english stringlengths 2 3.06k | non_english stringlengths 1 2.84k | language stringclasses 52
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Some languages have lots of words for colors, some have only a couple words, "light" and "dark." | Alcune lingue hanno molte parole per i colori, alcune hanno solo qualche parola, "chiaro" e "scuro". | en-it |
And languages differ in where they put boundaries between colors. | Kalbos skiriasi tuo, kur atsiranda ribos tarp spalvų. | en-lt |
So, for example, in English, there's a word for blue that covers all of the colors that you can see on the screen, but in Russian, there isn't a single word. | Par exemple, en anglais, il y a un mot pour le bleu qui recouvre toutes les couleurs visibles à l'écran. Mais en russe, il n'y a pas qu'un mot. | en-fr |
Instead, Russian speakers have to differentiate between light blue, "goluboy," and dark blue, "siniy." | Em russo, é preciso diferenciar o azul claro, "goluboy" do azul escuro, "siniy". | en-pt |
So Russians have this lifetime of experience of, in language, distinguishing these two colors. | Rusové tedy mají celoživotní praxi v jazykovém rozlišení těchto barev. | en-cs |
When we test people's ability to perceptually discriminate these colors, what we find is that Russian speakers are faster across this linguistic boundary. | Testen wir, wie gut Menschen diese Farben unterscheiden können, sehen wir, dass Russen diese sprachliche Grenze rascher überschreiten. | en-de |
They're faster to be able to tell the difference between a light and dark blue. | ئهوان خێراتر جیاكاریی دهكهن له نێوان شینی كاڵ و تۆخدا. | en-ku |
And when you look at people's brains as they're looking at colors -- say you have colors shifting slowly from light to dark blue -- the brains of people who use different words for light and dark blue will give a surprised reaction as the colors shift from light to dark, as if, "Ooh, something has categorically changed... | Når du ser på folks hjerne mens de ser på farger - si at du har farger som skifter sakte fra lyseblå til mørkeblå - vil hjernen til de som bruker ulike ord for lys og mørk blå gi en overraskende reaksjon idet fargene skifter fra lys til mørk, lik, "Åh, noe har endret seg kategorisk," mens, for eksempel, hjernen til ... | en-nb |
Languages have all kinds of structural quirks. | زمان پڕه له بونیادی نامۆ. | en-ku |
Lots of languages have grammatical gender; every noun gets assigned a gender, often masculine or feminine. | Banyak bahasa memiliki tata bahasa bergender; setiap kata benda diberikan gender, seringnya maskulin atau feminin. | en-id |
And these genders differ across languages. | Bu cinsiyetler dillerde farklılık gösteriyor. | en-tr |
So, for example, the sun is feminine in German but masculine in Spanish, and the moon, the reverse. | So ist die Sonne im Deutschen feminin, im Spanischen aber maskulin. Beim Mond ist es umgekehrt. | en-de |
Could this actually have any consequence for how people think? | ဒီတော့၊ အဲဒီအချက်က လူတွေရဲ့ စဉ်းစားပုံကို ပြောင်းလဲလာစေနိုင်ပါသလား။ | en-my |
Do German speakers think of the sun as somehow more female-like, and the moon somehow more male-like? | Чи німці вважають сонце більш жіночним, а місяць більш чоловічним? | en-uk |
Actually, it turns out that's the case. | למעשה, נראה שזה אכן מה שקורה. | en-he |
So if you ask German and Spanish speakers to, say, describe a bridge, like the one here -- "bridge" happens to be grammatically feminine in German, grammatically masculine in Spanish -- German speakers are more likely to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant" and stereotypically feminine words. | ဂျာမန်နဲ့ စပိန်လို ပြောဆိုကြသူတွေကို ဥပမာ၊ တံတားအကြောင်းကို ပြောပြခိုင်းပါက၊ ဒီလို တံတားကို ဆိုပါစို့-- "တံတား" ဟာ ဂျာမန်တွေ အတွက် ဣတ္ထိလိင် ဖြစ်နေကာ၊ စပိန်ထဲမှာ ပုလ္လိင် ဖြစ်နေတာမို့လို့-- ဂျာမန်လို ပြောဆိုကြသူတို့ဟာ တံတားတွေကို "လှလိုက်တာ""ကြော့ရှင်းလိုက်တာ" လို အမျိုးသမီးတွေအတွက် သုံးတဲ့ စကားလုံးတွေ သုံးကြမယ်။ | en-my |
Whereas Spanish speakers will be more likely to say they're "strong" or "long," these masculine words. | Sedangkan penutur bahasa Spanyol akan berpendapat bahwa "kokoh" atau "panjang", yang merupakan kata bersifat maskulin. | en-id |
(Laughter) Languages also differ in how they describe events, right? | (ရယ်သံများ) ပြီးတော့ ဘာသာစကားတွေဟာ ဖြစ်ရပ်တွေကို ဖေါ်ပြရာတွင်လည်း မတူကြပါဘူး။ | en-my |
You take an event like this, an accident. | Земете за пример несреќен случај. | en-mk |
In English, it's fine to say, "He broke the vase." | Anglų kalboje sakytume: „Jis sudaužė vazą“. | en-lt |
In a language like Spanish, you might be more likely to say, "The vase broke," or, "The vase broke itself." | Kalboje kaip ispanų sakytume: „Vaza sudužo“ arba „Vaza susidaužė“. | en-lt |
If it's an accident, you wouldn't say that someone did it. | Se é um acidente, não é necessário dizer que alguém o fez. | en-pt |
In English, quite weirdly, we can even say things like, "I broke my arm." | له ئینگلیزیدا دهتوانین بڵێین، "دهستی خۆم شكاند". | en-ku |
Now, in lots of languages, you couldn't use that construction unless you are a lunatic and you went out looking to break your arm -- (Laughter) and you succeeded. | Em muitos idiomas, não se pode usar essa construção a menos que você seja maluco e saia por aí pensando em quebrar seu braço e consiga fazer isso. | en-pt-br |
If it was an accident, you would use a different construction. | ئهگهر ڕوداو بێت شێوازێكی تر بهكار دێنیت. | en-ku |
Now, this has consequences. | Das hat Konsequenzen. | en-de |
So, people who speak different languages will pay attention to different things, depending on what their language usually requires them to do. | Žmonės, kalbantys skirtingomis kalbomis, atkreips dėmesį į skirtingus dalykus, priklausomai nuo to, ko jų kalba reikalauja. | en-lt |
So we show the same accident to English speakers and Spanish speakers, English speakers will remember who did it, because English requires you to say, "He did it; he broke the vase." | سنعرض نفس الحادث لمتحدث بالإنجليزية وآخر بالأسبانية، المُتحدث بالإنجليزية سيتذكر من فعل ذلك، لأن اللغة الإنجليزية تطلب منك قول، " لقد فعل ذلك: هو من كسر المزهرية." | en-ar |
Whereas Spanish speakers might be less likely to remember who did it if it's an accident, but they're more likely to remember that it was an accident. | Он је сломио вазу.“ Али, мање је вероватно да ће људи који говоре шпански запамтити ко је крив ако је била незгода, али је вероватније да ће запамтити да је била незгода. | en-sr |
They're more likely to remember the intention. | 意図的かどうかという点を 覚えているのです | en-ja |
So, two people watch the same event, witness the same crime, but end up remembering different things about that event. | Dúas persoas ven o mesmo suceso, son testemuñas do mesmo delito, pero lembran cousas diferentes dese suceso. | en-gl |
This has implications, of course, for eyewitness testimony. | Ова влијае врз сведочењата на очевидци. | en-mk |
It also has implications for blame and punishment. | Também tem implicações para a culpa e a punição. | en-pt |
So if you take English speakers and I just show you someone breaking a vase, and I say, "He broke the vase," as opposed to "The vase broke," even though you can witness it yourself, you can watch the video, you can watch the crime against the vase, you will punish someone more, you will blame someone more if I just sai... | Dakle, govornicima engleskog pokažem nekoga kako razbija vazu, i kažem "Razbio je vazu." umjesto "Vaza se razbila. ", čak i ako sami tome svjedočite, pogledate video, možete pogledati zločin nad vazom, više ćete kazniti nekoga drugoga, okrivit ćete nekoga drugoga više ako kažem "On ju je razbio." umjesto "Razbila se." | en-hr |
The language guides our reasoning about events. | Sprache steuert, wie wir Ereignisse beurteilen. | en-de |
Now, I've given you a few examples of how language can profoundly shape the way we think, and it does so in a variety of ways. | Já vos dei alguns exemplos de como a língua pode modelar profundamente a maneira como pensamos e fá-lo de diversas maneiras. | en-pt |
So language can have big effects, like we saw with space and time, where people can lay out space and time in completely different coordinate frames from each other. | 所以，語言的影響可能很大， 就像剛才空間和時間的例子， 大家在排列空間和時間時， 用完全不同的座標架構。 | en-zh-tw |
Language can also have really deep effects -- that's what we saw with the case of number. | Språk kan også ha virkelig stor effekt - det var det vi så i saken om tall. | en-nb |
Having count words in your language, having number words, opens up the whole world of mathematics. | Het hebben van telwoorden in je taal, getalwoorden hebben, opent de wereld van de wiskunde. | en-nl |
Of course, if you don't count, you can't do algebra, you can't do any of the things that would be required to build a room like this or make this broadcast, right? | Ha nem számolunk, nincs algebra, nincs semmi olyan, amivel képesek lennénk megépíteni egy ilyen termet, vagy ezt az előadást közvetíteni, nemde? | en-hu |
This little trick of number words gives you a stepping stone into a whole cognitive realm. | 數字字詞的小小計倆， 能給你一個墊腳石， 進入認知的國度。 | en-zh-tw |
Language can also have really early effects, what we saw in the case of color. | Вплив мови також може проявлятися дуже рано, що ми бачили на прикладі кольорів. | en-uk |
These are really simple, basic, perceptual decisions. | Bunlar basit, algısal kararlar. | en-tr |
We make thousands of them all the time, and yet, language is getting in there and fussing even with these tiny little perceptual decisions that we make. | Děláme jich tisíce a stejně je ovlivňuje jazyk a zasahuje do těch maličkých percepčních rozhodnutí, která děláme. | en-cs |
Language can have really broad effects. | ဘာသာစကား‘ဟာ ပိုကျယ်ပြန်တဲ့ သက်ရောက်မှုတွေ ရှိနိုင်တယ်။ | en-my |
So the case of grammatical gender may be a little silly, but at the same time, grammatical gender applies to all nouns. | بابهتی ڕهگهزیی ڕێزمانی سادهیه، بهڵام بهسهر ههموو ناوێكدا دهسهپێت. | en-ku |
That means language can shape how you're thinking about anything that can be named by a noun. | Això significa que l'idioma pot modelar com penses sobre qualsevol cosa que pugui ser anomenada. | en-ca |
That's a lot of stuff. | Bu gerçekten çok şey. | en-tr |
And finally, I gave you an example of how language can shape things that have personal weight to us -- ideas like blame and punishment or eyewitness memory. | Podałam też przykład tego, jak język kształtuje rzeczy o znaczeniu osobistym: winę i karę czy pamięć świadków. | en-pl |
These are important things in our daily lives. | Це важливі речі у нашому щоденному житті. | en-uk |
Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity is that it reveals to us just how ingenious and how flexible the human mind is. | A beleza da diversidade lingüística está en que nos revela o enxeñosa e flexible que é a mente humana. | en-gl |
Human minds have invented not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 -- there are 7,000 languages spoken around the world. | Žmogaus protas išrado ne vieną, o 7000 kognityvių visatų – tiek kalbų yra kalbama pasaulyje. | en-lt |
And we can create many more -- languages, of course, are living things, things that we can hone and change to suit our needs. | Mes galime sukurti dar daugiau. Kalbos yra gyvos, galime jas šlifuoti ir keisti pagal savo poreikius. | en-lt |
The tragic thing is that we're losing so much of this linguistic diversity all the time. | Het is tragisch dat we veel taalkundige verscheidenheid verliezen. | en-nl |
We're losing about one language a week, and by some estimates, half of the world's languages will be gone in the next hundred years. | 우리는 매주 하나의 언어를 잃으며 어떤 추산에 따르면 100년 뒤에는 약 절반의 언어가 지구상에서 사라질 것이라고 합니다. | en-ko |
And the even worse news is that right now, almost everything we know about the human mind and human brain is based on studies of usually American English-speaking undergraduates at universities. | E la notizia ancora peggiore è che, proprio ora, più o meno tutto quello che sappiamo sulla mente e sul cervello umano, è basato su studi fatti su studenti che parlano inglese americano, all'università. | en-it |
That excludes almost all humans. Right? | Det ekskluderer nesten alle mennesker. | en-nb |
So what we know about the human mind is actually incredibly narrow and biased, and our science has to do better. | Deci, ce știm despre mintea umană e incredibil de puțin și distorsionat, însă știința trebuie să fie mai bună de atât. | en-ro |
I want to leave you with this final thought. | Vreau să vă las cu acest gând final. | en-ro |
I've told you about how speakers of different languages think differently, but of course, that's not about how people elsewhere think. | Değişik diller konuşan insanların nasıl farklı düşündüklerini anlattım, ama tabii bu konu başka yerdeki insanların nasıl düşündüğü hakkında değil. | en-tr |
It's about how you think. | بهڵكو تۆ چۆن بیر دهكهیتهوه. | en-ku |
It's how the language that you speak shapes the way that you think. | Jak jazyk, kterým hovoříte, ovlivňuje to, jak přemýšlíte. | en-cs |
And that gives you the opportunity to ask, "Why do I think the way that I do?" | И това ви дава възможността да се запитате: „Защо мисля по този начин?“ | en-bg |
"How could I think differently?" | „Jak můžu přemýšlet jinak?“ | en-cs |
And also, "What thoughts do I wish to create?" | Исто така, „Какви мисли сакам да создадам?„ | en-mk |
Have you ever wanted to stay young a little longer and put off aging? | เคยไหมที่คุณอยากจะอยู่เป็นหนุ่มสาวนานกว่านี้สักนิด และเลื่อนวัยชราออกไป | en-th |
This is a dream of the ages. | Dieser Traum existiert sein Urzeiten. | en-de |
But scientists have for a long time thought this just was never going to be possible. | Maar wetenschappers hebben lange tijd gedacht dat dit nooit mogelijk zou zijn. | en-nl |
They thought you just wear out, there's nothing you can do about it -- kind of like an old shoe. | Вони думали, що людина старіє і нічого не вдієш – наче старий черевик. | en-uk |
But if you look in nature, you see that different kinds of animals can have really different lifespans. | Fakat, tabiata bakarsanız, farklı hayvan türlerinin, farklı yaşam sürelerini görebilirsiniz. | en-tr |
Now these animals are different from one another, because they have different genes. | 这些动物彼此不一样 是因为它们有不同的基因 | en-zh-cn |
So that suggests that somewhere in these genes, somewhere in the DNA, are genes for aging, genes that allow them to have different lifespans. | その事は 遺伝子のどこかに DNAのどこかに 加齢を司る遺伝子が それぞれ違った寿命をもたせる遺伝子があることを 示唆しています | en-ja |
So if there are genes like that, then you can imagine that, if you could change one of the genes in an experiment, an aging gene, maybe you could slow down aging and extend lifespan. | 所以有这样的基因 我们就能想像到 如果我们通过实验改变一个基因 那个衰老基因 说不定就可以延缓衰老，延长寿命 | en-zh-cn |
And if you could do that, then you could find the genes for aging. | Se se puidera, entón poderiamos atopar xenes para o envellecemento. | en-gl |
And if they exist and you can find them, then maybe one could eventually do something about it. | Pokud existují a pokud je lze nalézt, možná by se pak s tím případně dalo něco dělat. | en-cs |
So we've set out to look for genes that control aging. | Pra kemi nisur kërkimin për gene që kontrollojnë plakjen. | en-sq |
And we didn't study any of these animals. | けれどこれらの動物では研究しませんでした | en-ja |
Instead, we studied a little, tiny, round worm called C. elegans, which is just about the size of a comma in a sentence. | Zamiast tego, zbadaliśmy małego, drobnego nicienia, C. elegans, który jest mniej więcej rozmiarów przecinka w zdaniu. | en-pl |
And we were really optimistic that we could find something because there had been a report of a long-lived mutant. | 我们很有信心能找到相关的基因 因为曾经有种长寿变异的个体记录在案 | en-zh-cn |
So we started to change genes at random, looking for long-lived animals. | We begonnen genen te veranderen in willekeurige volgorde, op zoek naar langlevende dieren. | en-nl |
And we were very lucky to find that mutations that damage one single gene called daf-2 doubled the lifespan of the little worm. | และเราก็โชคดีมาก ที่ได้พบกับหนอนกลายพันธุ์ ที่ได้รับความเสียหาย ที่ยีนหนึ่งซึ่งเรียกว่า daf-2 ซึ่งมันทำให้อายุของหนอนตัวเล็กยาวขึ้นเป็นสองเท่า | en-th |
So you can see in black, after a month -- they're very short-lived; that's why we like to study them for studies of aging -- in black, after a month, the normal worms are all dead. | Siyah olan çizgide görebilirsiniz, bir ay sonra ... ... çok kısa yaşıyorlar, bu yüzden onlarla yaşlanma çalışmalarını ... ... çalışmayı seviyoruz .... ... normal solucanlar öldü, siyah çizgide olan.. | en-tr |
But at that time, most of the mutant worms are still alive. | Ali za to vrijeme, većina mutantnih crva još uvijek je živa. | en-hr |
And it isn't until twice as long that they're all dead. | و بعد از سپری شدن دو برابر عمر معمولیشان | en-fa |
And now I want to show what they actually look like in this movie here. | Şimdi, bu filmde aslında nasıl göründüklerini göstermek istiyorum. | en-tr |
So the first thing you're going to see is the normal worm when it's about college student age -- a young adult. | הדבר הראשון שאתם הולכים לראות זה התולעת הרגילה כאשר זה בגיל סטודנט צעיר -- בגיר | en-he |
It's quite a cute little fellow. | 牠還蠻可愛的吧 | en-zh-tw |
And next you're going to see the long-lived mutant when it's young. | Teraz zobaczycie długowiecznego mutanta, jak jest jeszcze młody. | en-pl |
So this animal is going to live twice as long. | この動物は２倍長く生きられます | en-ja |
Is it miserable? It doesn't seem to be. | Eshtë e vuajtshme? Nuk duket e tillë. | en-sq |
It's active. You can't tell the difference really. | 牠很活潑 其實你看不出差別 | en-zh-tw |
And they can be completely fertile -- have the same number of progeny as the normal worms do. | Вони можуть бути плодоносними - мати таку ж кількість потомства, як звичайні черв’яки. | en-uk |
Now get out your handkerchiefs here. | Şimdi, mendilinizi buraya çıkarın. | en-tr |
You're going to see, in just two weeks, the normal worms are old. | Ви побачите, що вже через два тижні звичайні черв’яки старіють. | en-uk |
You can see the little head moving down at the bottom there. | Vous pouvez voir la petite tête bouger en bas, là. | en-fr |
But everything else is just lying there. | Mas tudo o mais está apenas jazendo ali. | en-pt-br |
The animal's clearly in the nursing home. | Цей черв’як, очевидно, у домі для літніх людей. | en-uk |
And if you look at the tissues of the animal, they're starting to deteriorate. | 再看它的身体组织，能看到已经老化了 | en-zh-cn |
You know, even if you've never seen one of these little C. elegans -- which probably most of you haven't seen one -- you can tell they're old -- isn't that interesting? | 即使你沒看過秀麗線蟲這種小生物 你們大部分應該都沒看過 但還是看得出來牠們老了─很有趣對不對？ | en-zh-tw |
So there's something about aging that's kind of universal. | 老化することには 普遍的な何かがあるのです | en-ja |
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