄마와 동생을 죽인 아이였죠.
en-ko
He was my friend's younger brother, a kid from our neighborhood.
その子は私の友達の弟で 近所に住んでいました
en-ja
He came over a handful of times to raid our family's snack cabinet.
Vino a mi casa varias veces a saquear el armario de comida.
en-es
My mom actually used to wave to him from the van and say, "He's going through a hard time, I just want to make sure he knows that I see him."
Mi madre incluso solía saludarlo desde la camioneta y decía: "Está pasando un momento difícil. Solo quiero asegurarme de que sepa que lo veo".
en-es
He broke into our house a couple of days before Christmas, looking for some stuff to sell for cash.
彼はクリスマスの数日前に 私たちの家に侵入し 現金に替えられるものを探していました
en-ja
When he came across my brother Jim asleep on the couch, he panicked, shot him and fled the scene.
ソファで眠っている 私の弟ジムが目に入ると パニックになり 弟を銃で撃ち その場から逃げたのです
en-ja
Then he realized he forgot his coat.
Et il a réalisé qu'il avait oublié son manteau.
en-fr
By the time he came back, my mom had found Jim.
Le temps qu'il fasse demi-tour, ma mère avait trouvé Jim.
en-fr
Because he knew that she recognized him, and, to quote him, "Because she wouldn't stop screaming," he shot and killed her too.
私の母に 顔を知られていることを 理解していた上に 彼の言葉によると 「彼女が叫び止まなかったので」 母さえも銃で撃ち殺しました
en-ja
He is currently serving back-to-back life sentences in a prison in Southwestern Virginia.
Ahora está cumpliendo condena perpetua en una prisión al suroeste de Virginia.
en-es
(Sighs) Over the course of the next seven years, I somehow managed not to hate him, but my grief and trauma did something a little bit weirder.
(ため息) 事件後の7年間 私はなんとか彼を憎まないようにしてきました でも 私の悲しみとトラウマが 不可解なことをもたらしました
en-ja
He became a non-person to me.
Il a cessé d'être humain à mes yeux.
en-fr
He wasn't a person, he was the face of all evil.
한 개인이 아니라 모든 악의 얼굴이었지요.
en-ko
He was the twister that came through and ripped up our house and threw it in some hellish version of Oz, but not a 17-year-old boy - or, I realized now, a 24-year-old man.
彼は私の家を襲う嵐に化け 家を引き裂いて 地獄版のオズの魔法使いの世界に 投げ飛ばしました けれど もはや17才の少年ではなく 現在は24才の成人です
en-ja
A man who came of age in a cell, if he came of age at all.
Un homme devenu adulte dans une cellule, s'il était même devenu adulte.
en-fr
And as I set down to write the villain of my play and my life, I realized I had a name, some fractured childhood memories, a brief court document and nothing else to go on.
Y cuando me dispuse a escribir sobre el villano de mi obra y de mi vida, advertí que lo que tenía era un nombre, algunos recuerdos fragmentados de mi niñez, un breve documento judicial y nada más como punto de partida.
en-es
So I went to the source of all answers, Google.
Je me suis tournée vers la réponse à toutes les questions : Google.
en-fr
I googled his prisoner ID number.
구글에 그의 수감자 번호를 쳐 봤어요.
en-ko
That's when the internet sucker punched me in the face.
C'est là que cet idiot d'Internet m'a mis une claque.
en-fr
Two thirds of prisoners in his penitentiary spend 23 hours a day in solitary confinement in eight-by-ten cells with slats for light.
Dos tercios de los presos en su penitenciaría pasan 23 horas al día en total aislamiento, en celdas de 8 por 10 metros cuadrados con ranuras para que entre luz.
en-es
Conditions are so bad that in 2012 the entire prison went on a hunger strike.
Las condiciones son tan malas que en 2012, toda la prisión hizo una huelga de hambre.
en-es
As I scrolled through case after case of human rights violations at this prison, suddenly, he became a person to me again.
Mientras recorría caso tras caso de violaciones a los derechos humanos en esta prisión, de pronto, él volvió a ser una persona para mí.
en-es
I remember the first time I saw mom and Jim's bodies in the funeral home, how my recoiled when I felt the small, destructive supernova that the bullet made in the back of Jim's skull.
엄마와 동생의 시체를 장례식장에서 처음 봤을 때 총알이 동생의 두개골 뒤쪽에 남긴, 그 작지만 파괴적인 힘을 느꼈을 때 제가 얼마나 움찔했는지 기억납니다.
en-ko
My mom's face just collapsed in on itself.
母の顔はつぶれていました
en-ja
Not her, just flesh and bones in that black dress we bought at Kohl's the week before.
엄마가 아니라 육체만 남아있었어요. 그 전 주에 샀던 검은 드레스를 입은 채로요.
en-ko
Those were my most painful memories.
Ce sont mes souvenirs les plus douloureux.
en-fr
But when I pictured him - beaten, starving, crying out in a dark cell - yeah, that was somehow just as painful.
하지만 어두운 감옥에서 구타당하고, 굶주리고, 소리 칠 그 애를 생각하니 그것 또한 아주 고통스럽더군요.
en-ko
And I realized it was because we were still connected.
우리가 아직 연결돼 있다는 걸 그때 깨달았습니다.
en-ko
That steel tether of trauma that he hooked into my side when he killed them was still there, and I had been lurching against its pull and dragging him through the mud for the past seven years, whether I knew it or not.
彼が殺人を犯したときに 私を引きずり出したトラウマの鉄鎖が まだそこにあって 私は引き寄せる力に抗い 泥の中で彼を引きずっていました 過去7年間 私が意識するしないに関わらず
en-ja
And it was with a little horror that I realized that he may have killed them, but I chose to keep us connected.
Et j'ai compris avec horreur que si lui les avait tués, j'étais celle qui avait choisi de rester connectée.
en-fr