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And if we want to understand who we are and how we feel and perceive, we need to understand brains. | 我们就先要明白大脑是什么 又有时候科学会 | en-zh-cn |
Another thing is sometimes science leads to big societal benefits, technologies, or businesses or whatever. | موجب منافع اجتماعی عظيم و فنآوریها، یا حرفههائی، یا هر چیز دیگری که از آنها بر بیاید میشود. | en-fa |
This is one, too, because when we understand how brains work, we'll be able to build intelligent machines. | так как когда мы поймём, как работает мозг, мы сможем строить интеллектуальные машины, я думаю, что в целом это хорошее явление, | en-ru |
That's a good thing on the whole, with tremendous benefits to society, just like a fundamental technology. | und ich glaube es wird enorme soziale Vorteile mit sich bringen genau wie jede fundamentale Technologie. | en-de |
So why don't we have a good theory of brains? | Waarom hebben we dan geen goede hersentheorie? | en-nl |
People have been working on it for 100 years. | Et il y a des gens qui ont travaillé là-dessus depuis 100 ans. | en-fr |
Let's first take a look at what normal science looks like. | A więc, spójrzmy najpierw na to, jak wygląda normalna nauka. | en-pl |
This is normal science. | Tämä on tavallista tiedettä. | en-fi |
Normal science is a nice balance between theory and experimentalists. | A ciência normal é um bom equilíbrio entre teoria e experimentalistas | en-pt-br |
The theorist guy says, "I think this is what's going on," the experimentalist says, "You're wrong." | Teorist der ki: "bence bu işler şöyle şöyle olmaktadır." Deneyci de der ki: "Hayır, yanılıyorsun." Ve bu böyle gider, değil mi? | en-tr |
It goes back and forth, this works in physics, this in geology. | ასე ხდება ფიზიკაში, გეოლოგიაში... მაგრამ თუ ნორმალური მეცნიერება ასეთია, | en-ka |
But if this is normal science, what does neuroscience look like? | Но если это норма для науки, какая ситуация в нейронауке? | en-ru |
This is what neuroscience looks like. | 我们有巨多的数据，包括：解剖学的，生理学的和行为学的 | en-zh-cn |
You can't imagine how much detail we know about brains. | Je kunt je niet voorstellen hoeveel details we weten over de hersenen. | en-nl |
There were 28,000 people who went to the neuroscience conference this year, and every one of them is doing research in brains. | I år var der 28.000 mennesker på konferencen for neurovidenskab og hver eneste forsker i hjerner. | en-da |
A lot of data, but no theory. | המון נתונים. אבל אין תאוריה. | en-he |
There's a little wimpy box on top there. | Jest tam tylko małe, pole na górze. | en-pl |
And theory has not played a role in any sort of grand way in the neurosciences. | Теоријата нема значајна улога во неуронауката. | en-mk |
And it's a real shame. | 这是很可惜的，为什么会这样呢？ | en-zh-cn |
Now, why has this come about? | Comment ça se fait ? | en-fr |
If you ask neuroscientists why is this the state of affairs, first, they'll admit it. | Si le preguntas a un neurocientífico, ¿Por qué es este estado? En primera instancia lo admitirán. | en-es |
But if you ask them, they say, there's various reasons we don't have a good brain theory. | Nhưng rồi họ sẽ nói, ồ, có nhiều lý do chúng tôi không có được một lý thuyết về não tốt. | en-vi |
Some say we still don't have enough data, we need more information, there's all these things we don't know. | Vài người sẽ nói, ồ, chúng tôi chưa có đủ dữ liệu, cần có thêm thông tin, còn rất nhiều thứ chưa biết. | en-vi |
Well, I just told you there's data coming out of your ears. | Nemrég mondtam, olyan sok adatunk van, hogy már a fülünkön is az folyik ki. | en-hu |
We have so much information, we don't even know how to organize it. | Imamo toliko podataka da ne znamo kako bismo ih organizirali. | en-hr |
What good is more going to do? | Mire lenne jó ennél is több? | en-hu |
Maybe we'll be lucky and discover some magic thing, but I don't think so. | Misschien hebben we geluk en ontdekken we plots iets magisch, maar dat geloof ik niet. | en-nl |
This is a symptom of the fact that we just don't have a theory. | 実はこの現状は理論がないということのしるしなのです | en-ja |
We don't need more data, we need a good theory. | Não precisamos de mais dados -- precisamos de uma boa teoria sobre isso | en-pt-br |
Another one is sometimes people say, "Brains are so complex, it'll take another 50 years." | Също така, хората понякога казват, ами, мозъкът е толкова сложен, че ще отнеме още 50 години. | en-bg |
I even think Chris said something like this yesterday, something like, it's one of the most complicated things in the universe. | Myślę, że Chris powiedział nawet coś podobnego wczoraj. Nie jestem pewien co powiedziałeś Chris, ale to było coś takiego, że mózg jest najbardziej skomplikowaną strukturą we wszechświecie. | en-pl |
That's not true -- you're more complicated than your brain. | Това не е вярно. Ти си по-сложен от твоя мозък. | en-bg |
You've got a brain. | 並且，雖然大腦看起來非常複雜， | en-zh-tw |
And although the brain looks very complicated, things look complicated until you understand them. | τα πράγματα μοιάζουν περίπλοκα μέχρι να τα καταλάβεις. | en-el |
That's always been the case. | Așa a fost întotdeauna. Deci putem zice e că neocortexul meu, | en-ro |
So we can say, my neocortex, the part of the brain I'm interested in, has 30 billion cells. | mein Neokortex, ist der Teil des Gehirns der mich interessiert, hat 30 Milliarden Zellen. | en-de |
But, you know what? It's very, very regular. | 그러데 알고계시나요? 이 피질은 아주 일정하다는 것이죠. | en-ko |
In fact, it looks like it's the same thing repeated over and over again. | 实际上，它就像同样的组织不停的重覆 | en-zh-cn |
It's not as complex as it looks. That's not the issue. | Nem olyan összetett, mint ahogy látszik. | en-hu |
Some people say, brains can't understand brains. | 어떤 사람은, 뇌가 뇌를 이해할 수는 없을 것이라고 합니다. | en-ko |
Very Zen-like. Woo. | Veldig Zen-aktig. | en-nb |
(Laughter) You know, it sounds good, but why? I mean, what's the point? | Whow. Ikke sant. (Latter) Det høres bra ut, men hvorfor? Jeg mener, hva er poenget? | en-nb |
It's just a bunch of cells. You understand your liver. | Het is slechts een hoopje cellen. | en-nl |
It's got a lot of cells in it too, right? | Siinäkin on pino soluja, vai mitä? | en-fi |
So, you know, I don't think there's anything to that. | ასე რომ, მე არ ვფიქრობ, რომ აქ რამე პრობლემაა. | en-ka |
And finally, some people say, "I don't feel like a bunch of cells -- I'm conscious. | En uiteindelijk zijn er sommigen die zeggen: ik voel me niet als een hoopje cellen, ik ben bewust. | en-nl |
I've got this experience, I'm in the world. | Имам съзнание. Събрал съм опит, живя в света, разбирате ли. | en-bg |
I can't be just a bunch of cells." | En ole vain soluja. | en-fi |
Well, people used to believe there was a life force to be living, and we now know that's really not true at all. | ובכן, פעם אנשים האמינו שיש איזשהו כח חיים, וכיום אנו יודעים שזה לא ממש נכון. | en-he |
And there's really no evidence, other than that people just disbelieve that cells can do what they do. | Và thật ra không có bằng chứng gì ngoài việc người ta chỉ không tin rằng tế bào có thể hoạt động theo cách của nó. | en-vi |
So some people have fallen into the pit of metaphysical dualism, some really smart people, too, but we can reject all that. | I tak jeśli niektórzy ludzie wpadli w pułapkę metafizycznego dualizmu, niektórzy mądrzy ludzie także, to możemy się tym nie przejmować. | en-pl |
(Laughter) No, there's something else, something really fundamental, and it is: another reason why we don't have a good brain theory is because we have an intuitive, strongly held but incorrect assumption that has prevented us from seeing the answer. | (Смеа) Ќе ви кажам сега дека постои и нешто друго, нешто фундаментално, а тоа е дека има и друга причина зошто нема добра теорија, а тоа е дека имаме интуитивна, поддржана но, неточна претпоставка заради која не го гледаме одговорот. | en-mk |
There's something we believe that just, it's obvious, but it's wrong. | Gün gibi ortada, deyip inandığımız bir şey; ama yanlış. | en-tr |
Now, there's a history of this in science and before I tell you what it is, I'll tell you about the history of it in science. | В науке есть целая история подобных явлений, о которой я поговорю, прежде чем рассказать об этом допущении. | en-ru |
Look at other scientific revolutions -- the solar system, that's Copernicus, Darwin's evolution, and tectonic plates, that's Wegener. | Si observas otras revoluciones científicas, y en este caso, estoy hablando del sistema solar, ése es Copernico, La evolución de Darwin, las placas tectónicas, ése es Wegner. | en-es |
They all have a lot in common with brain science. | Têm muito em comum com a ciência do cérebro. | en-pt |
First, they had a lot of unexplained data. A lot of it. | اولا، همه آنها دادههای تعریف نشده زیادی داشتند. | en-fa |
But it got more manageable once they had a theory. | الكثير منها. لكنها أصبحت قابلة للتحكم أكثر عندما إمتلكوا نظرية. | en-ar |
The best minds were stumped -- really smart people. | Le migliori menti erano perplesse, persone molto molto in gamba. | en-it |
We're not smarter now than they were then; it just turns out it's really hard to think of things, but once you've thought of them, it's easy to understand. | Ние не сме попаметни сега од нив. Изгледа тешко да се размислува за нешатата, но, штом мислите лесно ќе ги разберете. | en-mk |
My daughters understood these three theories, in their basic framework, in kindergarten. | A lányaim is megértették ezt a három elméletet még óvodás korukban. | en-hu |
It's not that hard -- here's the apple, here's the orange, the Earth goes around, that kind of stuff. | וזה לא כזה קשה, הנה התפוח, הנה התפוז, כדור הארץ מקיף, משהו בסגנון הזה. | en-he |
Another thing is the answer was there all along, but we kind of ignored it because of this obvious thing. | И последнее, ответ всегда был здесь, мы просто его игнорировали из-за этого очевидного допущения. | en-ru |
It was an intuitive, strongly held belief that was wrong. | 직관적이고, 그래서 우리를 강하게 지배해 온 그 틀린 믿음 때문에요. | en-ko |
In the case of the solar system, the idea that the Earth is spinning, the surface is going a thousand miles an hour, and it's going through the solar system at a million miles an hour -- this is lunacy; we all know the Earth isn't moving. | Aici e cheia. În cazul sistemului solar, idea că Pământul se învârte și suprafața Pământului se mișcă cu 1.000 mile/oră, și Pământul se rotește în sistemul solar cu aprox. 1.000.000 mile/oră. Asta-i nebunie. Știm cu toții că Pământul nu se mișcă. | en-ro |
Do you feel like you're moving a thousand miles an hour? | Νιώθετε να κινήστε με χίλια μίλια την ώρα; Όχι βέβαια. | en-el |
If you said Earth was spinning around in space and was huge -- they would lock you up, that's what they did back then. | Știți, dacă cineva ar fi spus, că Pământul se învârte și este așa de imens, l-ar fi închis, și chiar asta au și făcut pe atunci. (Râsete) | en-ro |
So it was intuitive and obvious. Now, what about evolution? | Έτσι ήταν διαισθητικό και προφανές. Τι γίνεται τώρα με την εξέλιξη; | en-el |
Evolution, same thing. | ევოლუციაც მსგავსი ისტორიაა. ჩვენ ჩვენს შვილებს ვასწავლეთ, რომ ბიბლია როგორც ამბობს, | en-ka |
We taught our kids the Bible says God created all these species, cats are cats; dogs are dogs; people are people; plants are plants; they don't change. | "'bütün canlıları Tanrı yarattı; kediler kedidir; köpekler köpektir; "'insanlar insandır; bitkiler bitkidir; ve değişmezler. "'Nuh onları gemisine aldı...'", falan filan dedik. | en-tr |
The fact is, if you believe in evolution, we all have a common ancestor. | Tiedättekö, faktahan on, jos uskotte evoluutioon, niin meillä kaikilla on | en-fi |
We all have a common ancestor with the plant in the lobby! | og at vi alle har felles opphav - med en plante i inngangspartiet. | en-nb |
This is what evolution tells us. And it's true. It's kind of unbelievable. | Niin evoluutio kertoo meille. Se on totta ja uskomatonta. | en-fi |
And the same thing about tectonic plates. | Это невероятно. То же самое с тектоническими плитами. | en-ru |
All the mountains and the continents are kind of floating around on top of the Earth. | 所有高山和大洲都在浮动 于地球上，听起来好像不合情理 | en-zh-cn |
So what is the intuitive, but incorrect assumption, that's kept us from understanding brains? | Så hva er den intuitive men korrekte antakelse som har gjort at vi ikke forstår hjernen? | en-nb |
I'll tell you. It'll seem obvious that it's correct. That's the point. | Ќе ви кажам и ќе сфатите дека е точна - | en-mk |
Then I'll make an argument why you're incorrect on the other assumption. | そしたら私はなぜ反対意見が 間違っているのか議論しなければなりません | en-ja |
The intuitive but obvious thing is: somehow, intelligence is defined by behavior; we're intelligent because of how we do things and how we behave intelligently. | A coisa intuitiva e óbvia é que de alguma maneira a inteligência é definida pelo comportamento, que nós somos inteligentes por causa da maneira como fazemos as coisas e a maneira que nos comportamos inteligentemente, mas eu direi a vocês que isso está errado | en-pt-br |
Intelligence is defined by prediction. | Le fait est que l'intelligence est définie par la capacité de prédiction. | en-fr |
I'm going to work you through this in a few slides, and give you an example of what this means. | Bunu size birkaç slaytla anlatacağım ve nasıl çalıştığıyla ilgili bir örnek vereceğim. | en-tr |
Here's a system. | Aqui temos um sistema | en-pt-br |
Engineers and scientists like to look at systems like this. | 工程師喜歡這樣看待系統。科學家也喜歡這樣看待系統。 | en-zh-tw |
They say, we have a thing in a box. We have its inputs and outputs. | Forskere liker å se på det på en annen måte. De sier, vel, vi har noe i en boks med innganger og utganger. | en-nb |
The AI people said, the thing in the box is a programmable computer, because it's equivalent to a brain. | Los de IA dicen, bueno la caja es una computadora programable porque es el equivalente a un cerebro, le daremos entradas | en-es |
We'll feed it some inputs and get it to do something, have some behavior. | i sprawimy, że zacznie coś robić, zacznie funkcjonować. | en-pl |
Alan Turing defined the Turing test, which essentially says, we'll know if something's intelligent if it behaves identical to a human -- a behavioral metric of what intelligence is that has stuck in our minds for a long time. | E Alan Turing definì il test di Turing, che essenzialmente dice, sapremo se qualcosa è intelligente se si comporta in modo identico a un essere umano. Una metrica comportamentale di ciò che è intelligenza, e questo è rimasto nelle nostre menti per un lungo periodo di tempo. | en-it |
Reality, though -- I call it real intelligence. | რეალობა კი, მე ვეძახი მას რეალურ ჭკუას | en-ka |
Real intelligence is built on something else. | 別のものを基に構成されているのです | en-ja |
We experience the world through a sequence of patterns, and we store them, and we recall them. | Chúng ta trải nghiệm thế giới qua một chuỗi các mẫu hình, và ta lưu chúng lại, và nhớ lại chúng. Khi nhớ lại, ta so sánh chúng với thực tế | en-vi |
When we recall them, we match them up against reality, and we're making predictions all the time. | con la realtà, e facciamo previsioni tutto il tempo. | en-it |
It's an internal metric; there's an internal metric about us, saying, do we understand the world, am I making predictions, and so on. | Είναι ένα αέναο μετρικό σύστημα. Υπάρχει ένα αέναο μετρικό σύστημα μέσα μας. Καταλαβαίνουμε τον κόσμο; Κάνουμε προβλέψεις; Και πάει λέγοντας. | en-el |
You're all being intelligent now, but you're not doing anything. | და ა.შ. თქვენ ამ წუთას იქცევით ჭკვიანურად, მაგრამ თქვენ არ აკეთებთ არაფერს. შეიძლება იფხანთ თქვენს სხეულს, ან ცხვირში იქექებით, | en-ka |
Maybe you're scratching yourself, but you're not doing anything. | 我不知道，但是你現在並沒有在做任何事， | en-zh-tw |
But you're being intelligent; you're understanding what I'm saying. | dar fiind inteligenți, voi înțelegeți ceea ce spun. | en-ro |
Because you're intelligent and you speak English, you know the word at the end of this sentence. | Бидејќи сте интелигентни и знаете англиски знаете кој збор е на крај на оваа..(молк) реченица. Се сетивте на зборот и така предвидувате. | en-mk |
What I'm saying is, the internal prediction is the output in the neocortex, and somehow, prediction leads to intelligent behavior. | 다음으로 제가 말하려 하는 것은, 그 끊임없는 예측이라는 것이 대뇌 신피질이 내어놓는 출력물이라는 겁니다. 어찌되었든, 예측은 지적인 행동으로 이끕니다. | en-ko |
Here's how that happens: Let's start with a non-intelligent brain. | Bu da şöyle oluyor: Zeki olmayan bir beyinle başlayalım. Zeki olmayan bir beynin -- eski bir beyin bulduk, diyelim -- | en-tr |
And we'll say it's a non-mammal, like a reptile, say, an alligator; we have an alligator. | und wir sagen es ist wie ein Nicht-Säugetier, wie ein Reptil, ich sage also, ein Alligator, wir haben einen Alligator. | en-de |
And the alligator has some very sophisticated senses. | 鳄鱼有很复杂强大的感官系统， | en-zh-cn |
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