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Because the documents are top secret, we're going to use an advanced briefcase.
Comme ces documents sont top secrets, nous allons utiliser une sacoche spéciale.
en-fr
It has a special combination lock which, when closed, converts all the text in the documents to random numbers.
鍵は特殊なダイヤル錠で 閉じると 書類の中の全てのテキストを ランダムな数字に変換します
en-ja
So you put your documents inside, close the lock -- at which point in time the documents get converted to random numbers -- and you send the briefcase to James.
پس مدارکت را داخل کیف می‌گذاری و قفلش را می بندی -- در همین موقع مدارک تبدیل به عدد‌های تصادفی می‌شوند -- و بعد کیف را برای جیمز می‌فرستی.
en-fa
While it's on its way, you call him to give him the code.
公文包还没送到的时候, 你打电话告诉他密码。
en-zh-cn
When he gets the briefcase, he enters the code, the documents get unscrambled, and voilà, you've just sent an encoded message to James Bond.
Cuando recibe el maletín, James ingresa el código, los documentos se decodifican y listo: acaban de enviarle un mensaje encriptado a James Bond.
en-es
(Laughter) A fun example, but it does illustrate three things important for encryption.
(خنده) مثال بامزه‌ای بود، اما سه موضوع مهم در رمزنگاری را نشان می‌دهد.
en-fa
The code -- we call this an encryption key.
코드(Code) - 우리는 이것을 암호키라고 부릅니다.
en-ko
You can think of it as a password.
Може да си го представите като парола.
en-bg
The call to James to give him the code for the combination lock.
Het telefoongesprek met James om hem de code voor het cijferslot te geven,
en-nl
We call this key exchange.
nous appelons cela l'échange de clef.
en-fr
This is how you ensure you get the encryption key securely to the right place.
このようにして 暗号鍵を安全に 正しい場所へ送ります
en-ja
And the lock, which encodes and decodes the document.
鍵は 書類を暗号化したり 平文に戻したりします
en-ja
We call this an encryption algorithm.
成為「加密演算法」。
en-zh-tw
Using the key, it encodes the text in the documents to random numbers.
用金鑰,就能把文件中的文字編碼 成為隨機數字。
en-zh-tw
A good algorithm will encode in such a way that without the key it's very difficult to unscramble.
Een goede algoritme zal zodanig coderen dat het zonder de sleutel erg moeilijk te decoderen is.
en-nl
What makes encryption so important is that if someone were to capture the briefcase and cut it open without the encryption key and the encryption algorithm, they wouldn't be able to read the documents.
Wat encryptie zo belangrijk maakt, is dat als iemand de koffer onderschept en opensnijdt, hij zonder encryptiesleutel en encryptie-algoritme de documenten niet kan lezen.
en-nl
They would look like nothing more than a bunch of random numbers.
得到的只是一些随机的数字。
en-zh-cn
Most security systems rely on a secure method for key exchange to communicate the encryption key to the right place.
Los sistemas de seguridad, por lo general, se basan en un método seguro para comunicar la clave al lugar correcto.
en-es
However, rapid increases in computational power are putting at risk a number of the key exchange methods we have today.
Maar de snelle stijging van de rekenkracht bedreigen een aantal van de belangrijkste uitwisselingsmethoden
en-nl
Consider one of the very widely used systems today -- RSA.
یکی از روش‌های امروزی که خیلی استفاده می‌شود -- RSA را در نظر گیرید.
en-fa
When it was invented, in 1977, it was estimated that it would take 40 quadrillion years to break a 426-bit RSA key.
१९७७ में , जब यह खोजा गया था, यह अनुमान लगाया गया था कि इसे लगेंगे ४० करोड़ शंख वर्ष ४२६-बिट आर एस ए कुंजी तोड़ने में।
en-hi
In 1994, just 17 years later, the code was broken.
१९९४ में, केवल १७ वर्षों बाद, कोड तोड़ दिया गया।
en-hi
As computers have become more and more powerful, we've had to use larger and larger codes.
Nu computers krachtiger en krachtiger worden, moeten we langere en langere codes gebruiken.
en-nl
Today we routinely use 2048 or 4096 bits.
اليوم نحن عادة نستعمل 2048 أو 4096 بايت.
en-ar
As you can see, code makers and breakers are engaged in an ongoing battle to outwit each other.
Como se vê, os criadores e decifradores de código estão em uma batalha contínua para enganar um ao outro.
en-pt-br
And when quantum computers arrive in the next 10 to 15 years, they will even more rapidly crack the complex mathematics that underlies many of our encryption systems today.
و وقتی که رایانه‌های کوانتومی در ۱۰ تا ۱۵ سال آینده وارد شوند، آنها ریاضیات پبشرفته را حتی سریعتر خواهند شکست که زیرساخت بسیاری از سیستم‌های رمزنگاری امروز ماست.
en-fa
Indeed, the quantum computer is likely to turn our present security castle into a mere house of cards.
事实上,量子计算机 将把我们的安全城堡 变成一触即倒的纸牌屋。
en-zh-cn
We have to find a way to defend our castle.
Трябва да открием начин да защитим замъка си.
en-bg
There's been a growing body of research in recent years looking at using quantum effects to make encryption stronger.
Steeds meer onderzoek van de afgelopen jaren probeert met behulp van kwantumeffecten encryptie sterker te maken.
en-nl
And there have been some exciting breakthroughs.
Er zijn een aantal spannende doorbraken geweest.
en-nl
Remember those three things important for encryption -- high-quality keys, secure key exchange and a strong algorithm?
¿Recuerdan los tres elementos importantes para la encriptación? Una buena clave, un intercambio seguro y un fuerte algoritmo.
en-es
Well, advances in science and engineering are putting two of those three elements at risk.
科学と技術の進歩は この3つの要素の内 2つを危険にさらしています
en-ja
First of all, those keys.
まず第一に 鍵です
en-ja
Random numbers are the foundational building blocks of encryption keys.
Os números aleatórios são as peças fundamentais das chaves de criptografia.
en-pt-br
But today, they're not truly random.
오늘날 이것은 진정한 무작위가 아닙니다.
en-ko
Currently, we construct encryption keys from sequences of random numbers generated from software, so-called pseudo-random numbers.
현재, 우리는 소프트웨어에서 발생시킨 연속적인 무작위 난수들을 가지고 암호키를 구성합니다. 이를 의사 난수라고 부릅니다.
en-ko
Numbers generated by a program or a mathematical recipe will have some, perhaps subtle, pattern to them.
Los números generados por un programa o una receta matemática tendrán algún patrón, aunque no sea obvio.
en-es
The less random the numbers are, or in scientific terms, the less entropy they contain, the easier they are to predict.
生成された数が真の乱数でないほど もしくは 科学的な言葉で言えば エントロピーが低いほど 発生する数の予測が容易になります
en-ja
Recently, several casinos have been victims of a creative attack.
最近では いくつかのカジノが 創造的な攻撃手段の犠牲になっています
en-ja
The output of slot machines was recorded over a period of time and then analyzed.
स्लॉट मशीनों के उत्पाद एक समय पर रिकॉर्ड किये गए थे और फिर विश्लेषित किये गए।
en-hi
This allowed the cyber criminals to reverse engineer the pseudo-random number generator behind the spinning wheels.
网络罪犯们 利用逆向工程,制造出转盘背后的 伪随机数字生成器。
en-zh-cn
And allowed them, with high accuracy, to predict the spins of the wheels, enabling them to make big financial gains.
讓他們能預測轉輪的結果, 且正確率很高, 就能從中大撈一筆。
en-zh-tw
Similar risks apply to encryption keys.
एन्क्रिप्शन कुंजी पर भी ऐसा ही खतरा लागू होता है।
en-hi
So having a true random number generator is essential for secure encryption.
Та, реален генератор на случайни символи е от голямо значение за сигурното криптиране
en-bg
For years, researchers have been looking at building true random number generators.
لسنوات، عمل الباحثون على صنع مولّدات أرقام عشوائية حقيقية.
en-ar
But most designs to date are either not random enough, fast enough or aren't easily repeatable.
但現今大部分的設計 若不是不夠隨機、不夠快, 就是不容易重覆。
en-zh-tw
But the quantum world is truly random.
但量子世界是真正隨機的。
en-zh-tw
So it makes sense to take advantage of this intrinsic randomness.
Quindi ha senso trarre vantaggio da questa casualità intrinseca.
en-it
Devices that can measure quantum effects can produce an endless stream of random numbers at high speed.
Dispositivos que medem efeitos quânticos podem produzir um fluxo inesgotável de números aleatórios, em alta velocidade,
en-pt-br
Foiling all those would-be casino criminals.
讓那些想成為賭場罪犯的人受挫。
en-zh-tw
A select group of universities and companies around the world are focused on building true random number generators.
مجموعه منتخبی از دانشگاه‌ها و شرکت‌ها در اطراف جهان بر ساختن مولد‌های اعداد تصادفی واقعی متمرکزند.
en-fa
At my company, our quantum random number generator started life on a two meter by one meter optic table.
Pour mon entreprise, notre générateur quantique de nombres aléatoires a d'abord été de la taille d'une table optique de deux mètres sur un.
en-fr
We were then able to reduce it to a server-size box.
Depois, conseguimos reduzi-lo ao tamanho de um servidor.
en-pt-br
Today, it's miniaturized into a PCI card that plugs into a standard computer.
Hoje, ele é miniaturizado em uma placa PCI que se conecta a um computador comum.
en-pt-br
This is the world's fastest true random number generator.
이것이 세계에서 가장 빠른 진정한 난수 발생기입니다.
en-ko
It measures quantum effects to produce a billion random numbers per second.
Misura gli effetti quantici per produrre un bilione di numeri casuali al secondo.
en-it
And it's in use today to improve security at cloud providers, banks and government agencies around the world.
이것은 오늘날 전 세계의 클라우드 공급자들, 은행, 정부 기관 등지에서 보안을 향상시키는 데 사용됩니다.
en-ko
(Applause) But even with a true random number generator, we've still got the second big cyber threat: the problem of secure key exchange.
(Aplausos) Mesmo com um gerador verdadeiro de números aleatórios, ainda existe a segunda grande ameaça cibernética: o problema da troca segura de chaves.
en-pt-br
Current key exchange techniques will not stand up to a quantum computer.
वर्तमान कुंजी विनिमय तकनीक एक क्वांटम कंप्यूटर पर न खड़ा हो पायेगा।
en-hi
The quantum solution to this problem is called quantum key distribution or QKD, which leverages a fundamental, counterintuitive characteristic of quantum mechanics.
راه حل کوانتومی این مسئله توزیع کوانتومی کلید یا QKD نام دارد، که از یک ویژگی غیر عادی بنیادی در کوانتوم مکانیک استفاده می‌کند.
en-fa
The very act of looking at a quantum particle changes it.
양자 입자를 관찰하는 바로 그 행위가 양자를 변화시킨다는 점입니다.
en-ko
Let me give you an example of how this works.
Mondok erre egy példát.
en-hu
Consider again exchanging the code for the lock with James Bond.
Представете си отново как разменяме кода за ключалката с Джеймс Бонд.
en-bg
Except this time, instead of a call to give James the code, we're going to use quantum effects on a laser to carry the code and send it over standard optic fiber to James.
ただ 今回は ジェームズにコードを 伝えるのに電話は用いず コードを搬送するために レーザー光の量子効果を利用し 標準的な光ファイバーケーブルで ジェームズへと送信します
en-ja
We assume that Dr. No is trying to hack the exchange.
We veronderstellen dat Dr. No de uitwisseling probeert te hacken.
en-nl
Luckily, Dr. No's attempt to intercept the quantum keys while in transit will leave fingerprints that James and you can detect.
幸运的是,诺博士在尝试拦截 这个量子秘钥的过程中 会留下电子指纹, 詹姆斯和你都能察觉到。
en-zh-cn
This allows those intercepted keys to be discarded.
Ez lehetőséget ad az elcsípett kód kidobására.
en-hu
The keys which are then retained can be used to provide very strong data protection.
無事伝わった鍵は データを堅固に守るのに使えます
en-ja
And because the security is based on the fundamental laws of physics, a quantum computer, or indeed any future supercomputer will not be able to break it.
और क्योंकि सुरक्षा भौतिकी के मुलभूत नियमों पर आधारित है, एक क्वांटम कंप्यूटर, और निश्चित ही भविष्य का कोई सुपर कंप्यूटर इसे तोड़ने योग्य नहीं होगा।
en-hi
My team and I are collaborating with leading universities and the defense sector to mature this exciting technology into the next generation of security products.
Minha equipe está colaborando com as principais universidades e com o setor de defesa para amadurecer esta tecnologia fundamental para a próxima geração de produtos de segurança.
en-pt-br
The internet of things is heralding a hyperconnected era with 25 to 30 billion connected devices forecast by 2020.
La Internet de las Cosas anuncia una era hiperconectada un pronóstico de 25 a 30 mil millones de dispositivos conectados para 2020.
en-es
For the correct functioning of our society in an IoT world, trust in the systems that support these connected devices is vital.
Per un funzionamento corretto della società in un mondo IoT, la fiducia nel sistema che supporta questi dispositivi connessi è vitale.
en-it
We're betting that quantum technologies will be essential in providing this trust, enabling us to fully benefit from the amazing innovations that are going to so enrich our lives.
Lefogadom, hogy a kvantumtechnológia nélkülözhetetlen lesz e bizalomhoz, és lehetővé teszi, hogy teljes mértékben kihasználjuk az újítások előnyeit, amelyek életünket gazdagítani fogják.
en-hu
So today, I would like to talk with you about bionics, which is the popular term for the science of replacing part of a living organism with a mechatronic device, or a robot.
Ik wil het vandaag hebben over wat in de volksmond 'bionica' heet, de wetenschap van de vervanging van een deel van een levend organisme door een mechanisch toestel, een robot.
en-nl
It is essentially the stuff of life meets machine.
Krótko mówiąc, to nauka badająca połączenie organizmu z maszyną.
en-pl
And specifically, I'd like to talk with you about how bionics is evolving for people with arm amputations.
E, especificamente, gostaria de dizer-lhes como a biônica está evoluindo para pessoas com amputações dos braços.
en-pt-br
This is our motivation.
นี่คือแรงบันดาลใจของพวกเรา
en-th
Arm amputation causes a huge disability.
팔이 절단되면 엄청난 장애를 초래합니다.
en-ko
I mean, the functional impairment is clear.
بدین منظور که کاهش عملکرد واضح و آشکار است.
en-fa
Our hands are amazing instruments.
Nasze ręce to zadziwiające instrumenty.
en-pl
And when you lose one, far less both, it's a lot harder to do the things we physically need to do.
Когда теряешь одну или, того хуже, обе, становится гораздо сложнее выполнять простейшие физические действия.
en-ru
There's also a huge emotional impact.
Прибавим глубокое эмоциональное потрясение.
en-ru
And actually, I spend as much of my time in clinic dealing with the emotional adjustment of patients as with the physical disability.
و در حقیقت، مقدار زمانی که در مطب برای تعادل روحی بیماران صرف می کنم ، همان اندازه است که برای ناتوانی جسمی آنها صرف می کنم.
en-fa
And finally, there's a profound social impact.
Iar la urmă, există şi un impact social semnificativ.
en-ro
We talk with our hands.
Chúng ta sử dụng tay khi nói,
en-vi
We greet with our hands.
手で挨拶をし
en-ja
And we interact with the physical world with our hands.
또한 손을 통해서 물리적 세계와 상호작용합니다.
en-ko
And when they're missing, it's a barrier.
没有了手 这是个巨大障碍
en-zh-cn
Arm amputation is usually caused by trauma, with things like industrial accidents, motor vehicle collisions or, very poignantly, war.
Armputatie is meestal een gevolg van een trauma, bijvoorbeeld door arbeidsongevallen, auto-ongevallen, of, zeer uitgesproken, oorlog.
en-nl
There are also some children who are born without arms, called congenital limb deficiency.
生まれつき腕のない子もいます 先天性四肢欠損です
en-ja
Unfortunately, we don't do great with upper-limb prosthetics.
Na žalost, ne ide nam sjajno u vezi sa protezama gornjih ekstremiteta.
en-sr
There are two general types.
دو نوع کلی وجود دارد.
en-fa
They're called body-powered prostheses, which were invented just after the Civil War, refined in World War I and World War II.
הם נקראים תותבות מונעות-גוף, אשר הומצאו לאחר מלחמת האזרחים (האמריקנית), ושופצו במהלך מלחה"ע הראשונה והשנייה.
en-he
Here you see a patent for an arm in 1912.
这是1912年的 一个假臂的专利
en-zh-cn
It's not a lot different than the one you see on my patient.
Не е много по-различна от тази която виждате на моя пациент.
en-bg
They work by harnessing shoulder power.
Ze maken gebruik van de schouderkracht.
en-nl
So when you squish your shoulders, they pull on a bicycle cable.
Khi vai gồng lên chúng kéo sợi cáp nối,
en-vi
And that bicycle cable can open or close a hand or a hook or bend an elbow.
I taj kabl iz bicikla može da otvara ili zatvara šaku ili kuku ili da savije lakat.
en-sr
And we still use them commonly, because they're very robust and relatively simple devices.
Chúng ta vẫn sử dụng mô hình này phổ biến vì chúng rất mạnh và là thiết bị khá đơn giản.
en-vi
The state of the art is what we call myoelectric prostheses.
Son model olanlar ise myoelektrik protez dediğimiz cins.
en-tr