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And now here is the daf-2 mutant. | والاَن هذا هو داف-2 المُتحول | en-ar |
One gene is changed out of 20,000, and look at it. | Един от 20 000 гени е променен, и погледнете. | en-bg |
It's the same age, but it's not in the nursing home; it's going skiing. | Hij heeft dezelfde leeftijd, maar ligt niet in het verpleeghuis; hij is gaan skiën. | en-nl |
This is what's really cool: it's aging more slowly. | 这就是最酷的地方：它衰老得更慢 | en-zh-cn |
It takes this worm two days to age as much as the normal worm ages in one day. | تحتاج هذه الدودة يومان لتكون في نفس العمر الذي تكون عليه الدودة الطبيعية في يوم واحد | en-ar |
And when I tell people about this, they tend to think of maybe an 80 or 90 year-old person who looks really good for being 90 or 80. | E quando lo dico alle persone, tendono ad immaginarsi una persona di 80 o 90 anni che sembra in buone condizioni per un 90enne o 80enne. | en-it |
But it's really more like this: let's say you're a 30 year-old guy -- or in your 30s -- and you're a bachelor and you're dating people. | Ale bardziej wygląda to tak: powiedzmy, że jesteście trzydziesto- lub trzydziestokilkuletnim mężczyzną, jesteście kawalerem i umawiacie się na randki. | en-pl |
And you meet someone you really like, you get to know her. | 然后你见到了一个中意的女孩，想多了解她 | en-zh-cn |
And you're in a restaurant, and you say, "Well how old are you?" | و در رستوران هستید و میپرسید،« خب چند سالته؟» | en-fa |
She says, "I'm 60." | והיא אומרת, "אני בת 60." | en-he |
That's what it's like. And you would never know. | Dış görünüşünden bunu asla anlayamazsınız. | en-tr |
You would never know, until she told you. | Vous n'en sauriez rien jusqu'à ce qu'elle vous le dise. | en-fr |
(Laughter) Okay. | (צחוק) או קיי | en-he |
So what is the daf-2 gene? | Що ж це за мутант даф-2 ген? | en-uk |
Well as you know, genes, which are part of the DNA, they're instructions to make a protein that does something. | Как известно, гены, часть ДНК, являются инструкциями для изготовления белка, который что-то делает. | en-ru |
And the daf-2 gene encodes a hormone receptor. | וגן ה daf-2 מקודד קולטן הורמונלי. | en-he |
So what you see in the picture there is a cell with a hormone receptor in red punching through the edge of the cell. | Also was in diesem Bild seht, ist eine Zelle mit einem Hormon Rezeptor in Rot welche den Rand einer Zelle durchdringt. | en-de |
So part of it is like a baseball glove. | Así que una parte es como un guante de béisbol. | en-es |
Part of it's on the outside, and it's catching the hormone as it comes by in green. | 外側にある部分のことで 緑色で描いたホルモンを受け取ります | en-ja |
And the other part is on the inside where it sends signals into the cell. | Iar cealalta parte este in interior si transmite semnale in celula. | en-ro |
Okay, so what is the daf-2 receptor telling the inside of the cell? | Что же рецептор daf-2 сообщает внутренней стороне клетки? | en-ru |
I just told you that, if you make a mutation in the daf-2 gene cell, that you get a receptor that doesn't work as well; the animal lives longer. | Vi ho appena accennato che, se mutate il gene del daf-2 nella cellula, otterrete un ricettore che non funziona altrettanto bene; gli animali vivono più a lungo. | en-it |
So that means that the normal function of this hormone receptor is to speed up aging. | 이 말인 즉슨, 이 호르몬 수용기의 정상적인 기능은 노화를 촉진시키는 것입니다 | en-ko |
That's what that arrow means. | Questo è il significato della freccia. | en-it |
It speeds up aging. It makes it go faster. | Nó có nghĩa la làm tăng tốc lão hoá. Khiến nó diễn ra nhanh hơn. | en-vi |
So it's like the animal has the grim reaper inside of itself, speeding up aging. | Це наче черв’як містить в собі безжалісного женця, який пришвидшує старіння. | en-uk |
So this is altogether really, really interesting. | سالمندی را تسریع میکند. اینها خب رویهم رفته واقعا جالب هستند. | en-fa |
It says that aging is subject to control by the genes, and specifically by hormones. | Isso indica que o envelhecimento está sujeito ao controle dos genes e especificamente dos hormônios. | en-pt-br |
So what kind of hormones are these? | Dakle, kakva vrsta hormona je to? | en-hr |
There's lots of hormones. There's testosterone, adrenalin. | Postoji mnogo hormona. Imamo testosteron, adrenalin. | en-hr |
You know about a lot of them. | Znate puno njih. | en-sr |
These hormones are similar to hormones that we have in our bodies. | Estes hormônios são similares aos hormônios que temos em nossos corpos. | en-pt-br |
The daf-2 hormone receptor is very similar to the receptor for the hormone insulin and IGF-1. | Хормоналният рецептор на даф-2 е много подобен на рецептора за хормона инсулин и ИГФ-1. | en-bg |
Now you've all heard of at least insulin. | Vous avez tous au moins entendu parler de l'insuline. | en-fr |
Insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of nutrients into your tissues after you eat a meal. | 인슐린은 사람들이 밥을 먹은 뒤 조직으로 가는 영양분의 흡수를 촉진시키는 호르몬입니다 | en-ko |
And the hormone IGF-1 promotes growth. | Hormon IGF-1 wspomaga wzrost. | en-pl |
So these functions were known for these hormones for a long time, but our studies suggested that maybe they had a third function that nobody knew about -- maybe they also affect aging. | Ove funkcije su poznate po tim hormonima već jako dugo, ali naše su nas studije navele na to da možda imaju i treću funkciju za koju nitko nije znao -- možda oni također utječu na starenje. | en-hr |
And it's looking like that's the case. | Vypadá to, že je to tak. | en-cs |
So after we made our discoveries with little C. elegans, people who worked on other kinds of animals started asking, if we made the same daf-2 mutation, the hormone receptor mutation, in other animals, will they live longer? | Nachdem wir unsere Entdeckungen mit dem kleinen C. elegans gemacht hatten, fragten uns Leute, welche mit anderen Tieren arbeiteten, ob wenn man die gleiche Daf-2 Mutation, der Hormon Rezeptor Mutation, in anderen Tieren durchführte, sie länger leben würden. | en-de |
And that is the case in flies. | 在苍蝇身上，是的 | en-zh-cn |
If you change this hormone pathway in flies, they live longer. | Ako promijenite put ovog hormona kod muha, one žive dulje. | en-hr |
And also in mice -- and mice are mammals like us. | Ebenfalls in Mäusen -- und Mäuse sind Säugetiere wie wir. | en-de |
So it's an ancient pathway, because it must have arisen a long time ago in evolution such that it still works in all these animals. | پس این یک مسیر کهن است، چون میباید خیلی وقت قبل در تکامل بوجود آمده باشد چون هنوز در همه این حیوانات کار میکند. | en-fa |
And also, the common precursor also gave rise to people. | รวมไปถึงบรรพบุรุษร่วมของมนุษย์ | en-th |
So maybe it's working in people the same way. | Možná tedy u lidí funguje stejným způsobem. | en-cs |
And there are hints of this. | Y hay indicios de ello. | en-es |
So for example, there was one study that was done in a population of Ashkenazi Jews in New York City. | Για παράδειγμα, υπήρχε μία έρευνα που είχε γίνει στον πληθυσμό των Ασκενάζι Εβραίων στην Νέα Υόρκη. | en-el |
And just like any population, most of the people live to be about 70 or 80, but some live to be 90 or 100. | وكأي تعداد سُكاني يعيش معظم الاشخاص بين عمر 70 أو 80, لكن بعظهم يعيش ليصل الى 90 أو 100 | en-ar |
And what they found was that people who lived to 90 or 100 were more likely to have daf-2 mutations -- that is, changes in the gene that encodes the receptor for IGF-1. | O que descubriron foi que era mais probable que as persoas que viviran ata os 90 ou 100 tiveran mutación daf-2, é dicir, cambios no xen que codifica o receptor de IGF-1. | en-gl |
And these changes made the gene not act as well as the normal gene would have acted. | שינויים אלה גרמו לגן להתנהג פחות טוב מאשר להתנהגות הגן הנורמלי. | en-he |
It damaged the gene. | Oštetilo je gen. | en-hr |
So those are hints suggesting that humans are susceptible to the effects of the hormones for aging. | これらは ヒトが老化を司るホルモンの影響を受ける というヒントです | en-ja |
So the next question, of course, is: Is there any effect on age-related disease? | Alors bien sûr, la question suivante est : est-ce qu'il y a des effets sur les maladies liées au vieillissement ? | en-fr |
As you age, you're much more likely to get cancer, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, all sorts of diseases. | Z wiekiem, wzrasta prawdopodobieństwo zachorowań na raka, Alzheimera, chorób serca, przeróżnych chorób. | en-pl |
It turns out that these long-lived mutants are more resistant to all these diseases. | Ukazuje se, že tito dlouhověcí mutanti jsou proti všem těmto nemocem odolnější. | en-cs |
They hardly get cancer, and when they do it's not as severe. | Eles dificilmente têm câncer, e quando têm, não é tão severo. | en-pt-br |
So it's really interesting, and it makes sense in a way, that they're still young, so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old? | E' una cosa molto interessante, certamente ragionevole, sono ancora giovani, quindi perché dovrebbero patire le malattie legate alla vecchiaia? | en-it |
So it suggests that, if we could have a therapeutic or a pill to take to replicate some of these effects in humans, maybe we would have a way of combating lots of different age-related diseases all at once. | Vậy, nó cho thấy rằng nếu chúng ta có một đơn thuốc điều trị để lặp lại những tác dụng như thế trên con người, thì có thể chúng ta sẽ có cách, để chống chọi với những bệnh liên quan đến người già tất cả cùng một lúc. | en-vi |
So how can a hormone ultimately affect the rate of aging? | كيف يُمكن لهرمون ان يؤثر مُعدل الشيخوخة | en-ar |
How could that work? | 原理是什么呢？ | en-zh-cn |
Well it turns out that in the daf-2 mutants, a whole lot of genes are switched on in the DNA that encode proteins that protect the cells and the tissues, and repair damage. | Daf-2 mutantların, ... ... hücre ve dokuları koruyan, proteinleri kodlayan ... ... birçok açık ortaya çıktı ... ... hasar onarıldı. | en-tr |
And the way that they're switched on is by a gene regulator protein called FOXO. | Actívanse mediante unha proteína reguladora de xenes chamada FOXO. | en-gl |
So in a daf-2 mutant -- you see that I have the X drawn here through the receptor. | Dakle, kod daf-2 mutanata -- vidite da sam stavio X ovdje kroz receptor. | en-hr |
The receptor isn't working as well. | Рецептор також не працює. | en-uk |
Under those conditions, the FOXO protein in blue has gone into the nucleus -- that little compartment there in the middle of the cell -- and it's sitting down on a gene binding to it. | Trong điều kiện đó, FOXO protein có màu xanh lam đã thâm nhập vào nhân tế bào cái phần nhỏ kia ở giữa tế bào và nằm trên một gen đang kết nối với nó. | en-vi |
You see one gene. There are lots of genes actually that bind on FOXO. | Je ziet een gen. In feite zijn er veel genen die zich binden aan FOXO. | en-nl |
And it's just sitting on one of them. | 并且坐落在它们其中的一个上面 | en-zh-cn |
So FOXO turns on a lot of genes. | Dakle, FOXO pokreće mnogo gena. | en-hr |
And the genes it turns on includes antioxidant genes, genes I call carrot-giver genes, whose protein products actually help other proteins to function well -- to fold correctly and function correctly. | I geni attivati includono geni antiossidanti, geni che io chiamo promotori, i cui prodotti proteici aiutano altre proteine a funzionare bene -- ossia a ripiegarsi e a funzionare correttamente. | en-it |
And it can also escort them to the garbage cans of the cell and recycle them if they're damaged. | それは細胞のゴミ箱へ運び もし損傷していたら再生します | en-ja |
DNA repair genes are more active in these animals. | ДНК оновлює гени, які є активними у цих тварин. | en-uk |
And the immune system is more active. | Si sistemul imunitar este mai activ. | en-ro |
And many of these different genes, we've shown, actually contribute to the long lifespan of the daf-2 mutant. | Nous avons montré que beaucoup de ces différents gènes contribuent réellement à la longue vie du mutant daf-2. | en-fr |
So it's really interesting. | ฉะนั้นมันน่าสนใจมาก | en-th |
These animals have within them the latent capacity to live much longer than they normally do. | Ove životinje u sebi nose latentni kapacitet da žive mnogo duže nego inače. | en-sr |
They have the ability to protect themselves from many kinds of damage, which we think makes them live longer. | Можуть захищатись від різних видів небезпек, що, на нашу думку, і продовжує їхнє життя. | en-uk |
So what about the normal worm? | では普通の線虫ではどうでしょうか？ | en-ja |
Well when the daf-2 receptor is active, then it triggers a series of events that prevent FOXO from getting into the nucleus where the DNA is. | Коли рецептор даф-2 активний, тоді він пускає в хід ряд подій, які не дозволяють FOXO потрапити в ядро, де знаходиться ДНК. | en-uk |
So it can't turn the genes on. | Może więc uruchomić geny. | en-pl |
That's how it works. That's why we don't see the long lifespan, until we have the daf-2 mutant. | So funktioniert es. Das ist der Grund, warum wir keine lange Lebensspanne sehen, bis wir einen Daf-2 Mutanten haben. | en-de |
But what good is this for the worm? | אך האם זה טוב לתולעת? | en-he |
Well we think that insulin and IGF-1 hormones are hormones that are particularly active under favorable conditions -- in the good times -- when food is plentiful and there's not a lot of stress in the environment. | Uważamy, że insulina i IGF-1, są szczególnie aktywnymi hormonami w sprzyjających warunkach, w dobrych czasach, gdy jest dużo pokarmu i mało stresu w otoczeniu. | en-pl |
Then they promote the uptake of nutrients. | Então elas estimulam a absorção de nutrientes. | en-pt |
You can store the food, use it for energy, grow, etc. | Je kan het voedsel opslaan, het gebruiken voor energie, om te groeien, etc. | en-nl |
But what we think is that, under conditions of stress, the levels of these hormones drop -- for example, having limited food supply. | لكن ما نعتقده أنه تحت ظروف الضغوط مُستوى تلك الهرمونات ينخفض على سبيل المثال وجود موارد محدودة للغذاء | en-ar |
And that, we think, is registered by the animal as a danger signal, a signal that things are not okay and that it should roll out its protective capacity. | Pensiamo che questo fatto sia registrato dagli animali come segnale di pericolo, un segnale che le cose non vanno bene e che dovrebbe attivare le sue capacità protettive. | en-it |
So it activates FOXO, FOXO goes to the DNA, and that triggers the expression of these genes that improves the ability of the cell to protect itself and repair itself. | فتُفعل فوكسو,فوكسو يذهب الى الحمض النووي وذلك يُطلق التعبير في نلك الجينات والتي تُحسن من قابلية الخلية على ان تحمي نفسها وتُصلح نفسها | en-ar |
And that's why we think the animals live longer. | I dlatego uważamy, że te zwierzęta żyją dłużej. | en-pl |
So you can think of FOXO as being like a building superintendent. | ดังนั้น เราสามารถคิดถึง FOXO ได้ดั่งผู้จัดการตึก | en-th |
So maybe he's a little bit lazy, but he's there, he's taking care of the building. | אולי הוא קצת עצלן, אבל הוא שם, והוא דואג לבניין. | en-he |
But it's deteriorating. | Pero se está deteriorando. | en-es |
And then suddenly, he learns that there's going to be a hurricane. | Então, de repente, ela fica sabendo que vai ocorrer um furacão. | en-pt-br |
So he doesn't actually do anything himself. | Hij doet eigenlijk niets zelf. | en-nl |
He gets on the telephone -- just like FOXO gets on the DNA -- and he calls up the roofer, the window person, the painter, the floor person. | Παίρνει τηλέφωνο -- ακριβώς όπως η FOXO μπαίνει στο DNA -- και καλεί τον υπεύθυνο για την ταράτσα, τον υπεύθυνο για τα παράθυρα, τον ελαιοχρωματιστή, τον πατωματζή. | en-el |
And they all come and they fortify the house. | Dhe të gjithë vijnë dhe fortifikojnë shtëpinë. | en-sq |
And then the hurricane comes through, and the house is in much better condition than it would normally have been in. | และเมื่อเฮอริเคนผ่านไป และบ้านก็อยู่ในสภาพที่ดีกว่าเดิมมาก กว่าแต่เดิมที่มันเป็น | en-th |
And not only that, it can also just last longer, even if there isn't a hurricane. | І не тільки це, він може простояти довше, якщо й нема урагану. | en-uk |
So that's the concept here for how we think this life extension ability exists. | Myslíme, že toto je koncept, jak funguje schopnost prodloužení života. | en-cs |
Now the really cool thing about FOXO is that there are different forms of it. | اما نکته خیلی جالب درباره FOXO این است که انواع متفاوتی از آن وجود دارد. | en-fa |
We all have FOXO genes, but we don't all have exactly the same form of the FOXO gene. | Wir haben alle FOXO Gene, aber wir haben nicht exakt die gleiche Form von FOXO Genen. | en-de |
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