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And so many people, I guess, watch those videos. | 아마도 굉장히 많은 사람들이 그 비디오를 본 것 같습니다 | en-ko |
People have been coming up to me ever since to ask me questions about spaghetti sauce, which is a wonderful thing in the short term -- (Laughter) but it's proven to be less than ideal over seven years. | Njerezit kane ardhur tek une qe atehere per te me pyetur pytje rreth sosit te shpagetave, e cila eshte nje gje e mrekullueshme brenda nje periudhe te shkurter-- (Buzeqeshje) por eshte deshmuar qe eshte me pak se ideale ne me shume se shtate vite. | en-sq |
And so I though I would come and try and put spaghetti sauce behind me. | I tako sam pomislio da dođem da probam da se rešim tog sosa za špagete. | en-sr |
(Laughter) The theme of this morning's session is Things We Make. | (Nevetés) A mai délelőtt témája "Dolgok, amiket készítünk". | en-hu |
And so I thought I would tell a story about someone who made one of the most precious objects of his era. | 我讲的故事 是关于一个人 他创造了他那个时代 最宝贵的东西 | en-zh-cn |
And the man's name is Carl Norden. | و اسم این شخص کارل نوردِن است. | en-fa |
Carl Norden was born in 1880. | Carl Norden出生於1880年 | en-zh-tw |
And he was Swiss. | スイス人です | en-ja |
And of course, the Swiss can be divided into two general categories: those who make small, exquisite, expensive objects and those who handle the money of those who buy small, exquisite, expensive objects. | Y, claro, los suizos se dividen en 2 categorías generales: los que hacen objetos costosos, pequeños y exquisitos, y los que administran el dinero de quienes compran objetos costosos, pequeños y exquisitos. | en-es |
And Carl Norden is very firmly in the former camp. | و کارل نوردِن به خوبی در گروه اول قرار دارد. | en-fa |
He's an engineer. | E' un ingegnere. | en-it |
He goes to the Federal Polytech in Zurich. | Belajar di Federal Polytech di Zurich. | en-id |
In fact, one of his classmates is a young man named Lenin who would go on to break small, expensive, exquisite objects. | Na verdade, um de seus colegas é um jovem chamado Lênin que seguiria para quebrar pequenos, caros e requintados objetos. | en-pt-br |
And he's a Swiss engineer, Carl. | I on je švicarski inženjer, Carl. | en-hr |
And I mean that in its fullest sense of the word. | E lo intendo nel senso più completo del termine. | en-it |
He wears three-piece suits; and he has a very, very small, important mustache; and he is domineering and narcissistic and driven and has an extraordinary ego; and he works 16-hour days; and he has very strong feelings about alternating current; and he feels like a suntan is a sign of moral weakness; and he drinks lots ... | او کت و شلوار رسمی میپوشد: و سبیل خیلی خیلی کوچک و مهمی دارد¼ اون خیلی متحکم و از خودراضی بود و اعتماد به نفس خیلی عمیقی دارد؛ و اعتماد به نفس خیلی عمیقی دارد؛ ۱۶ ساعت در روز کار میکند؛ و احساس خیلی شدیدی نسبت به جریان متناوب دارد؛ و احساس میکند که برنزه کردن نشانه صعف اخلاقیست. و خیلی زیاد قهوه میخورد. و بهترین ک... | en-fa |
In any case, Carl Norden emigrates to the United States just before the First World War and sets up shop on Lafayette Street in downtown Manhattan. | Per cdo rast, Carl Norden emigron ne Shtetet e Bashkuara pak para Luftes se Pare Boterore dhe drejton nje dyqan ne Rrugen Lafayette ne qender Manhattan. | en-sq |
And he becomes obsessed with the question of how to drop bombs from an airplane. | I postaje opsednut pitanjem kako bacati bombe iz aviona. | en-sr |
Now if you think about it, in the age before GPS and radar, that was obviously a really difficult problem. | Si vous y réfléchissez, avant les GPS et les radars, c’était manifestement un vrai problème. | en-fr-ca |
It's a complicated physics problem. | Het is een ingewikkelde natuurkundige kwestie. | en-nl |
You've got a plane that's thousands of feet up in the air, going at hundreds of miles an hour, and you're trying to drop an object, a bomb, towards some stationary target in the face of all kinds of winds and cloud cover and all kinds of other impediments. | Имате самолет, който е на хиляди метри във въздуха, който лети със стотици километри в час, и се опитвате да хвърлите даден обект, една бомба, към някаква неподвижна цел, при условие че има ветрове и облаци, и всякакви други препятствия. | en-bg |
And all sorts of people, moving up to the First World War and between the wars, tried to solve this problem, and nearly everybody came up short. | Her türden insan Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında ve iki savaş arasında bu problemi çözmeye çalıştı, ama neredeyse hepsi başarısız oldu. | en-tr |
The bombsights that were available were incredibly crude. | Tadašnje nišanske sprave su bile veoma primitivne. | en-sr |
But Carl Norden is really the one who cracks the code. | Ali Carl Norden je bio taj koji je doista uspio probiti led. | en-hr |
And he comes up with this incredibly complicated device. | 非常に複雑な装置を考案しました | en-ja |
It weighs about 50 lbs. | 大概有50磅重 | en-zh-cn |
It's called the Norden Mark 15 bombsight. | Adı Norden Mark 15 bombardıman vizörü. | en-tr |
And it has all kinds of levers and ball-bearings and gadgets and gauges. | Und er hat allerhand Hebel und Kugellager und Vorrichtungen und Anzeigen. | en-de |
And he makes this complicated thing. | E ele faz essa coisa complicada. | en-pt-br |
And what he allows people to do is he makes the bombardier take this particular object, visually sight the target, because they're in the Plexiglas cone of the bomber, and then they plug in the altitude of the plane, the speed of the plane, the speed of the wind and the coordinates of the target. | و امکانی که او به مردم میدهد اینست که بمبانداز این وسیله را بر میدارد، هدف را با چشم ببیند، چون آنها در مخروط شیشهای بمب هستند، سپس ارتفاع هواپیما، سرعت هواپیما، سرعت باد و مختصات هدف را وارد میکنند. سرعت هواپیما، سرعت باد و مختصات هدف را وارد میکنند. سرعت هواپیما، سرعت باد و مختصات هدف را وارد میکنند. | en-fa |
And the bombsight will tell him when to drop the bomb. | و بمبانداز به او میگوید که کِی بمب را رها کند. | en-fa |
And as Norden famously says, "Before that bombsight came along, bombs would routinely miss their target by a mile or more." | Sono famose la parole di Norden: "Prima che questo mirino fosse in uso, le bombe mancavano di continuo il bersaglio di un miglio e anche più". | en-it |
But he said, with the Mark 15 Norden bombsight, he could drop a bomb into a pickle barrel at 20,000 ft. | მაგრამ მისი სიტყვებით, მისი მოწყობილობის მეშვეობით შესაძლებელი იყო ბომბის მიზანში მორტყმა 6 კილომეტრის სიმაღლიდან. | en-ka |
Now I cannot tell you how incredibly excited the U.S. military was by the news of the Norden bombsight. | I ne mogu vam reći koliko je bila uzbuđena američka vojska otkrićem Nordenovog nišana. | en-hr |
It was like manna from heaven. | Это была как манна небесная. | en-ru |
Here was an army that had just had experience in the First World War, where millions of men fought each other in the trenches, getting nowhere, making no progress, and here someone had come up with a device that allowed them to fly up in the skies high above enemy territory and destroy whatever they wanted with pinpoin... | Aqui estava um exército que tinha acabado de ter a experiência da Primeira Guerra Mundial, na qual milhões de homens lutaram uns contra os outros em trincheiras, chegando a lugar nenhum, sem progresso, e aí aparece alguém com um instrumento que lhes permitia voar nos céus bem acima no território inimigo e destruir o qu... | en-pt-br |
And the U.S. military spends 1.5 billion dollars -- billion dollars in 1940 dollars -- developing the Norden bombsight. | И војската на САД потрошила 1.5 милијарди долари, милијарди долари уште во тоа време, за да го развијат Норден наведувачот. | en-mk |
And to put that in perspective, the total cost of the Manhattan project was three billion dollars. | Karşılaştırma için söylüyorum Manhattan Projesi'nin maliyeti 3 milyar dolardı. | en-tr |
Half as much money was spent on this Norden bombsight as was spent on the most famous military-industrial project of the modern era. | Pour le viseur Norden ils ont dépensé la moitié de ce qui a été dépensé pour le projet militaire le plus célèbre de l’ère moderne. | en-fr-ca |
And there were people, strategists, within the U.S. military who genuinely thought that this single device was going to spell the difference between defeat and victory when it came to the battle against the Nazis and against the Japanese. | Och det fanns människor, strateger, inom den amerikanska militären som genuint trodde att denna enda apparat skulle göra skillnaden mellan nederlag och seger när det kom till strid mot Nazisterna och mot Japanerna. | en-sv |
And for Norden as well, this device had incredible moral importance, because Norden was a committed Christian. | Pro Nordena se také jednalo o zařízení vysoké morální důležitosti, protože Norden byl silně věřící křesťan. | en-cs |
In fact, he would always get upset when people referred to the bombsight as his invention, because in his eyes, only God could invent things. | En fait, il se fâchait à chaque fois que les gens parlaient du viseur comme une invention à lui, parce qu’à ces yeux, Dieu seulement pouvait inventer des choses. | en-fr |
He was simply the instrument of God's will. | Egli era solo uno strumento del volere di di Dio. | en-it |
And what was God's will? | Et quelle était la volonté de Dieu ? | en-fr |
Well God's will was that the amount of suffering in any kind of war be reduced to as small an amount as possible. | 神の意志は 戦争で被害を受ける人を できる限り少なくするということです | en-ja |
And what did the Norden bombsight do? | ノルデン爆撃照準器がすることは何でしょう？ | en-ja |
Well it allowed you to do that. | Επέτρεπε ακριβώς αυτό. | en-el |
It allowed you to bomb only those things that you absolutely needed and wanted to bomb. | Nó giúp chúng ta chỉ ném bom những gì mà chúng ta hoàn toàn cần phải hủy diệt. | en-vi |
So in the years leading up to the Second World War, the U.S. military buys 90,000 of these Norden bombsights at a cost of $14,000 each -- again, in 1940 dollars, that's a lot of money. | ასე რომ მეორე მსოფლიო ომის წინა წლებში ამერიკის თავდაცვა ყიდულობს 90 000 ნორდენის სამიზნეს 14'000 დოლარად თითოს ისევ 1940 წლის დოლარებში, რაც დიდი ფულია. | en-ka |
And they trained 50,000 bombardiers on how to use them -- long extensive, months-long training sessions -- because these things are essentially analog computers; they're not easy to use. | 他们训练了五万名投手来操作－ 数月的高强度训练－ 因为这个设备根本上是模拟计算机 操作不易 | en-zh-cn |
And they make every one of those bombardiers take an oath, to swear that if they're ever captured, they will not divulge a single detail of this particular device to the enemy, because it's imperative the enemy not get their hands on this absolutely essential piece of technology. | Et ils font prêter serment à tous les bombardiers, leur font jurer que s’ils sont capturés, ils ne révéleront pas un seul détail de cet appareil à l’ennemi, parce qu’il est impératif que l’ennemi ne mette pas les mains sur cette pièce technologique absolument essentielle. | en-fr-ca |
And whenever the Norden bombsight is taken onto a plane, it's escorted there by a series of armed guards. | Telkens als de Norden-bommenrichter aan boord van een vliegtuig wordt gebracht, is dat met een escorte van gewapende bewakers. | en-nl |
And it's carried in a box with a canvas shroud over it. | მიჰქონდათ ყუთით, რომელსაც ბრეზენტი ჰქონდა შემოხვეული. | en-ka |
And the box is handcuffed to one of the guards. | 箱は護衛兵と手錠で繋がれていました | en-ja |
It's never allowed to be photographed. | Nikdy nesměla být focena. | en-cs |
And there's a little incendiary device inside of it, so that, if the plane ever crashes, it will be destroyed and there's no way the enemy can ever get their hands on it. | وكان فيه جهاز في داخل الموجه يعمل على تدمير الجهاز في حال سقوط الطائرة لذا لم يكن هناك من اي وسيلة للعدو من ان يضع يده عليه | en-ar |
The Norden bombsight is the Holy Grail. | Vizorul Norden era Sfântul Graal. | en-ro |
So what happens during the Second World War? | Па што се случило во Втората Светска Војна? | en-mk |
Well, it turns out it's not the Holy Grail. | En fin de compte ce n’est pas le Saint Graal. | en-fr |
In practice, the Norden bombsight can drop a bomb into a pickle barrel at 20,000 ft., but that's under perfect conditions. | 연습에서는 노든 폭격조준경을 이용하면 2만 피트 상공에서 피클통에 폭탄을 떨어트릴 수 있겠지만, 이는 완벽한 조건 하에서 가능한 일이었습니다 | en-ko |
And of course, in wartime, conditions aren't perfect. | Втім, звісно ж, у воєнний час умови не можуть бути ідеальними. | en-uk |
First of all, it's really hard to use -- really hard to use. | En primer lugar, era muy difícil de usar. | en-es |
And not all of the people who are of those 50,000 men who are bombardiers have the ability to properly program an analog computer. | 不是五万名投手 都真的能够操作 模拟计算机 | en-zh-cn |
Secondly, it breaks down a lot. | По-друге, приціл часто виходить з ладу. | en-uk |
It's full of all kinds of gyroscopes and pulleys and gadgets and ball-bearings, and they don't work as well as they ought to in the heat of battle. | Eshte e mbushur me te gjitha llojet e xhiroskopeve dhe pulexheva dhe paisjeve dhe koordiantave, dhe ata nuk punojne ashtu si duhet ne nxehtesin e betjes. | en-sq |
Thirdly, when Norden was making his calculations, he assumed that a plane would be flying at a relatively slow speed at low altitudes. | 第三に ノルデンが計算したときには 飛行機が比較的低空を 比較的低速で飛ぶことを想定していました | en-ja |
Well in a real war, you can't do that; you'll get shot down. | თუმცა რეალურ ომში ამას ვერ იზამ; თუ არ გინდა ჩამოგაგდონ. | en-ka |
So they started flying them at high altitudes at incredibly high speeds. | Пілоти літали високо і на величезній швидкості. | en-uk |
And the Norden bombsight doesn't work as well under those conditions. | Sementara pembidik bom Norden tidak dapat bekerja baik dalam kondisi tersebut. | en-id |
But most of all, the Norden bombsight required the bombardier to make visual contact with the target. | Maar bovenal vereiste de Norden-bommenrichter dat de bombardier visueel contact moest hebben met het doelwit. | en-nl |
But of course, what happens in real life? | 但是实际上是怎样的呢？ | en-zh-cn |
There are clouds, right. | Felhők, természetesen. | en-hu |
It needs cloudless sky to be really accurate. | Obloha musí čistá, abychom mohli být úplně přesní. | en-cs |
Well how many cloudless skies do you think there were above Central Europe between 1940 and 1945? | Jak myślicie, ile było bezchmurnych dni nad Środkową Europą w latach 1940-45? | en-pl |
Not a lot. | לא הרבה. | en-he |
And then to give you a sense of just how inaccurate the Norden bombsight was, there was a famous case in 1944 where the Allies bombed a chemical plant in Leuna, Germany. | I da vam dočaram koliko je neprecizan bio Nordenov nišan, poznat je slučaj iz 1944. u kojem su Saveznici bombardirali kemijsku tvornicu u Leuni u Njemačkoj. | en-hr |
And the chemical plant comprised 757 acres. | และโรงงานเคมีมีเนื้อที่ถึง ราว 1900 ไร่ | en-th |
And over the course of 22 bombing missions, the Allies dropped 85,000 bombs on this 757 acre chemical plant, using the Norden bombsight. | Và trong hơn 22 chiến dịch ném bom, quân Đồng minh ném 85000 trái bom trên nhà máy hóa chất rộng 757 mẫu Anh này, sử dụng thiết bị ngắm bom Norden. | en-vi |
Well what percentage of those bombs do you think actually landed inside the 700-acre perimeter of the plant? | Quale percentuale di queste bombe pensate che sia effettivamente atterrata all'interno del perimetro di 700 acri della centrale? | en-it |
10 percent. 10 percent. | 10 perqind. 10 perqind. | en-sq |
And of those 10 percent that landed, 16 percent didn't even go off; they were duds. | ومن تلك القنابل ال10 % 16% منها لم تنفجر .. فقد كانت معطوبة | en-ar |
The Leuna chemical plant, after one of the most extensive bombings in the history of the war, was up and running within weeks. | Uzina chimică Leuna, țința unuia dintre cele mai dure bombardamente din istoria războiului, funcționa iar după doar câteva săptămâni. | en-ro |
And by the way, all those precautions to keep the Norden bombsight out of the hands of the Nazis? | Peki bu Norden vizörünü Naziler'den koruma önlemlerine ne oldu? | en-tr |
Well it turns out that Carl Norden, as a proper Swiss, was very enamored of German engineers. | Виявилося, що Кард Норден, як справжній швейцарець, був просто закоханий в німецьких інженерів. | en-uk |
So in the 1930s, he hired a whole bunch of them, including a man named Hermann Long who, in 1938, gave a complete set of the plans for the Norden bombsight to the Nazis. | Donc en 1930, il en a engagé toute une série, y compris un homme nommé Hermann Long qui, en 1938, a donné tous les plans du viseur Norden aux Nazis. | en-fr |
So they had their own Norden bombsight throughout the entire war -- which also, by the way, didn't work very well. | Така тие имале сопствен Норден наведувач за целото времетраење на војната, кој исто така, не работел многу добро. | en-mk |
(Laughter) So why do we talk about the Norden bombsight? | (خنده) خوب چرا ما درباره بمبانداز نوردن صحبت میکنیم؟ | en-fa |
Well because we live in an age where there are lots and lots of Norden bombsights. | ובכן בגלל שאנחנו חיים בעידן שבו יש המון כוונות נורדן. | en-he |
We live in a time where there are all kinds of really, really smart people running around, saying that they've invented gadgets that will forever change our world. | אנחנו חיים בזמן בו יש כל מיני אנשים ממש ממש חכמים שמסתובבים, ואומרים שהם המציאו גאדג'טים שישנו את העולם לתמיד. | en-he |
They've invented websites that will allow people to be free. | Eu creat website-uri care le permit oamenilor să fie liberi. | en-ro |
They've invented some kind of this thing, or this thing, or this thing that will make our world forever better. | آنها این چیز، این چیز یا این چیز را ساختهاند که جهان ما را برای همیشه بهتر میکند. | en-fa |
If you go into the military, you'll find lots of Carl Nordens as well. | Nếu bạn đi vào quân đội, bạn sẽ tìm thấy rất nhiều Carl Norden. | en-vi |
If you go to the Pentagon, they will say, "You know what, now we really can put a bomb inside a pickle barrel at 20,000 ft." | Dacă mergi la Pentagon, îți vor spune: „Știi ce? Acum chiar putem să aruncăm o bombă într-un butoi de la 6000 m.” | en-ro |
And you know what, it's true; they actually can do that now. | E sabem que mais? É verdade, eles conseguem mesmo fazer isso. | en-pt |
But we need to be very clear about how little that means. | Но трябва да сме на ясно, колко малко значи това. | en-bg |
In the Iraq War, at the beginning of the first Iraq War, the U.S. military, the air force, sent two squadrons of F-15E Fighter Eagles to the Iraqi desert equipped with these five million dollar cameras that allowed them to see the entire desert floor. | U iračkom ratu, na početku prvog iračkog rata, američka vojska, ratno zrakoplovstvo je poslalo dvije eskadrile F-15E Fighter Eagle-a u iračku pustinju opremljene s kamerama vrijednim 5 milijuna dolara koje su im dozvoljavale da vide cijelo pustinjsko dno. | en-hr |
And their mission was to find and to destroy -- remember the Scud missile launchers, those surface-to-air missiles that the Iraqis were launching at the Israelis? | А мисијата им беше да најдат и да уништат, се сеќавате на Скад лансирните рампи, оние земја-воздух проектили кои Ирачаните ги лансираа врз Израелците? | en-mk |
The mission of the two squadrons was to get rid of all the Scud missile launchers. | Misi dari dua skuadron tersebut adalah untuk menyingkirkan pelontar rudal Scud. | en-id |
And so they flew missions day and night, and they dropped thousands of bombs, and they fired thousands of missiles in an attempt to get rid of this particular scourge. | Latali na misje w dzień i w nocy, zrzucili tysiące bomb i odpalili tysiące rakiet, próbując pozbyć się tych konkretnych wyrzutni. | en-pl |
And after the war was over, there was an audit done -- as the army always does, the air force always does -- and they asked the question: how many Scuds did we actually destroy? | Και όταν τελείωσε ο πόλεμος, έγινε ένας έλεγχος -- όπως κάνει πάντα ο στρατός και η αεροπορία, -- και έκαναν την εξής ερώτηση: πόσους Σκαντ πραγματικά καταστρέψαμε; | en-el |
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