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And there are 30 JusticeMakers throughout the world, from Sri Lanka to Swaziland to the DRC, who with five thousand dollars do amazing things, through SMS programs, through paralegal programs, through whatever they can do.
Po vsem svetu je 30 JusticeMaker-jev, od Šri Lanke do Svazilanda in Demokratične republike Kongo, ki s 5000 dolarji delajo čudovite reči, skozi SMS programe, skozi paralegalne programe, skozi kakršnokoli sredstvo pač lahko.
en-sl
And it's not only these JusticeMakers, but people we courageously see figure out who their networks are and how they can move it forward.
Et ce n'est pas seulement les JusticeMakers, mais aussi les personnes qui courageusement comprennent qui il y a dans leurs réseaux et comment ils peuvent l'avancer.
en-fr-ca
So in China, for instance, great laws came out where it says police cannot torture people or they will be punished.
Por exemplo, na China promulgáronse leis que impedían que os policías puidesen torturar á xente xa que serían castigados.
en-gl
And I was sitting side by side with one of our very courageous lawyers, and said, "How can we get this out? How can we make sure that this is implemented?
Sjedila sam pokraj jednog od naših vrlo hrabrih odvjetnika i rekla: „Kako mi ovo možemo provjeriti? Kako možemo biti sigurni da se implementira?
en-hr
This is fantastic." And he said to me, "Well, do you have money?" And I said, "No." And he said, "That's okay, we can still figure it out."
Esto es fantástico". Y su respuesta fue: "Bien, ¿tienen Uds. fondos?" "No", dije. Y él respondió: "No importa, aún podemos pensar en algo".
en-es
And on December 4, he organized three thousand members of the Youth Communist League, from 14 of the top law schools, who organized themselves, developed posters with the new laws, and went to the police stations and began what he says is a non-violent legal revolution to protect citizen rights.
וב4 בדצמבר, הוא ארגן שלושת אלפים חברים של ליגת הצעירים הקומוניסטים מ14 בתי הספר המובילים למשפט שארגנו את עצמם, פיתחו פוסטרים עם החוקים החדשים, והלכו לתחנות המשטרה והתחילו את מה שהוא אומר שהיא מהפכה משפטית לא אלימה להגנה על זכויות האזרחים
en-he
So I talked about the fact that we need to train and support defenders.
Så jeg talte om, at vi har brug for at træne og støtte forsvarere.
en-da
We need to systematically implement early access to counsel.
Ne duhet te veprojme sistematikisht per te drejten per konsultim ligjor te hershem.
en-sq
But the third and most important thing is that we make a commitment to this.
Ma il terzo elemento, il più importante, deve essere la nostra dedizione.
en-it
And people often say to me, "You know, this is great, but it's wildly idealistic.
Dhe njerzit zakonisht me thone, " A e di ti qe, kjo eshte gje shume e mire, por eshte absolutisht ideale.
en-sq
Never going to happen."
Երբեք իրականություն չի դառնա»:
en-hy
And the reason that I think that those words are interesting is because those were the same kinds of words that were used for people who decided they would end slavery, or end apartheid.
Şi motivul pentru care cred că aceste cuvinte sunt interesante este pentru că exact aceleaşi cuvinte s-au spus celor care se deciseseră să pună capăt sclaviei, sau segregării rasiale.
en-ro
It began with a small group of people who decided they would commit.
它開始於一小群 下定承諾的人。
en-zh-tw
Now, there's one of our favorite poems from the defenders, which they share from each other, is: "Take courage friends, the road is often long, the path is never clear, and the stakes are very high, but deep down, you are not alone."
Ena najljubših pesmi, ki si jih delijo zagovorniki, gre takole: "Prijatelji, bodite pogumni, pot je pogosto dolga, pot ni vedno jasna in veliko je nevarnosti, a globoko v sebi nisi sam."
en-sl
And I believe that if we can come together as a world community to support not only defenders, but also everyone in the system who is looking towards it, we can end torture as an investigative tool.
Верујем да, ако се удружимо као светска заједница да подржимо не само браниоце, него све у систему који су заједно у овоме, можемо зауставити тортуру као истражни метод.
en-sr
I end always, because I'm sure the questions are -- and I'd be happy to talk to you at any point -- "But what can I really do?"
我知道人们还是有疑问 我也很乐意跟你们多聊聊 任何时候都行--我知道人们会问:“我到底能做什么?”
en-zh-cn
Well, I would say this. First of all, you know what you can do. But second of all, I would leave you with the story of Vishna, who actually was my inspiration for starting International Bridges to Justice.
Ами, бих казала това. На първо място, вие знаете какво можете да направите. Но на второ място, ще ви оставя с историята на Вишна, който всъщност беше моето вдъхновение да започна "Международните мостове за правосъдие."
en-bg
Vishna was a 4-year-old boy when I met him who was born in a Cambodian prison in Kandal Province. But because he was born in the prison, everybody loved him, including the guards, so he was the only one who was allowed to come in and out of the bars.
Vishna berusia 4 tahun saat kami bertemu, dia lahir di dalam penjara Kamboja di Provinsi Kandal. Namun karena dia lahir di penjara, semua orang menyukainya, termasuk para sipir, jadi dia adalah satu-satunya orang orang diizinkan keluar masuk jeruji besi.
en-id
So, you know, there's bars. And by the time that Vishna was getting bigger, which means what gets bigger? Your head gets bigger.
Donc, vous savez, il y a des barres. Et quand Vishna a commencé à grandir, qu'est-ce-que dévient plus grand ? Votre tête devient plus grande.
en-fr-ca
So he would come to the first bar, the second bar and then the third bar, and then really slowly move his head so he could fit through, and come back, third, second, first. And he would grab my pinkie, because what he wanted to do every day is he wanted to go visit.
Så han ville komme til den første tremme, den anden tremme og så den tredje tremme, og så virkeligt langsomt bevæge sit hoved, så han kunne mase sig igennem og komme tilbage, tredje, anden, første. Og han ville gribe min lillefinger, fordi det, han ville gøre hver dag, er, han ville gå på besøg.
en-da
You know, he never quite made it to all of them every day, but he wanted to visit all 156 prisoners. And I would lift him, and he would put his fingers through.
尽管他没办法每天 拜访每一个人,但他真的想看到 所有156个囚犯。我会把他抱起来 然后他把手指放进那个小缝隙里
en-zh-cn
Or if they were dark cells, it was like iron corrugated, and he would put his fingers through.
O si las celdas eran oscuras, como de hierro corrugado, metía los dedos en el medio.
en-es
And most of the prisoners said that he was their greatest joy and their sunshine, and they looked forward to him. And I was like, here's Vishna. He's a 4-year-old boy.
Večina zapornikov je povedala, da je bil njihovo največje veselje in njihovo sonce in veselili so se ga. Mislila sem si, tule je Višna. Štiriletni otrok.
en-sl
He was born in a prison with almost nothing, no material goods, but he had a sense of his own heroic journey, which I believe we are all born into. He said, "Probably I can't do everything.
Il est né dans cette prison avec presque rien, pas de biens matériels, mais il connessait son parcours héroïque, celui que je crois on y est tous nés. Il a dit : « Plus probablement, je ne peux pas faire tout.
en-fr-ca
But I'm one. I can do something.
De vagyok valaki. Valamit csak tehetek.
en-hu
And I will do the one thing that I can do."
I učinit ću ono što mogu“.
en-hr
So I thank you for having the prophetic imagination to imagine the shaping of a new world with us together, and invite you into this journey with us.
Io vi ringrazio per la visione profetica con cui immaginate la creazione di un nuovo mondo insieme a noi, e vi invito a viaggiare con noi.
en-it
My subject today is learning.
Моя сьогоднішня тема - навчання.
en-uk
And in that spirit, I want to spring on you all a pop quiz.
و در آن حال و هوا، می خواهم یک سؤال اصلی از همۀ شما بپرسم.
en-fa
Ready?
いいですか?
en-ja
When does learning begin?
متى تبدأ عملية التعلم؟
en-ar
Now as you ponder that question, maybe you're thinking about the first day of preschool or kindergarten, the first time that kids are in a classroom with a teacher.
Gdy zastanawiacie się nad tym pytaniem, może myślicie o pierwszym dniu w przedszkolu albo o pierwszym dniu spedzonym w klasie z nauczycielem.
en-pl
Or maybe you've called to mind the toddler phase when children are learning how to walk and talk and use a fork.
Ou talvez pensem na fase da infância onde as crianças estão aprendendo a andar e falar e usar um garfo.
en-pt-br
Maybe you've encountered the Zero-to-Three movement, which asserts that the most important years for learning are the earliest ones.
여러분은 아마 Zero-to-Three 운동을 보셨을텐데요, 가장 어린 시기가 학습에서 가장 중요한 때라고 주장하는 것입니다
en-ko
And so your answer to my question would be: Learning begins at birth.
وهكذا سيكون ردكم على سؤالي هو : التعلم يبدأ عند الولادة.
en-ar
Well today I want to present to you an idea that may be surprising and may even seem implausible, but which is supported by the latest evidence from psychology and biology.
但是,我今天要告訴你們的答案 可能會讓你們大吃一驚 你們甚至認為這不太可能 但是,這個答案 有心理學及生物學的最新證據佐證
en-zh-tw
And that is that some of the most important learning we ever do happens before we're born, while we're still in the womb.
А то је да се нека од наших најважнијих учења одвијају пре рођења, док смо још у материци.
en-sr
Now I'm a science reporter.
Io sono una giornalista scientifica.
en-it
I write books and magazine articles.
ich schreibe Bücher und Artikel in Zeitschriften.
en-de
And I'm also a mother.
In sem tudi mati.
en-sl
And those two roles came together for me in a book that I wrote called "Origins."
И при мен тези две роли се обединиха в една книга, която написах, наречена "Начала."
en-bg
"Origins" is a report from the front lines of an exciting new field called fetal origins.
"Izvori" je poročilo iz prve vrste o vznemirljivem novem področju, imenovanem izvor zarodkov.
en-sl
Fetal origins is a scientific discipline that emerged just about two decades ago, and it's based on the theory that our health and well-being throughout our lives is crucially affected by the nine months we spend in the womb.
Lo studio delle origini fetali è una disciplina scientifica che è emersa appena venti anni orsono ed è fondata sulla teoria secondo la quale la nostra salute ed il nostro benessere durante l'arco della vita sono influenzati in modo cruciale dai nove mesi che trascorriamo nell'utero.
en-it
Now this theory was of more than just intellectual interest to me.
بە بۆچونی من، ئەم بییردۆزە زۆر لەوە بە نرخ ترە کە بە سوودبەخشێکی فیکری ناوی ببرێت
en-ku
I was myself pregnant while I was doing the research for the book.
この本の下調べをしていた間 私は妊娠していました
en-ja
And one of the most fascinating insights I took from this work is that we're all learning about the world even before we enter it.
И едно от най-удивителните прозрения, които получих от тази работа бе, че всички ние научаваме за света дори преди да навлезем в него.
en-bg
When we hold our babies for the first time, we might imagine that they're clean slates, unmarked by life, when in fact, they've already been shaped by us and by the particular world we live in.
Bebeklerimizi ilk kez kucağımıza aldığımızda hayat tarafından hiç dokunulmamış temiz birer yazı tahtası olduklarını hayal edebiliriz; ama aslında onlar biz ve içinde yaşadığımız dünya tarafından çoktan şekillendirilmiştir.
en-tr
Today I want to share with you some of the amazing things that scientists are discovering about what fetuses learn while they're still in their mothers' bellies.
اليوم أريد أن أطلعكم على بعض الأشياء المدهشة التي يكتشفها العلماء حول ما تتعلّمه الأجنّة بينما تكون في بطون أمهاتهم.
en-ar
First of all, they learn the sound of their mothers' voices.
В первую очередь, он запоминает звук голоса матери.
en-ru
Because sounds from the outside world have to travel through the mother's abdominal tissue and through the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus, the voices fetuses hear, starting around the fourth month of gestation, are muted and muffled.
Pelo fato de os sons do mundo exterior entrarem pelo tecido abdominal da mãe e pelo líquido amniótico que envolve o feto, as vozes que os fetos ouvem, começando pelo quarto mês de gestação, são bastante abafadas.
en-pt-br
One researcher says that they probably sound a lot like the the voice of Charlie Brown's teacher in the old "Peanuts" cartoon.
Један истраживач каже да вероватно звуче као глас учитељице Чарлија Брауна из старог цртаћа "Снупи".
en-sr
But the pregnant woman's own voice reverberates through her body, reaching the fetus much more readily.
Ma la voce della donna incinta riverbera attraverso il suo corpo, e raggiunge il feto con minore difficoltà.
en-it
And because the fetus is with her all the time, it hears her voice a lot.
A keďže plod je vždy s ňou, jej hlasu sa napočúva dosť.
en-sk
Once the baby's born, it recognizes her voice and it prefers listening to her voice over anyone else's.
Una volta nato, il bambino riconosce la sua voce e preferisce ascoltare la sua voce più di qualunque altra.
en-it
How can we know this?
Kako to vemo?
en-sl
Newborn babies can't do much, but one thing they're really good at is sucking.
Neugeborene können nicht viel machen, aber sie können ausgezeichnet nuckeln.
en-de
Researchers take advantage of this fact by rigging up two rubber nipples, so that if a baby sucks on one, it hears a recording of its mother's voice on a pair of headphones, and if it sucks on the other nipple, it hears a recording of a female stranger's voice.
Araştırmacılar bu gerçekten faydalanarak süngerden iki meme ucu yapıyorlar, böylelikle bebek eğer birini emerse bir kulaklıktan annesinin kaydedilmiş sesini duyacak, diğerinden emdiğinde ise yabancı bir kadının kaydedilmiş sesini duyacaktır.
en-tr
Babies quickly show their preference by choosing the first one.
Los bebés rápidamente muestran su preferencia eligiendo la primera.
en-es
Scientists also take advantage of the fact that babies will slow down their sucking when something interests them and resume their fast sucking when they get bored.
Os cientistas também tiram vantagem do fato de que os bebês diminuem o ritmo da mamada quando algo lhes interessa e reiniciam o ritmo mais rápido quando estão entediados.
en-pt-br
This is how researchers discovered that, after women repeatedly read aloud a section of Dr. Seuss' "The Cat in the Hat" while they were pregnant, their newborn babies recognized that passage when they hear it outside the womb.
Dari sinilah para ilmuwan menemukan bahwa setelah seorang ibu berulang-ulang menceritakan potongan "The Cat in the Hat" karya Dr. Seuss saat mereka sedang mengandung, bayi itu mengenali kutipan itu saat mereka mendengarnya di luar kandungan.
en-id
My favorite experiment of this kind is the one that showed that the babies of women who watched a certain soap opera every day during pregnancy recognized the theme song of that show once they were born.
Το αγαπημένο μου πείραμα αυτού του είδους είναι αυτό που έδειξε πως τα μωρά των γυναικών που έβλεπαν συγκεκριμένα σίριαλ κάθε μέρα κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης αναγνώριζαν το τραγούδι των τίτλων της εκπομπής μόλις γεννιόντουσαν.
en-el
So fetuses are even learning about the particular language that's spoken in the world that they'll be born into.
تتعلم الأجنة حتى اللغة الخاصة المستعملة في في العالم الذي سوف يولدون فيه.
en-ar
A study published last year found that from birth, from the moment of birth, babies cry in the accent of their mother's native language.
Um estudo publicado no ano passado descobriu que, desde o momento do nascimento, os bebés choram com a pronúncia da língua nativa da sua mãe.
en-pt
French babies cry on a rising note while German babies end on a falling note, imitating the melodic contours of those languages.
Los bebés franceses lloran en nota creciente mientras que los alemanes lloran en nota decreciente, imitando los contornos melódicos de sus idiomas.
en-es
Now why would this kind of fetal learning be useful?
Vậy tại sao quá trình nhận thức trong giai đoạn bào thai này lại hữu dụng?
en-vi
It may have evolved to aid the baby's survival.
Հնարավոր է, որ այն օգնում է փոքրիկին դիմակայել:
en-hy
From the moment of birth, the baby responds most to the voice of the person who is most likely to care for it -- its mother.
Desde o momento do nascimento, o bebé responde melhor à voz da pessoa que mais provavelmente vai cuidar dele — a sua mãe.
en-pt
It even makes its cries sound like the mother's language, which may further endear the baby to the mother, and which may give the baby a head start in the critical task of learning how to understand and speak its native language.
Thậm chí cả khi khóc, tiếng khóc cũng giống như tiếng nói của mẹ, và chính điều này càng thắt chặt tình mẫu tử hơn, Cũng có thể chính điều này là một lực đẩy giúp bé học, hiểu và nói tiếng mẹ đẻ.
en-vi
But it's not just sounds that fetuses are learning about in utero.
Ale nejsou to pouze zvuky které se plod v děloze učí.
en-cs
It's also tastes and smells.
맛과 냄새도 역시 배우죠
en-ko
By seven months of gestation, the fetus' taste buds are fully developed, and its olfactory receptors, which allow it to smell, are functioning.
No sétimo mês de gestação, as papilas gustativas do bebê já estão totalmente desenvolvidas, e os receptores olfativos, que permintem o cheiro, estão funcionando.
en-pt-br
The flavors of the food a pregnant woman eats find their way into the amniotic fluid, which is continuously swallowed by the fetus.
Аромати їжі яку їсть вагітна жінка потрапляють в амніотичну рідину, яку постійно поглинає плід.
en-uk
Babies seem to remember and prefer these tastes once they're out in the world.
Bebeluşii par să-şi amintească şi preferă aceste arome odată veniţi pe lume.
en-ro
In one experiment, a group of pregnant women was asked to drink a lot of carrot juice during their third trimester of pregnancy, while another group of pregnant women drank only water.
在一个实验中,一组孕妇 被要求在晚期妊娠中 喝下许多胡萝卜汁 而另一组孕妇则 只饮水
en-zh-cn
Six months later, the women's infants were offered cereal mixed with carrot juice, and their facial expressions were observed while they ate it.
بعد ستة أشهر، تم إعطاء الرضع خليطا من الحبوب وعصير الجزر، وتمت مراقبة تعابير وجوههم بينما كانوا يتناولونه.
en-ar
The offspring of the carrot juice drinking women ate more carrot-flavored cereal, and from the looks of it, they seemed to enjoy it more.
I figli delle donne che bevevano succo di carote mangiavano più cereali insaporiti alla carota e dalle loro espressioni sembrava che li gradissero maggiormente.
en-it
A sort of French version of this experiment was carried out in Dijon, France where researchers found that mothers who consumed food and drink flavored with licorice-flavored anise during pregnancy showed a preference for anise on their first day of life, and again, when they were tested later, on their fourth day of li...
Neke vrste francosko verzijo tega eksperimenta so izvedli v Dijonu v Franciji, kjer so raziskovalci odkrili, da so otroci mater, ki so med nosečnostjo uživale hrano in pijačo z okusom sladkega korena, kazali preferenco do sladkega korena že prvi dan življenja pa tudi kasneje, ko so jih testirali četrti dan po rojstvu.
en-sl
Babies whose mothers did not eat anise during pregnancy showed a reaction that translated roughly as "yuck."
Azok a babák, akik édesanyja nem evett ánizst a várandósága alatt, olyasmi reakciót mutattak, amit durván "Fúj!
en-hu
What this means is that fetuses are effectively being taught by their mothers about what is safe and good to eat.
Oznacza to, że płód jest skutecznie uczony przez matkę o tym co jest bezpieczne i dobre do jedzenia.
en-pl
Fetuses are also being taught about the particular culture that they'll be joining through one of culture's most powerful expressions, which is food.
Fostre bliver også undervist om den særlige kultur som de kommer ud i gennem et af kulturens mest kraftfulde udtryksmuligheder, hvilket er mad.
en-da
They're being introduced to the characteristic flavors and spices of their culture's cuisine even before birth.
Вони знайомляться із специфічними ароматами та приправами їхньої кухні навіть до народження.
en-uk
Now it turns out that fetuses are learning even bigger lessons.
Nu viser det sig, at fostre lærer endnu større ting.
en-da
But before I get to that, I want to address something that you may be wondering about.
Но, пред да дојдам до тоа, сакам да се осврнам на нешто за кое можеби размислувате.
en-mk
The notion of fetal learning may conjure up for you attempts to enrich the fetus -- like playing Mozart through headphones placed on a pregnant belly.
Ý niệm về quá trình nhận thức của bào thai có thể khuyến khích các bạn càng nỗ lực hơn trong việc nuôi dưỡng bào thai - bằng cách mở nhạc Mozart cho các bé nghe thông qua những headphones được đặt trên bụng.
en-vi
But actually, the nine-month-long process of molding and shaping that goes on in the womb is a lot more visceral and consequential than that.
Maar eigenlijk is het proces van negen maanden kneden en vormen in de baarmoeder veel diepgaander en ver-reikender dan dat.
en-nl
Much of what a pregnant woman encounters in her daily life -- the air she breathes, the food and drink she consumes, the chemicals she's exposed to, even the emotions she feels -- are shared in some fashion with her fetus.
Banyak dari apa yang ditemui wanita hamil dalam kesehariannya -- udara yang dia hirup, makanan dan minuman yang dia makan, bahan kimia yang terpapar, bahkan emosi yang dirasakannya -- dalam hal tertentu dibagikan kepada janinnya.
en-id
They make up a mix of influences as individual and idiosyncratic as the woman herself.
Вони створюють суміш впливів настільки своєрідних та індивідуальних як сама жінка.
en-uk
The fetus incorporates these offerings into its own body, makes them part of its flesh and blood.
Zarodek te vtise ponotranji v svoje telo, iz njih naredi del svojega mesa in krvi.
en-sl
And often it does something more.
Часто, він робить навіть більше.
en-uk
It treats these maternal contributions as information, as what I like to call biological postcards from the world outside.
Tretira te majčine doprinose kao informaciju kao nešto što volim zvati biološkim razglednicama iz svijeta koji je vani.
en-hr
So what a fetus is learning about in utero is not Mozart's "Magic Flute" but answers to questions much more critical to its survival.
کەواتە، ئەو شتانەی لە سکی دایکدا فێری دەبن میوزیکە سحریەکانی مۆزارت نیە بەڵکو وەڵامی چەندین پرسیارە کە چۆن بە زیندوویی بمێنێتەوە
en-ku
Will it be born into a world of abundance or scarcity?
Narodí sa do sveta hojnosti alebo nedostatku?
en-sk
Will it be safe and protected, or will it face constant dangers and threats?
Wird es sicher sein und beschützt, oder ständiger Gefahr und Drohung ausgesetzt sein?
en-de
Will it live a long, fruitful life or a short, harried one?
ئایا تەمەن درێژ و لە خۆشیا دەبن یاخود ژیانێکی کورت و نا ئارام؟
en-ku
The pregnant woman's diet and stress level in particular provide important clues to prevailing conditions like a finger lifted to the wind.
Հղի կնոջ սննդակարգն ու մասնավորապես սթրեսի մակարդակը արժեքավոր հուշումներ են առկա պայմանների վերաբերյալ, ինչպես մատդ բարձրացնելիս կզգաս քամին:
en-hy
The resulting tuning and tweaking of a fetus' brain and other organs are part of what give us humans our enormous flexibility, our ability to thrive in a huge variety of environments, from the country to the city, from the tundra to the desert.
Sự điều chỉnh có định hướng của bộ não thai nhi và các bộ phận khác trong cơ thể là một trong những đặc tính riêng biệt chỉ con người mới sở hữu. Khả năng thích ứng linh hoạt, khả năng ứng phó trước sự đa dạng của môi trường sống, từ nông thôn đến thành phố, từ lãnh nguyên lạnh giá đến sa mạc cằn cỗi.
en-vi
To conclude, I want to tell you two stories about how mothers teach their children about the world even before they're born.
Podsumowując to, chciałabym opowiedzieć państwu dwie historie o tym jak mamy uczą swoje dzieci o świecie przed ich narodzinami.
en-pl
In the autumn of 1944, the darkest days of World War II, German troops blockaded Western Holland, turning away all shipments of food.
През есента на 1944 година, най-мрачните дни на Втората световна война, германските войски блокирали западна Холандия, връщайки всички доставки на храна.
en-bg
The opening of the Nazi's siege was followed by one of the harshest winters in decades -- so cold the water in the canals froze solid.
Начало фашистской блокады совпало с одной из самых жестоких зим за несколько десятков лет: вода в каналах промерзала насквозь.
en-ru
Soon food became scarce, with many Dutch surviving on just 500 calories a day -- a quarter of what they consumed before the war.
금새 식량이 귀해졌고 많은 네덜란드 사람들은 하루에 단지 500 칼로리로 연명을 했죠 이는 전쟁전에 소비한 열량의 4분의 1이었습니다
en-ko