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parallel-talks-deduplicated

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And how they're distributed really contributes to their underlying function.
A sposób ich rozmieszczenia jest ściśle powiązany z ich funkcjami.
en-pl
And of course, as I mentioned before, since we can now start to map brain function, we can start to tie these into the individual cells.
И конечно же, как я отметил ранее, поскольку мы сейчас можем начать составлять карту функций мозга, мы можем связать их с отдельными клетками.
en-ru
So let's take a deeper look.
讓我們更進一步地觀察。
en-zh-tw
Let's look at neurons.
Mari kita lihat sel-sel saraf.
en-ms
So as I mentioned, there are 86 billion neurons.
Come ho già detto, ce ne sono 86 miliardi.
en-it
There are also these smaller cells as you'll see.
Има и помали клетки, ќе видите.
en-mk
These are support cells -- astrocytes glia.
Inilah sel-sel penyokong -- glia astrosit.
en-ms
And the nerves themselves are the ones who are receiving input.
E os nervos, são eles mesmos que recebem a informação/estímulo (input).
en-pt
They're storing it, they're processing it.
Oni ga pohranjuju, oni ga obrađuju.
en-hr
Each neuron is connected via synapses to up to 10,000 other neurons in your brain.
Setiap sel saraf dihubungkan melalui sinaps-sinaps kepada lebih kurang 10,000 sel-sel saraf lain di dalam otak anda.
en-ms
And each neuron itself is largely unique.
و هررشته عصبی بتنهایی عمدتا منحصربفرد است.
en-fa
The unique character of both individual neurons and neurons within a collection of the brain are driven by fundamental properties of their underlying biochemistry.
Sự khác biệt trong chính mỗi tế bào, và của mỗi tế bào nằm trong một bộ sưu tập của não bộ được xác lập bởi những đặc điểm căn bản thuộc về tính chất hóa sinh của chúng.
en-vi
These are proteins.
ئەوانیش پڕۆتینەکانن
en-ku
They're proteins that are controlling things like ion channel movement.
イオンチャンネルの動きを制御する働きがあり
en-ja
They're controlling who nervous system cells partner up with.
وهي التي تتحكم بمن ترتبط به خلايا النظام العصبي.
en-ar
And they're controlling basically everything that the nervous system has to do.
I wpływają zasadniczo na wszystko, za co odpowiedzialny jest układ nerwowy.
en-pl
So if we zoom in to an even deeper level, all of those proteins are encoded by our genomes.
کەواتە ئەگەر بە شێوەیەکی نزیکتر، بۆ ئاستێکی قوڵتر هەموو ئەم پڕۆتینانە ئینکۆدیان هەیە لە توخمەکانماندا
en-ku
We each have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Setiap orang mempunyai 23 pasang kromosom.
en-ms
We get one from mom, one from dad.
Jeden od mámy, jeden od táty.
en-cs
And on these chromosomes are roughly 25,000 genes.
У этих хромосом примерно 25 000 генов.
en-ru
They're encoded in the DNA.
Jsou zakódované v DNA.
en-cs
And the nature of a given cell driving its underlying biochemistry is dictated by which of these 25,000 genes are turned on and at what level they're turned on.
Et la nature d'une cellule donnée qui induit sa biochimie sous-jacente est dictée par ceux de ces 25 000 gènes qui sont activés, et à quel niveau ils le sont.
en-fr
And so our project is seeking to look at this readout, understanding which of these 25,000 genes is turned on.
Więc nasz projekt ma na celu znalezienie takiego odczytu i zrozumienie, który z tych 25 000 genów jest włączony.
en-pl
So in order to undertake such a project, we obviously need brains.
För att kunna ta sig an ett sådant projekt behöver vi naturligtvis hjärnor.
en-sv
So we sent our lab technician out.
Biz de laboratuar teknisyenimizi yolladık.
en-tr
We were seeking normal human brains.
Tražili smo normalne ljudske mozgove.
en-hr
What we actually start with is a medical examiner's office.
O iš tikrųjų pradėjome medicininio tyrėjo kabinete.
en-lt
This a place where the dead are brought in.
Esse é um lugar para onde os mortos são trazidos.
en-pt-br
We are seeking normal human brains.
Vi letar efter normala mänskliga hjärnor.
en-sv
There's a lot of criteria by which we're selecting these brains.
وهناك الكثير من المواصفات التي ننتقي على أساسها تلك الأدمغة.
en-ar
We want to make sure that we have normal humans between the ages of 20 to 60, they died a somewhat natural death with no injury to the brain, no history of psychiatric disease, no drugs on board -- we do a toxicology workup.
年齢は20から60歳 自然死した人で 脳には傷がついていないこと 精神疾患歴がないこと 薬物使用歴がないこと 加えて毒物学検査も行います
en-ja
And we're very careful about the brains that we do take.
更に提供していただく脳にも 細心の注意を払っています
en-ja
We're also selecting for brains in which we can get the tissue, we can get consent to take the tissue within 24 hours of time of death.
Ми також маємо відібрати саме ті мізки, з яких ми можемо забрати тканину, тобто можемо отримати дозвіл взяти таку тканину не пізніше 24 годин з часу смерті.
en-uk
Because what we're trying to measure, the RNA -- which is the readout from our genes -- is very labile, and so we have to move very quickly.
Porque tratamos de medir el ARN -la lectura de nuestros genes- es muy lábil, por eso tenemos que movernos con rapidez.
en-es
One side note on the collection of brains: because of the way that we collect, and because we require consent, we actually have a lot more male brains than female brains.
Iš smegenų rinkimo užrašų: dėl to, kaip mes renkame smegenis, ir dėl to, kad mums reikia turėti sutikimą, mes turime daug daugiau vyrų smegenų negu moterų.
en-lt
Males are much more likely to die an accidental death in the prime of their life.
Много по-вероятно е мъж да загине в разцвета на живота си.
en-bg
And men are much more likely to have their significant other, spouse, give consent than the other way around.
Y es mucho más probable obtener el consentimiento del cónyuge, la esposa, que al revés.
en-es
(Laughter) So the first thing that we do at the site of collection is we collect what's called an MR.
(Śmiech) Więc pierwszą rzeczą, która robimy w miejscu pobrania to zrobienie rezonansu.
en-pl
This is magnetic resonance imaging -- MRI.
Isso é imageamento por ressonância magnética -- MRI.
en-pt-br
It's a standard template by which we're going to hang the rest of this data.
זוהי תבנית סטנדרטית שבאמצעותה נציג את כל הנתונים.
en-he
So we collect this MR.
所以我们收集这个MR
en-zh-cn
And you can think of this as our satellite view for our map.
Vous pouvez la considérer comme la vue satellite de notre carte.
en-fr
The next thing we do is we collect what's called a diffusion tensor imaging.
A próxima coisa que fazemos é coletar o que é chamado de imageamento por tensor de difusão.
en-pt-br
This maps the large cabling in the brain.
این نقشه ها سیمکشی های بزرگ مغزند.
en-fa
And again, you can think of this as almost mapping our interstate highways, if you will.
Може да мислите за това като магистрали свързващи различни щати.
en-bg
The brain is removed from the skull, and then it's sliced into one-centimeter slices.
这个大脑是从头盖骨上分离的 然后把它切成一厘米的薄片。
en-zh-cn
And those are frozen solid, and they're shipped to Seattle.
A te są dokładnie zamrażane i wysyłane do Seattle.
en-pl
And in Seattle, we take these -- this is a whole human hemisphere -- and we put them into what's basically a glorified meat slicer.
E em Seattle, nós fazemos isso -- isso é um hemisfério humano inteiro -- e o colocamos num tipo de fatiador de carne especial.
en-pt-br
There's a blade here that's going to cut across a section of the tissue and transfer it to a microscope slide.
Di sana ada pisau yang akan memotong bagian dari jaringan ini dan memindahkannya ke kaca objek mikroskop.
en-id
We're going to then apply one of those stains to it, and we scan it.
پاشان یەکێک لەو بۆیانەی لێ دەدەین وە سکانی دەکەین
en-ku
And then what we get is our first mapping.
כך מקבלים את המיפוי הראשון.
en-he
So this is where experts come in and they make basic anatomic assignments.
čímž vytvoří naši první mapu.
en-cs
You could consider this state boundaries, if you will, those pretty broad outlines.
你可以把這個想像成各州的界限， 就是那些很容易劃分的界限。
en-zh-tw
From this, we're able to then fragment that brain into further pieces, which then we can put on a smaller cryostat.
Από αυτό, μπορούμε, να τεμαχίσουμε τον εγκέφαλο σε περισσότερα κομμάτια τα οποία μπορούμε μετά να τοποθετήσουμε σ' έναν μικρότερο κρυοστάτη.
en-el
And this is just showing this here -- this frozen tissue, and it's being cut.
Og dette viser kun det her -- dette frosne væv, og det bliver skåret.
en-da
This is 20 microns thin, so this is about a baby hair's width.
ضخامت این 20 میکرونه درنتیجه این به پهنای یک تارموی بچه است.
en-fa
And remember, it's frozen.
Şi reţineţi, e îngheţat.
en-ro
And so you can see here, old-fashioned technology of the paintbrush being applied.
И тук можете да видите как сме приложили старомодната техника на четката за рисуване.
en-bg
We take a microscope slide.
לוקחים זכוכית נושאת
en-he
Then we very carefully melt onto the slide.
A seguir colamos cuidadosamente à lâmina.
en-pt
This will then go onto a robot that's going to apply one of those stains to it.
Aceasta merge apoi pe un robot care aplică un marcator pe ea.
en-ro
And our anatomists are going to go in and take a deeper look at this.
Потоа нашите анатоми подлабоко ќе го разгледаат ова.
en-mk
So again this is what they can see under the microscope.
Một lần nữa, đây là thứ họ sẽ thấy bên dưới kính hiển vi/
en-vi
You can see collections and configurations of large and small cells in clusters and various places.
Možete videti grupacije i oblike velikih i malih ćelija, i grupacija ćelija na raznim mestima.
en-sr
And from there it's routine. They understand where to make these assignments.
Bu noktadan sonrası rutin oluyor. Nereleri belirlemeleri gerektiğini biliyorlar.
en-tr
And they can make basically what's a reference atlas.
Dan mereka dapat membuat peta panduan.
en-id
This is a more detailed map.
ئەمە نەخشەیەکی چڕ و پڕ و داڕێژراوە
en-ku
Our scientists then use this to go back to another piece of that tissue and do what's called laser scanning microdissection.
علماؤنا بعدئذٍ يستخدمون تلك المراجع للرجوع إلى قطعةٍ أخرى من ذلك النسيج وعمل مايسمى بالتشريح الليزري الدقيق.
en-ar
So the technician takes the instructions.
Så teknikeren tager instruktionerne.
en-da
They scribe along a place there.
他們在這裡劃線，
en-zh-tw
And then the laser actually cuts.
然后激光真的做切割。
en-zh-cn
You can see that blue dot there cutting. And that tissue falls off.
Orada mavi noktanın olduğu yerin kesildiğini görebilirsiniz.
en-tr
You can see on the microscope slide here, that's what's happening in real time.
Itt láthatják a mikroszkopikus metszetet, ez valós időben történik.
en-hu
There's a container underneath that's collecting that tissue.
Há um recipiente por debaixo que recolhe aquele tecido.
en-pt
We take that tissue, we purify the RNA out of it using some basic technology, and then we put a florescent tag on it.
Tomamos ese tejido purificamos su ARN mediante varias tecnologías básicas y luego le ponemos una etiqueta fluorescente.
en-es
We take that tagged material and we put it on to something called a microarray.
ما اون ماده نشاندار رامیگیریم وچیزی بنام ریز فلش بهش متصل میکنیم.
en-fa
Now this may look like a bunch of dots to you, but each one of these individual dots is actually a unique piece of the human genome that we spotted down on glass.
A voi possono sembrare una serie di punti, ma ognuno di questi singoli punti è in realtà un pezzo unico del genoma umano che abbiamo individuato sul vetro.
en-it
This has roughly 60,000 elements on it, so we repeatedly measure various genes of the 25,000 genes in the genome.
Здесь около 60 000 элементов, так что мы постоянно изменяем разные гены, 25 000 генов в геноме.
en-ru
And when we take a sample and we hybridize it to it, we get a unique fingerprint, if you will, quantitatively of what genes are turned on in that sample.
Als we er een monster van nemen en het hybridiseren, krijgen we een unieke kwantitatieve vingerafdruk van welke genen in dat monster werden geactiveerd.
en-nl
Now we do this over and over again, this process for any given brain.
אנו עושים זאת שוב ושוב, את התהליך הזה לכל מוח נתון.
en-he
We're taking over a thousand samples for each brain.
Nous prenons plus d'un millier d'échantillons pour chaque cerveau.
en-fr
This area shown here is an area called the hippocampus.
Đây là phần đồi hãi mã của não.
en-vi
It's involved in learning and memory.
yang terlibat dalam pembelajaran dan ingatan.
en-id
And it contributes to about 70 samples of those thousand samples.
Dhe kontribon per rreth 70 mostra nga ato mijë mostra.
en-sq
So each sample gets us about 50,000 data points with repeat measurements, a thousand samples.
V každém vzorku je asi 50 tisíc "teček" čili dat. Z jednoho mozku máme tisíc vzorků.
en-cs
So roughly, we have 50 million data points for a given human brain.
Έτσι στο περίπου, έχουμε πενήντα εκατομμύρια σημεία δεδομένων για κάθε διαθέσιμο ανθρώπινο εγκέφαλο.
en-el
We've done right now two human brains-worth of data.
Éppen most csináltunk meg két emberi agynyi adatot.
en-hu
We've put all of that together into one thing, and I'll show you what that synthesis looks like.
Viską sudėjome kartu į vieną vietą ir dabar parodysiu jums, kaip ši sintezė atrodo.
en-lt
It's basically a large data set of information that's all freely available to any scientist around the world.
این اساسا یک مجموعه بزرگ داده ها از اطلاعاتی است که آزادانه دردسترس هردانشمندی درهرنقطه ازجهانه.
en-fa
They don't even have to log in to come use this tool, mine this data, find interesting things out with this.
Jiems net nereikia prisijungti, norint naudotis šiuo įrankiu, tyrinėti šiuos duomenis, rasti įdomių dalykų.
en-lt
So here's the modalities that we put together.
Kështu që këtu është modalitetet që ne kemi vënë së bashku.
en-sq
You'll start to recognize these things from what we've collected before.
こちらの画像は先ほどもお見せしましたね
en-ja
Here's the MR. It provides the framework.
這是MR，它給我們一個骨架。
en-zh-tw
There's an operator side on the right that allows you to turn, it allows you to zoom in, it allows you to highlight individual structures.
Има оперативно табло в дясно, което ви позволява да завъртите, позволява ви да приближите обекта, позволява ви да подчертаете индивидуални структури.
en-bg
But most importantly, we're now mapping into this anatomic framework, which is a common framework for people to understand where genes are turned on.
Hlavně však můžeme na tomto názorném anatomickém podkladu mapovat oblasti, v nichž je ten který gen zapnutý.
en-cs
So the red levels are where a gene is turned on to a great degree.
Nei livelli rossi viene attivato un gene al massimo grado.
en-it
Green is the sort of cool areas where it's not turned on.
Gröna områden är svalare områden där genen inte är aktiverad
en-sv
And each gene gives us a fingerprint.
Ir kiekvienas genas duoda mums atspaudą.
en-lt
And remember that we've assayed all the 25,000 genes in the genome and have all of that data available.
Mos harroni se kemi testuar të gjitha 25.000 gjenet e gjenomit dhe kemi të gjitha të dhënat në dispozicion.
en-sq
So what can scientists learn about this data?
Co z těch "otisků" mohou vědci zjistit?
en-cs