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parallel-talks-deduplicated

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So think about this experiment for minute.
Pra, mendojeni një çast këtë eksperiment.
en-sq
You're going to sit on these hard chairs for an hour and a half.
יושבים על הכיסאות הקשים הללו במשך שעה וחצי.
en-he
Some mad scientist is going to jab your arm with a needle and take four tubes of blood.
Некој луд научник ќе ви забие шприц во раката и ќе ви земе четири епрувети крв.
en-mk
And now you want me to give up this money and ship it to a stranger?
Հիմա էլ ցանկանում եք, որ ես այս գումարը տամ ուրիշին:
en-hy
So this was the birth of vampire economics.
由此诞生了吸血鬼经济学。
en-zh-cn
Make a decision and give me some blood.
Buat keputusan dan berikan darah Anda.
en-id
So in fact, experimental economists had run this test around the world, and for much higher stakes, and the consensus view was that the measure from the first person to the second was a measure of trust, and the transfer from the second person back to the first measured trustworthiness.
Е, фактически експериментиращите икономисти са провеждали този тест по целия свят, с много по-големи залози и единодушното мнение бе, че мярката на даване от първия към втория е мярка на доверие, а трансферът от втория, обратно към първия - измерената надеждност.
en-bg
But in fact, economists were flummoxed on why the second person would ever return any money.
Mutta taloustieteilijät olivat hämmentyneitä, miksi toinen henkilö palauttaisi koskaan yhtään rahaa.
en-fi
They assumed money is good, why not keep it all?
Họ cho rằng tiền là tốt vậy sao không giữ lại hết?
en-vi
That's not what we found.
Bizim bulduğumuz bu değildi.
en-tr
We found 90 percent of the first decision-makers sent money, and of those who received money, 95 percent returned some of it.
90% იმათგან, ვინც პირველ გადატყვეტილებას იღებდა, აგზავნიდა თანხას და მათგან, ვინც თანხას იღებდა, 95% უკან აბრუნებდა თანხის ნაწილს.
en-ka
But why?
왜 그랬을까요?
en-ko
Well by measuring oxytocin we found that the more money the second person received, the more their brain produced oxytocin, and the more oxytocin on board, the more money they returned.
Iată ce am aflat măsurând oxitocina: cu cât destinatarul primea mai mulți bani, cu atât creierul producea mai multă oxitocină și suma de bani returnată creștea direct proporțional cu nivelul oxitocinei.
en-ro
So we have a biology of trustworthiness.
Tak wygląda biologia wiarygodności.
en-pl
But wait. What's wrong with this experiment?
Ama bekleyin, bu deneyde yanlış olan ne?
en-tr
Two things.
Дві речі.
en-uk
One is that nothing in the body happens in isolation.
Unu: toate reacțiile din corp sunt plurivalente.
en-ro
So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin, but they didn't have any effect.
We maten dus 9 andere molecules die met oxytocine interageren, maar die hadden geen enkel effect.
en-nl
But the second is that I still only had this indirect relationship between oxytocin and trustworthiness.
Но второто е дека сеуште ја имаме само оваа индиректна врска помеѓу окситоцинот и доверливоста.
en-mk
I didn't know for sure oxytocin caused trustworthiness.
Nuk e dija me siguri që oksitocina shkaktonte besueshmërinë.
en-sq
So to make the experiment, I knew I'd have to go into the brain and manipulate oxytocin directly.
Joten tehdäkseni kokeen, minun täytyi lähestyä aivoja ja manipuloida oksitosiinin eritystä suoraan.
en-fi
I used everything short of a drill to get oxytocin into my own brain.
J'ai utilisé tout ce qui n'était pas un foret pour mettre l'ocytocine dans mon propre cerveau.
en-fr
And I found I could do it with a nasal inhaler.
Am aflat că pot să fac asta cu un inhalator nazal.
en-ro
So along with colleagues in Zurich, we put 200 men on oxytocin or placebo, had that same trust test with money, and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust, we can more than double the number of people who sent all their money to a stranger -- all without altering mood or cognition.
ومع زملاء لي في زيورخ، حقنا مئتين شخص بالأوكسيتوسين ودواء وهمي آخر لا تأثير له لغرض المقارنة، وقمنا بذات الإختبار بواسطة المال فوجدنا أن هؤلاء الذين أخذوا جرعة الأوكسيتوسين لم يظهروا مستويات ثقة أعلى فقط، بل إستطعنا أن نضاعف عدد الأشخاص الذين سبق وأرسلوا أموالهم إلى شخص غريب -- بدون أي تغيير في المزاج أو الإدراك.
en-ar
So oxytocin is the trust molecule, but is it the moral molecule?
Así, la oxitocina es la molécula de la confianza pero, ¿es la molécula moral?
en-es
Using the oxytocin inhaler, we ran more studies.
Използвайки инхалатора на окситоцин направихме повече изследвания.
en-bg
We showed that oxytocin infusion increases generosity in unilateral monetary transfers by 80 percent.
И показали, что введение окситоцина повышает щедрость в односторонних переводах денег на 80 процентов.
en-ru
We showed it increases donations to charity by 50 percent.
เราได้แสดงให้เห็นว่า มันเพิ่มการบริจาคเพื่อการกุศล ถึง 50 เปอร์เซ็นต์
en-th
We've also investigated non-pharmacologic ways to raise oxytocin.
Vi har også undersøgt ikke-farmakologiske måder at forhøje oxytocin.
en-da
These include massage, dancing and praying.
ما همچنین برروی راه‌های غیردارویی افزایش اکسی توسین شامل ماساژ..رقصیدن ویا دعا ونمازخواندن تحقیق کرده ایم. ما همچنین برروی راه‌های غیردارویی افزایش اکسی توسین شامل ماساژ..رقصیدن ویا دعا ونمازخواندن تحقیق کرده ایم.
en-fa
Yes, my mom was happy about that last one.
Vâng, mẹ tôi rất hài lòng với phương pháp cuối.
en-vi
And whenever we raise oxytocin, people willingly open up their wallets and share money with strangers.
Aina kun nostimme oksitosiinin määrää, ihmiset mielellään raottivat lompakkoaan ja jakoivat rahojaan tuntemattomien kanssa.
en-fi
But why do they do this?
მაგრამ რატომ აკეთებენ ამას?
en-ka
What does it feel like when your brain is flooded with oxytocin?
Πως νιώθεις όταν ο εγκέφαλός σου πλημμυρίζει με ωκυτοκίνη;
en-el
To investigate this question, we ran an experiment where we had people watch a video of a father and his four year-old son, and his son has terminal brain cancer.
이 질문을 조사하기 위해서, 우리는 실험을해서 사람들에게 비디오를 시청하게 했습니다, 이것은 한 아버지와 그의 네살짜리 아들에 관한 것으로 그 아들이 치명적인 뇌암을가진 비디오였습니다
en-ko
After they watched the video, we had them rate their feelings and took blood before and after to measure oxytocin.
Setelah mereka menontonnya, kami menilai perasaan mereka dan mengambil darah sebelum dan sesudahnya untuk mengukur oksitosin.
en-id
The change in oxytocin predicted their feelings of empathy.
Los niveles de oxitocina predijeron sentimientos de empatía.
en-es
So it's empathy that makes us connect to other people.
Значи емпатијата придонесува да се поврземе со другите луѓе.
en-mk
It's empathy that makes us help other people.
Съчувствието е, което ни кара да помагаме на другите.
en-bg
It's empathy that makes us moral.
Empati bizi ahlaklı yapıyordu.
en-tr
Now this idea is not new.
ความคิดนี้ไมไ่ด้แปลกใหม่เลย
en-th
A then unknown philosopher named Adam Smith wrote a book in 1759 called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."
Un philosophe alors inconnu, Adam Smith a écrit un livre en 1759 intitulé «La Théorie des sentiments moraux».
en-fr
In this book, Smith argued that we are moral creatures, not because of a top-down reason, but for a bottom-up reason.
I denne boken sier Smith at vi er moralske vesener, ikke på grunn av en topp-ned begrunnelse, men fra en bunnen-opp begrunnelse.
en-nb
He said we're social creatures, so we share the emotions of others.
그가 말하길 우리는 사회적인 생물체이어서 다른사람들과 정서를 공유한다고 했습니다
en-ko
So if I do something that hurts you, I feel that pain.
Dacă fac ceva ce te rănește, îți simt durerea
en-ro
So I tend to avoid that.
Por eso trato de evitarlo.
en-es
If I do something that makes you happy, I get to share your joy.
Jestli udělám něco, z čeho máš radost, budu moct tu radost sdílet.
en-cs
So I tend to do those things.
Buna göre, bunları yapmaya meyilliyim.
en-tr
Now this is the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later, would write a little book called "The Wealth of Nations" -- the founding document of economics.
Tämä on sama Adam Smith, joka 17 vuotta myöhemmin kirjoitti kirjan "Kansojen varallisuus" -- taloustieteen pioneeriteoksen.
en-fi
But he was, in fact, a moral philosopher, and he was right on why we're moral.
ความจริงแล้วเขาเป็น นักปรัชญาทางศีลธรรม และเขากล่าวถูกต้องว่า ทำไมเรามีศีลธรรม
en-th
I just found the molecule behind it.
Minä vain satuin löytämään sen takana olevan molekyylin.
en-fi
But knowing that molecule is valuable, because it tells us how to turn up this behavior and what turns it off.
Világos, hogy értékes molekuláról van szó, hiszen árulkodik arról, hogy mi váltja ki és mi rekeszti be ezt a viselkedést.
en-hu
In particular, it tells us why we see immorality.
Em particular, diz-nos porque vemos imoralidade.
en-pt
So to investigate immorality, let me bring you back now to 1980.
Az erkölcstelenség vizsgálatához tehát hadd kalauzoljak vissza benneteket az 1980-as évekbe.
en-hu
I'm working at a gas station on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, California.
Ես աշխատում էի բենզալցակայանում, Սանտա Բարբարայի ծայրամասում, Կալիֆորնիայում:
en-hy
You sit in a gas station all day, you see lots of morality and immorality, let me tell you.
Ulur gjithë ditën në një karburant, sheh lloj-lloj moraliteti dhe imoraliteti, besomani.
en-sq
So one Sunday afternoon, a man walks into my cashier's booth with this beautiful jewelry box.
Jedno nedeľné popoludnie muž vojde do mojej pokladníckej kabínky s krásnou krabicou na šperky.
en-sk
Opens it up and there's a pearl necklace inside.
打開來看是珍珠項鏈在裡頭
en-zh-tw
And he said, "Hey, I was in the men's room.
Și spune: „Era în toaleta bărbaților.
en-ro
I just found this. What do you think we should do with it?"
これを見つけたんだが　 どうしたらいいと思う？」
en-ja
"I don't know, put it in the lost and found."
"ไม่รู้สิ เอาไปใส่ในกล่องของหายไหม"
en-th
"Well this is very valuable.
"Vel, denne er ganske verdifull.
en-nb
We have to find the owner for this." I said, "Yea."
Мораме да го најдеме сопственикот."
en-mk
So we're trying to decide what to do with this, and the phone rings.
Tôi đáp: "Phải." Thế là chúng tôi đang cố gắng quyết định xem nên làm gì với nó vừa lúc điện thoại reo.
en-vi
And a man says very excitedly, "I was in your gas station a while ago, and I bought this jewelry for my wife, and I can't find it."
و مردی خیلی هیجان زده میگه "من مدتی قبل توی پمپ بنزین شما بودم و این جواهرو برای همسرم خریده ام ولی نمیتونم پیداش کنم."
en-fa
I said, "Pearl necklace?" "Yeah."
「真珠のネックレスですか？」 「そうだ」
en-ja
"Hey, a guy just found it."
"Да." "Еј, само што го најде еден дечко."
en-mk
"Oh, you're saving my life. Here's my phone number.
"Ó, zachránili ste mi život. Toto je moje telefónne číslo.
en-sk
Tell that guy to wait half an hour.
Anh bảo anh ấy chờ tôi nửa tiếng nữa nhé.
en-vi
I'll be there and I'll give him a $200 reward."
Jövök, és adok neki 200 dollár jutalmat."
en-hu
Great, so I tell the guy, "Look, relax.
Excelente, então eu digo ao tipo, "Olha, tranquilo.
en-pt
Get yourself a fat reward. Life's good."
Dobićeš debelu nagradu.
en-sr
He said, "I can't do it.
Κι εκείνος: «Δεν μπορώ να μείνω.
en-el
I have this job interview in Galena in 15 minutes, and I need this job, I've got to go."
我15分钟后在加利纳有一个面试， 我真的需要这份工作，我得走了。”
en-zh-cn
Again he asked me, "What do you think we should do?"
อีกครั้ง เขาถามผม "คุณคิดว่า เราควรทำอย่างไร"
en-th
I'm in high school. I have no idea.
Ja som na strednej škole.
en-sk
So I said, "I'll hold it for you."
Δεν έχω ιδέα. Έτσι του απάντησα: «Θα στο κρατήσω εγώ».
en-el
He said, "You know, you've been so nice, let's split the reward."
"Ved du hvad, du har været så rar, så lad os dele belønningen", siger han.
en-da
I'll give you the jewelry, you give me a hundred dollars, and when the guy comes ... " You see it. I was conned.
Jeg gir deg smykket, du gir meg 600 kroner, og når mannen kommer..." Du ser det. Jeg ble lurt.
en-nb
So this is a classic con called the pigeon drop, and I was the pigeon.
Ovo je klasična prevara u kojoj sam ja bio meta.
en-sr
So the way many cons work is not that the conman gets the victim to trust him, it's that he shows he trusts the victim.
Jadi cara kerja dari banyak penipu bukan membuat korbannya mempercayai penipu itu, namun dia menunjukkan dia mempercayai si korban.
en-id
Now we know what happens.
Сега знаеме што се случува.
en-mk
The victim's brain releases oxytocin, and you're opening up your wallet or purse, giving away the money.
Offerets hjerne frigir oksytosin, og du åpner opp lommeboken eller vesken, og gir bort pengene.
en-nb
So who are these people who manipulate our oxytocin systems?
操弄我們的催産素系統的 是些什麽人？
en-zh-tw
We found, testing thousands of individuals, that five percent of the population don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
Hallamos, en pruebas con miles de personas, que el 5% de la población no libera oxitocina ante el estímulo.
en-es
So if you trust them, their brains don't release oxytocin.
Así, aunque uno confíe en ellos, sus cerebros no liberan oxitocina.
en-es
If there's money on the table, they keep it all.
Ako postoji novac na stolu, zadržat će sve.
en-hr
So there's a technical word for these people in my lab.
که درنتیجه یک کلمه فنی برای این افراد درآزمایشگاه من وجود داره.
en-fa
We call them bastards.
فنحن ندعوهم " الأوغاد "
en-ar
(Laughter) These are not people you want to have a beer with.
（笑声） 这些人，绝对不是你愿意与之一起喝一杯的那一类。
en-zh-cn
They have many of the attributes of psychopaths.
Ata bartin shumë nga huqet e psikopatëve.
en-sq
Now there are other ways the system can be inhibited.
Existujú iné spôsoby, ako systém môže byť potlačený.
en-sk
One is through improper nurturing.
Единият е чрез неправилно възпитание.
en-bg
So we've studied sexually abused women, and about half those don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
Vì thế chúng tôi đã nghiên cứu những phụ nữ bị lạm dụng tình dục, và khoảng một nửa trong số họ không giải phóng oxytocin khi bị kích thích.
en-vi
You need enough nurturing for this system to develop properly.
فأنت تحتاج إلى تربية صحيحة كافية لكى يتطور هذا النظام بصورة صحيحة.
en-ar
Also, high stress inhibits oxytocin.
Ещё повышенный стресс подавляет окситоцин.
en-ru
So we all know this, when we're really stressed out, we're not acting our best.
Donc, nous le savons tous, quand nous sommes vraiment stressé, nous n'agissons pas de notre mieux.
en-fr
There's another way oxytocin is inhibited, which is interesting -- through the action of testosterone.
Има друг начин за инхибирање на окситоцинот, што е интересно -- преку дејството на тестостеронот.
en-mk
So we, in experiments, have administered testosterone to men.
Podczas eksperymentów podawaliśmy mężczyznom testosteron
en-pl
And instead of sharing money, they become selfish.
Ve para paylaşmak yerine, bencil oldular.
en-tr