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Well this is a question which fascinated Chester Southam, a cancer doctor in the 1950s.
To je otázka, která fascinovala Chestra Southama, nádorového specialistu, v roce 1950.
en-cs
Ad he decided to put this to the test by actually deliberately inoculating people with cancer from somebody else.
Hij besloot om dit op de proef te stellen door daadwerkelijk mensen met kanker van iemand anders in te enten.
en-nl
And this is a photograph of Dr. Southam in 1957 injecting cancer into a volunteer, who in this case was an inmate in Ohio State Penitentiary.
Toto je fotografie doktora Southama z roku 1957, jak injektuje rakovinu do dobrovolníka, který byl v tomto případě chovancem v Ohioské státní věznici.
en-cs
Most of the people that Dr. Southam injected did not go on to develop cancer from the injected cells.
Повечето от хората, които д-р Саудъм инжектирал не развили рак от инжектираните клетки.
en-bg
But a small number of them did, and they were mostly people who were otherwise ill -- whose immune systems were probably compromised.
Dar un număr foarte mic a făcut, iar mulți dintre ei erau persoane care aveau alte boli, ale căror sisteme imunitare au fost probabil distruse.
en-ro
What this tells us, ethical issues aside, is that ...
Това, което това ни показва, етичните въпроси настрана, е че...
en-bg
(Laughter) it's probably extremely rare for cancers to be transferred between people.
(Gelach) het waarschijnlijk uiterst zeldzaam is dat kanker wordt overgedragen tussen mensen.
en-nl
However, under some circumstances, it can happen.
Međutim, pod određenim se okolnostima može dogoditi.
en-hr
And I think that this is something that oncologists and epidemiologists should be aware of in the future.
Ve öyle düşünüyorum ki bu onkologların ve epidemiyologların gelecekte dikkate almaları gereken bir şey.
en-tr
So just finally, cancer is an inevitable outcome of the ability of our cells to divide and to adapt to their environments.
ในตอนท้ายนี้ มะเร็งนั้นเป็นผลที่หลีกเลี่ยงไม่ได้ ที่เซลล์ของเราสามารถ แบ่งตัวเอง และปรับตัวเข้ากับสภาพแวดล้อม
en-th
But that does not mean that we should give up hope in the fight against cancer.
Das heißt aber nicht, dass wir die Hoffnung im Kampf gegen den Krebs aufgeben sollten.
en-de
In fact, I believe, given more knowledge of the complex evolutionary processes that drive cancer's growth, we can defeat cancer.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺅﻣﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ،ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
en-ar
My personal aim is to defeat the Tasmanian devil cancer.
هدف شخصی من شکست سرطان "شیطان تاسمانیایی" است.
en-fa
Let's prevent the Tasmanian devil from being the first animal to go extinct from cancer.
Haydi Tazmanya canavarını kanserden nesli tükenen ilk hayvan olmaktan kurtaralım.
en-tr
Basically, there's a major demographic event going on.
Faktisk er der en kæmpe demografisk begivenhed igang.
en-da
And it may be that passing the 50 percent urban point is an economic tipping point. So the world now is a map of connectivity.
Kada gradsko stanovništvo prevaziđe 50%, može se desiti ekonomski preokret. Svet je sada mapa umreženosti.
en-sr
It used to be that Paris and London and New York were the largest cities.
Париж, Лондон и Нью-Йорк были когда-то крупнейшими городами.
en-ru
What we have now is the end of the rise of the West. That's over.
Teraz mamy do czynienia z końcem wzrostu na Zachodzie.
en-pl
The aggregate numbers are overwhelming.
S-a terminat. Datele adunate sunt covârşitoare.
en-ro
So what's really going on? Well, villages of the world are emptying out.
Peki gerçekte ne olup bitiyor? Aslında, dünyadaki köyler boşalıyor.
en-tr
The question is, why?
Η ερώτηση είναι, γιατί;
en-el
And here's the unromantic truth -- and the city air makes you free, they said in Renaissance Germany. So some people go to places like Shanghai but most go to the squatter cities where aesthetics rule.
[слайд: за и против городской жизни]. Правда без романтики: «городской воздух дышит свободой» – немецкое выражение времён ренессанса. Кто-то переселяется, например, в Шанхай, но большинство заселяют районы самостроя.
en-ru
And these are not really a people oppressed by poverty.
而且那裡沒有人真正受貧窮壓迫，
en-zh-tw
They're people getting out of poverty as fast as they can.
São pessoas que tentam sair da pobreza o mais rápido possível.
en-pt-br
They're the dominant builders and to a large extent, the dominant designers.
Ők a meghatározó építők, és nagymértékben a meghatározó tervezők is.
en-hu
They have home-brewed infrastructure and vibrant urban life.
वे घर में बनी बुनियादी सुविधाओं के साथ एक जीवंत शहरी जीवन जी रहे है
en-hi
One-sixth of the GDP in India is coming out of Mumbai.
Mumbai đóng góp 1/6 GDP của Ấn Độ.
en-vi
They are constantly upgrading, and in a few cases, the government helps.
他們不斷地改善生活品質，有少部份還得到政府補助。
en-zh-tw
Education is the main event that can happen in cities.
Izglītība ir labākais, ko pilsētās var iegūt.
en-lv
What's going on in the street in Mumbai?
Was passiert auf den Strassen Mumbais?
en-de
Al Gore knows. It's basically everything.
Al Gor zna. U suštini - sve.
en-sr
There's no unemployment in squatter cities. Everyone works.
Gecekonduların olduğu yerde işşizsizlik yok.
en-tr
One-sixth of humanity is there. It's soon going to be more than that.
Každý pracuje. Je tam lokalizovaná jedna šestina ľudstva. Bude ich tam ale omnoho viac.
en-sk
So here's the first punch line: cities have defused the population bomb.
Donc voilà la première chute de la petite histoire. Les villes ont désamorcé la bombe démographique.
en-fr
And here's the second punch line.
Dan inilah poin penting kedua
en-id
That's the news from downtown. Here it is in perspective.
這是從城市發出來的光芒。從太空拍攝到的影像。
en-zh-tw
Stars have shined down on earth's life for billions of years.
הכוכבים נוצצים על חיי כדור הארץ מזה מיליארדי שנה.
en-he
Now we're shining right back up.
Teraz my žiarime späť nahor.
en-sk
So I just want to tell you my story.
Ik wil jullie mijn verhaal vertellen.
en-nl
I spend a lot of time teaching adults how to use visual language and doodling in the workplace.
Прекарвам много време обучaвайки възрастни как да използват визуален език и да драскат на работното място.
en-bg
And naturally, I encounter a lot of resistance, because it's considered to be anti-intellectual and counter to serious learning.
И разбира се, срещам голяма съпротива, защото се счита за анти-интелектуално и в противовез на сериозното заучаване.
en-bg
But I have a problem with that belief, because I know that doodling has a profound impact on the way that we can process information and the way that we can solve problems.
Ma ho un problema con questa convinzione, perché so che scarabocchiare ha un impatto profondo sul modo in cui elaboriamo le informazioni e sul modo in cui risolviamo i problemi.
en-it
So I was curious about why there was a disconnect between the way our society perceives doodling and the way that the reality is.
落書きに対する社会の認識と現実との間に なぜこんなズレがあるのか 不思議に思いました
en-ja
So I discovered some very interesting things.
Então, descobri algumas coisas muito interessantes.
en-pt-br
For example, there's no such thing as a flattering definition of a doodle.
Например, няма такова нещо като ласкателно определение на драсканица.
en-bg
In the 17th century, a doodle was a simpleton or a fool -- as in Yankee Doodle.
Vào thế kỷ 17, từ doodle (vẽ vô định) được xem là ngốc nghếch hay là trò đùa -- như trong Yankee Doodle.
en-vi
In the 18th century, it became a verb, and it meant to swindle or ridicule or to make fun of someone.
در قرن هجدهم، doodle تبدیل به فعل شد، و به معنی گول زدن و يا به تمسخر گرفتن و دست انداختن یک نفر بود.
en-fa
In the 19th century, it was a corrupt politician.
No séc. XIX, era um político corrupto.
en-pt
And today, we have what is perhaps our most offensive definition, at least to me, which is the following: To doodle officially means to dawdle, to dilly dally, to monkey around, to make meaningless marks, to do something of little value, substance or import, and -- my personal favorite -- to do nothing.
واليوم ، لدينا تعريف يمكن وصفه بالأكثر الإندفاعية في نظري على الأقل ، وهو ما يلي : خربش تعني : تتلكأ لكي تعبث بقلمك .. وتشخبط لرسم علامات لا معنى لها لكي تقدم شيئاً لهو فحوى صغيرة .. وبدون أهمية أو غاية و-- قناعتي الشخصية المفضلة -- أن تفعل شيئا لا قيمة له ويعد لا شيئاً.
en-ar
No wonder people are averse to doodling at work.
Nem csoda hát, ha az embereknek fenntartásaik vannak a munka közbeni firkálgatással szemben.
en-hu
Doing nothing at work is akin to masturbating at work; it's totally inappropriate.
Правене на нищо по време на работа е равносилно на мастурбиране по време на работа; напълно неуместно е.
en-bg
(Laughter) Additionally, I've heard horror stories from people whose teachers scolded them, of course, for doodling in classrooms.
(Smiech) Navyše som počula hororové príbehy od ľudí, ktorých učitelia im za čmáranie na hodinách vynadali.
en-sk
And they have bosses who scold them for doodling in the boardroom.
E hanno capi che li rimproverano perché scarabocchiano in sala riunioni.
en-it
There is a powerful cultural norm against doodling in settings in which we are supposed to learn something.
Der er en stærk kulturel norm imod at tegne kruseduller i sammenhænge, hvori det er meningen, vi lærer noget.
en-da
And unfortunately, the press tends to reinforce this norm when they're reporting on a doodling scene -- of an important person at a confirmation hearing and the like -- they typically use words like "discovered" or "caught" or "found out," as if there's some sort of criminal act being committed.
Và thật không may mắn, xu hướng chung là ủng hộ quan điểm này khi người ta báo cáo về một hình ảnh vẽ vô định của một người quan trọng tại một phiên điêu trần hay tương tự -- họ thường hay sử dụng những từ như "phát hiện ra" "bắt được", hay là "tìm thấy" như thể có một vài hành vi phạm tội đã được cấu thành.
en-vi
And additionally, there is a psychological aversion to doodling -- thank you, Freud.
علاو بر آن، یک اجتناب روان‌شناختی برای "نقاشي بي‌هدف" هست-- از فروید متشكرم.
en-fa
In the 1930s, Freud told us all that you could analyze people's psyches based on their doodles.
1930'lu yıllarda, Freud bize, karalamalarına bakarak bir insanın ruh halini analiz edebileceğimizi söyledi.
en-tr
This is not accurate, but it did happen to Tony Blair at the Davos Forum in 2005, when his doodles were, of course, "discovered" and he was labeled the following things.
Dat klopt niet, maar het gebeurde bij Tony Blair op het Davos Forum in 2005. Toen zijn doedels 'ontdekt' werden, kreeg hij de volgende etiketten opgeplakt.
en-nl
Now it turned out to be Bill Gates' doodle.
Но испоставило се да су то биле жврљотине Била Гејтса.
en-sr
(Laughter) And Bill, if you're here, nobody thinks you're megalomaniacal.
(Γέλιο) Μπιλ, αν είσαι εδώ, κανείς δεν πιστεύει ότι είσαι μεγαλομανίας.
en-el
But that does contribute to people not wanting to share their doodles.
Nhưng điều đó thực sự đã khiến mọi người không muốn chia sẻ những nét vẽ kỳ quặc của họ.
en-vi
And here is the real deal. Here's what I believe.
A, teraz, o čo ide naozaj.
en-sk
I think that our culture is so intensely focused on verbal information that we're almost blinded to the value of doodling.
Saya percaya budaya kita sangat berfokus pada informasi verbal yang buta terhadap nilai corat-coret.
en-id
And I'm not comfortable with that.
這讓我覺得不太愉快。
en-zh-tw
And so because of that belief that I think needs to be burst, I'm here to send us all hurtling back to the truth.
Zatem za sprawą tego przekonania, które wymaga korekcji, jestem tutaj, by zdecydowanie zwrócić nas ku prawdzie.
en-pl
And here's the truth: doodling is an incredibly powerful tool, and it is a tool that we need to remember and to re-learn.
Doğru olan şey şu: karalama yapmak inanılmaz derecede kuvvetli bir araç ve bunu hatırlamamız ve tekrar öğrenmemiz gerekiyor.
en-tr
So here's a new definition for doodling.
Do đó, đây là một định nghĩa mới cho việc vẽ vô định.
en-vi
And I hope there's someone in here from The Oxford English Dictionary, because I want to talk to you later.
我希望在座的有来自牛津英语词典的人士 因为我想和你稍后谈谈。
en-zh-cn
Here's the real definition: Doodling is really to make spontaneous marks to help yourself think.
“doodle”の本当の定義は 「思考を促すため 思いのままに描くこと」です
en-ja
That is why millions of people doodle.
Зато милиони људи црткају.
en-sr
Here's another interesting truth about the doodle: People who doodle when they're exposed to verbal information retain more of that information than their non-doodling counterparts.
وهاكم حقيقة أخرى مثيرة للإهتمام عن الخربشة الناس الذين يخربشون عندما يتلقون المعلومات الصوتية يحتفظون بقدر أكبر من المعلومات من نظرائهم الذين لا يخربشون .
en-ar
We think doodling is something you do when you lose focus, but in reality, it is a preemptive measure to stop you from losing focus.
Wir denken, dass man doodlet, wenn man die Konzentration verliert, aber tatsächlich ist es eine Präventivmaßnahme, um den Konzentrationsverlust zu stoppen.
en-de
Additionally, it has a profound effect on creative problem-solving and deep information processing.
Inoltre, ha un effetto profondo sulla soluzione creativa dei problemi e sull'elaborazione di informazioni complesse.
en-it
There are four ways that learners intake information so that they can make decisions.
Ci sono quattro modi con cui chi apprende acquisisce informazioni per poter prendere decisioni.
en-it
They are visual, auditory, reading and writing and kinesthetic.
הן ויזואלית, שמיעתית, קריאה וכתיבה ותנועתית.
en-he
Now in order for us to really chew on information and do something with it, we have to engage at least two of those modalities, or we have to engage one of those modalities coupled with an emotional experience.
וכדי שממש נלעס את המידע ונעשה בו שימוש, עלינו לערב לפחות שתים מהדרכים האלה, או שעלינו לערב דרך אחת ביחד עם חוויה רגשית.
en-he
The incredible contribution of the doodle is that it engages all four learning modalities simultaneously with the possibility of an emotional experience.
Изузетан допринос цртања је у томе што укључује сва четири модалитета учења истовремено уз могућност емоционалног доживљаја.
en-sr
That is a pretty solid contribution for a behavior equated with doing nothing.
นี่คือผลงานที่ค่อนข้างเป็นรูปธรรม ของพฤติกรรมที่เปรียบได้กับการไม่ทำอะไรเลย
en-th
This is so nerdy, but this made me cry when I discovered this.
Hülye dolog, de elsírtam magam, mikor ezt olvastam.
en-hu
So they did anthropological research into the unfolding of artistic activity in children, and they found that, across space and time, all children exhibit the same evolution in visual logic as they grow.
נערך מחקר אנתרופולוגי על התפתחות הפעילות האמנותית אצל ילדים, ונמצא שבכל מקום וזמן, כל הילדים מציגים אבולוציה זהה של הגיון ויזואלי כשהם גדלים.
en-he
In other words, they have a shared and growing complexity in visual language that happens in a predictable order.
به عبارت دیگر، پيچيدگي رشدي و مرحله‌داري براي زبان ديداري دارند که با توالي مشخص صورت مي‌گيره.
en-fa
And I think that is incredible.
Acho que isto é incrivel.
en-pt-br
I think that means doodling is native to us and we simply are denying ourselves that instinct.
اعتقد ان هذا يعني الخربشة أمرٌ أساسي لنا ونحن ببساطة ننكر على أنفسنا هذه الغريزة.
en-ar
And finally, a lot a people aren't privy to this, but the doodle is a precursor to some of our greatest cultural assets.
Και τέλος, πολλοί δεν το γνωρίζουν αυτό, αλλά, οι μουτζούρες είναι ένας προάγγελος σε μερικά απο τα μεγαλύτερα πολιτισμικά αποκτήματα μας.
en-el
This is but one: this is Frank Gehry the architect's precursor to the Guggenheim in Abu Dhabi.
Toto je len jeden: toto je predchodca múzea Guggenheim v Abu Dhabi od architekta Franka Gehryho.
en-sk
So here is my point: Under no circumstances should doodling be eradicated from a classroom or a boardroom or even the war room.
Dakle, ovo je moja poanta: Ni pod kakvim okolnostima crtkaranje ne bi trebalo biti iskorijenjeno iz učionice ni iz dvorane za sastanke, čak ni iz ratne sobe.
en-hr
On the contrary, doodling should be leveraged in precisely those situations where information density is very high and the need for processing that information is very high.
Ngược lại, vẽ vô định nên được đề cao trong chính những tình huống đó khi mà mật độ thông tin rất dày đặc và nhu cầu để xử lý những thông tin đó là rất cao
en-vi
And I will go you one further.
ဒီထက်တိုးပြီး ခေါ်သွားပါမယ်။
en-my
Because doodling is so universally accessible and it is not intimidating as an art form, it can be leveraged as a portal through which we move people into higher levels of visual literacy.
အကြောင်းက လျှောက်ခြစ်တာက လူတိုင်း နားလည်လွယ်ပြီး အနုပညာပုံစံအဖြစ် ခြိမ်းခြောက်တာမဟုတ်ပဲ လူတွေကို အမြင်ပိုင်း စာတတ်မြောက်မှုရဲ့ ပိုမြင့်တဲ့ အဆင့်တွေဆီ တိုက်တွန်းပေးတာကနေ မုခ်ဝတစ်ခုလို တွန်းတင်ပေးနိုင်တာကြောင့်ပါ။
en-my
My friends, the doodle has never been the nemesis of intellectual thought.
Dostlarım, karalama yapmak asla entellektüel düşüncenin düşmanı olmadı.
en-tr
In reality, it is one of its greatest allies.
I virkeligheden er den en af dens største allierede.
en-da
June 13, 2014 started as a routine Friday in Redemption Hospital in Monrovia, the capital of Liberia.
O dia 13 de junho de 2014 começou como uma sexta-feira rotineira no Hospital Redemption em Monróvia, a capital da Libéria.
en-pt
Redemption is the largest free public health hospital in the city.
Redemption est le plus grand hôpital public gratuit de la ville.
en-fr
We are called upon to serve hundreds of thousands of people.
हमें लाखो लोगो को सेवा देने के लिए बुलाया गया था.,
en-hi
In the best of times it puts strain on our resources.
가장 바쁠 때는 가지고 있는 자원이 모두 동이나 버리죠.
en-ko
Monthly supplies run out within weeks, and patients without beds would be seated in chairs.
Trợ cấp hàng tháng hết trong vòng vài tuần, và bệnh nhân không có giường nằm phải ngồi trên ghế.
en-vi
That summer, we had a nurse who had been sick for a while.
في ذلك الصيف كانت لدينا ممرضة كانت مريضة منذ فترة.
en-ar
Sick enough to be admitted in our hospital.
Hastaneye yatırılacak kadar hastaydı.
en-tr
But our treatment didn't seem to be helping her; her symptoms were getting worse: diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, fever and weakness.
हमारा कोई उपचार उसके काम आता नहीं दिख रहा था. उसके रोग के लक्षण बड़ते जा रहे थे दस्त, गंभीर पेट दर्द, बुखार और कमजोरी
en-hi
On that particular Friday, she developed severe respiratory distress, and her eyes were menacingly red.
В ту самую пятницу у неё развился острый респираторный дистресс-синдром (ОРДС), и её глаза пугающе покраснели.
en-ru