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And so the lesson is this: it doesn't really matter what you're selling; you just have to think about who is your customer, and what are the messages that are going to get them to change their behavior. | Yani anlamamız gereken şu ki: sattığınız şeyin hiç önemi yok; siz alacak kişileri düşünmelisiniz, ve onların bu davranışlarını değiştirecek bir mesaj bulmalısınız. | en-tr |
It might just save their lives. | Možda će to da im spasi živote. | en-sr |
Everyone's familiar with cancer, but we don't normally think of cancer as being a contagious disease. | 每个人都熟悉癌症 但我们通常认为 癌症不是传染病 | en-zh-cn |
The Tasmanian devil has shown us that, not only can cancer be a contagious disease, but it can also threaten an entire species with extinction. | El demonio de Tasmania nos muestra que el cáncer no es sólo una enfermedad contagiosa sino que además puede amenazar a una especie con la extinción. | en-es |
So first of all, what is a Tasmanian devil? | ก่อนอื่น, แทสเมเนียนเดวิลคือตัวอะไร? | en-th |
Many of you might be familiar with Taz, the cartoon character, the one that spins around and around and around. | Birçoğunuz çizgi film kahramanı Taz'ı biliyorsunuzdur hani kendi etrafında sürekli döner, döner, döner. | en-tr |
But not many people know that there actually is a real animal called the Tasmanian devil, and it's the world's largest carnivorous marsupial. | Men inte så många vet att det faktiskt finns ett riktigt djur som heter tasmanska pungdjävul, och det är världens största köttätande pungdjur. | en-sv |
A marsupial is a mammal with a pouch like a kangaroo. | Keseli hayvan dediğimiz kanguru gibi kesesini taşıyan memelidir. | en-tr |
The Tasmanian devil got its name from the terrifying nocturnal scream that it makes. | 태즈매니아 데블이라는 이름은 그들이 밤에 내는 공포스러운 소리 때문에 지어졌습니다 | en-ko |
(Screaming) (Laughter) The Tasmanian devil is predominantly a scavenger, and it uses its powerful jaws and its sharp teeth to chomp on the bones of rotting dead animals. | ( Klithma ) ( Te qeshura ) Djalli i Tasmanise eshte kryesisht nje ngrenes mbeturinash te ngordhura, dhe perdor nofullat e fuqishme dhe dhembet e tij te mprehte te coptoje kockat e kafsheve te ngordhura. | en-sq |
[The] Tasmanian devil is found only on the island of Tasmania, which is that small island just to the south of the mainland of Australia. | Il diavolo della Tasmania si trova solo sull'isola della Tasmania, quella piccola isola appena a sud del continente australiano. | en-it |
And despite their ferocious appearance, Tasmanian devils are actually quite adorable little animals. | Vérengző megjelenésük ellenére a tasmaniai ördögök valójában imádnivaló kis állatok. | en-hu |
In fact, growing up in Tasmania, it always was incredibly exciting when we got a chance to see a Tasmanian devil in the wild. | När jag växte upp på Tasmanien var det alltid otroligt spännande när vi fick en chans att se en tasmansk pungdjävul i det vilda. | en-sv |
But the Tasmanian devil population has been undergoing a really extremely fast decline. | Mas, a população de demônios da Tasmânia tem sido submetida a um declínio extremamente rápido. | en-pt-br |
And in fact, there's concern that the species could go extinct in the wild within 20 to 30 years. | Y, de hecho, hay preocupación de que la especie desaparezca del estado salvaje en 20 ó 30 años. | en-es |
And the reason for that is the emergence of a new disease, a contagious cancer. | 原因就是 一种新疾病的出现 一种传染性癌症 | en-zh-cn |
The story begins in 1996 when a wildlife photographer took this photograph here of a Tasmanian devil with a large tumor on its face. | Эта история началась в 1996 году когда фотограф-натуралист сделал вот это фото тасманского дьявола с большой опухолью на морде. | en-ru |
At the time, this was thought to be a one-off. | В то время нам казалось что это единичный случай. | en-ru |
Animals, just like humans, sometimes get strange tumors. | Animais, exatamente como os humanos, às vezes apresentam tumores estranhos. | en-pt-br |
However, we now believe that this is the first sighting of a new disease, which is now an epidemic spreading through Tasmania. | Nicméně, dnes věříme, že toto je první zmínka o nové nemoci, která se nyní epidemicky šíří přes celou Tasmánii. | en-cs |
The disease was first sighted in the northeast of Tasmania in 1996 and has spread across Tasmania like a huge wave. | Hastalık ilk kez Tazmanya'nun kuzeydoğusunda 1996'da görüldü ve tüm Tazmanya'ya büyük dalgalar halinde yayıldı. | en-tr |
Now there's only a small part of the population, which remains unaffected. | Сега само една малка част от населението, остава незасегната. | en-bg |
This disease appears first as tumors, usually on the face or inside the mouth of affected Tasmanian devils. | タスマニアデビルが このガンを発症すると 通常 顔面もしくは口内に 腫瘍ができます | en-ja |
These tumors inevitably grow into larger tumors, such as these ones here. | Ezek a daganatok előbb-utóbb nagyobb daganatokká fejlődnek, mint ezek itt. | en-hu |
And the next image I'm going to show is quite gruesome. | De volgende afbeelding die ik ga laten zien is nogal gruwelijk. | en-nl |
But inevitably, these tumors progress towards being enormous, ulcerating tumors like this one here. | Mais inévitablement, ces tumeurs progressent jusqu'à devenir énormes et ulcérées comme celle-ci. | en-fr |
This one in particular sticks in my mind, because this is the first case of this disease that I saw myself. | Vooral deze is me bijgebleven. Het is het eerste geval van deze ziekte dat ik zelf zag. | en-nl |
And I remember the horror of seeing this little female devil with this huge ulcerating, foul-smelling tumor inside her mouth that had actually cracked off her entire lower jaw. | E ricordo l'orrore nel vedere questa giovane femmina con questo enorme tumore ulceroso, dall'odore fetido, all'interno della bocca, che le aveva spaccato l'intera mascella inferiore. | en-it |
She hadn't eaten for days. | Nó đã không ăn được trong nhiều ngày. | en-vi |
Her guts were swimming with parasitic worms. | Jej jelita zaatakowały pasożytnicze owady. | en-pl |
Her body was riddled with secondary tumors. | Tubuhnya dipenuhi tumor sekunder. | en-id |
And yet, she was feeding three little baby Tasmanian devils in her pouch. | Și totuși, ea își hrănea cei trei pui de diavol tasmanian în buzunarul său. | en-ro |
Of course, they died along with the mother. | Sigurisht, qe ato ngordhen me mamane e tyre. | en-sq |
They were too young to survive without their mother. | Те бяха твърде малки, за да оцелеят без майка си. | en-bg |
In fact, in the area where she comes from, more than 90 percent of the Tasmanian devil population has already died of this disease. | Sebenarnya, di daerah asalnya lebih dari 90 persen populasi Tasmanian devil telah mati akibat penyakit ini. | en-id |
Scientists around the world were intrigued by this cancer, this infectious cancer, that was spreading through the Tasmanian devil population. | Các nhà khoa học trên thế giới đã bị thu hút bởi căn bệnh này, căn bệnh ung thư truyền nhiễm này mà lây lan ra toàn loài Tasmanian devil. | en-vi |
And our minds immediately turned to cervical cancer in women, which is spread by a virus, and to the AIDS epidemic, which is associated with a number of different types of cancer. | Η σκέψη μας πήγε αμέσως στον καρκίνο του τραχήλου της μήτρας, ο οποίος εξαπλώνεται μέσω ενός ιού, και στην επιδημία του AIDS, η οποία συνδέεται με έναν αριθμό διαφορετικών τύπων καρκίνου. | en-el |
All the evidence suggested that this devil cancer was spread by a virus. | Todas as evidências sugeriam que este câncer maligno se espalhou por meio de um vírus. | en-pt-br |
However, we now know -- and I'll tell you right now -- that we know that this cancer is not spread by a virus. | Nicméně, my nyní víme -- a já vám to řeknu hned teď -- my víme, že tato rakovina není šířena pomocí viru. | en-cs |
In fact, the infectious agent of disease in this cancer is something altogether more sinister, and something that we hadn't really thought of before. | 사실 이 암을 전염시키는 매개체는 다른 것들보다 해롭고, 저희가 이때까지 생각하지 못한 것이었습니다 | en-ko |
But in order for me to explain what that is, I need to spend just a couple of minutes talking more about cancer itself. | Dar, ca să vă pot explica ce este, trebuie ca în câteva minute să vă explic ce este cancerul în sine. | en-ro |
Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people around the world every year. | Kanceri eshte nje semundje qe prek miliona njerez ne bote vit per vit. | en-sq |
One in three people in this room will develop cancer at some stage in their lives. | Ένας στους τρεις σε αυτό το δωμάτιο θα αναπτύξει καρκίνο σε κάποιο στάδιο της ζωής του. | en-el |
I myself had a tumor removed from my large intestine when I was only 14. | Мне самой удалили опухоль из толстой кишки когда мне было всего 14. | en-ru |
Cancer occurs when a single cell in your body acquires a set of random mutations in important genes that cause that cell to start to produce more and more and more copies of itself. | มะเร็งเกิดขึ้น เมื่อเซลล์ตัวหนึ่งในร่างกายของคุณ เกิดระบบการกลายพันธุ์ในหน่วยพันธุกรรมที่สำคัญ ซึ่งทำให้เซลล์นั้นเริ่มสร้าง เซลล์ที่เหมือนกับตัวมันเองมากขึ้นเรื่อย ๆ | en-th |
Paradoxically, once established, natural selection actually favors the continued growth of cancer. | Ne menyre paradoksale, sapo formohet, perzgjedhja natyrale favorizon rritjen e vazhdueshme te kancerit. | en-sq |
Natural selection is survival of the fittest. | Perzgjedhja natyrale eshte mbijetesa e me te fortit. | en-sq |
And when you have a population of fast-dividing cancer cells, if one of them acquires new mutations, which allow them to grow more quickly, acquire nutrients more successfully, invade the body, they'll be selected for by evolution. | Și atunci când ai o populație de celule canceroase care mor repede, dacă una dintre ele dobândeşte noi mutații, care le permit să crească mult mai repede, să primească nutrienți mult mai rapid, să invadeze corpul, ele vor fi preferate de evoluție. | en-ro |
That's why cancer is such a difficult disease to treat. | Вот почему рак так тяжело излечить. | en-ru |
It evolves. | Nó tiến hóa. | en-vi |
Throw a drug at it, and resistant cells will grow back. | Test er een geneesmiddel op uit en resistente cellen zullen overblijven en teruggroeien. | en-nl |
An amazing fact is that, given the right environment and the right nutrients, a cancer cell has the potential to go on growing forever. | Es ist erstaunlich, dass eine Krebszelle in der richtigen Umgebung und mit den richtigen Nährstoffen das Potential hat, für immer weiter zu wachsen. | en-de |
However cancer is constrained by living inside our bodies, and its continued growth, its spreading through our bodies and eating away at our tissues, leads to the death of the cancer patient and also to the death of the cancer itself. | Azonban a rákot korlátozza, hogy a testünkben él, és folyamatos növekedése, terjedése a testünkben és szöveteink felfalása a rákbeteg halálához vezet, és ezzel együtt önmaga elpusztulásához. | en-hu |
So cancer could be thought of as a strange, short-lived, self-destructive life form -- an evolutionary dead end. | On pourrait donc voir le cancer comme une forme de vie étrange, autodestructrice, et à durée de vie courte, une impasse de l'évolution. | en-fr |
But that is where the Tasmanian devil cancer has acquired an absolutely amazing evolutionary adaptation. | Но это как раз та точка, где рак у тасманских дьяволов достиг абсолютно невообразимой эволюционной адаптации. | en-ru |
And the answer came from studying the Tasmanian devil cancer's DNA. | Et la réponse est venue en étudiant l'ADN du cancer du diable de Tasmanie. | en-fr |
This was work from many people, but I'm going to explain it through a confirmatory experiment that I did a few years ago. | ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻜﻨﻲ ﺳﺄﺷﺮﺣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ | en-ar |
The next slide is going to be gruesome. | La diapo suivante va être horrible. | en-fr |
This is Jonas. | これはジョナスです | en-ja |
He's a Tasmanian devil that we found with a large tumor on his face. | Han är en tasmansk pungdjävul som vi fann med en stor tumör på ansiktet. | en-sv |
And being a geneticist, I'm always interested to look at DNA and mutations. | Als Genetikerin bin ich immer daran interessiert, DNS und Mutationen zu untersuchen. | en-de |
So I took this opportunity to collect some samples from Jonas' tumor and also some samples from other parts of his body. | Ich nahm die Gelegenheit wahr und entnahm ein paar Proben aus Jonas' Tumor sowie ein paar Proben aus anderen Körperteilen. | en-de |
I took these back to the lab. | ﺍﺧﺬﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ | en-ar |
I extracted DNA from them. | Jag extraherade DNA från dem. | en-sv |
And when I looked at the sequence of the DNA, and compared the sequence of Jonas' tumor to that of the rest of his body, I discovered that they had a completely different genetic profile. | Dhe kur pashe renditjen e ADN-se, dhe e krahasova renditjen e tumorit te Jonasit, me ate te pjeseve tjera te trupit te tij, Zbulova qe ata kishin nje profil gjenetik krejtesosht ndryshe nga njeri-tjetri. | en-sq |
In fact, Jonas and his tumor were as different from each other as you and the person sitting next to you. | De hecho, Jonas y su tumor eran tan diferentes uno de otro como Uds de la persona que tienen sentada al lado. | en-es |
What this told us was that Jonas' tumor did not arise from cells of his own body. | Am aflat că tumoarea lui Jonas nu a apărut din celulele propriului său corp. | en-ro |
In fact, more genetic profiling told us that this tumor in Jonas actually probably first arose from the cells of a female Tasmanian devil -- and Jonas was clearly a male. | De facto, mais perfis genéticos disseram-nos que este tumor no Jonas provavelmente surgiu primeiro das células de um diabo da Tasmânia fêmea e o Jonas era claramente um macho. | en-pt |
So how come a tumor that arose from the cells of another individual is growing on Jonas' face? | Pra si eshte e mundur qe nje tumor qe u rrit nga qeliza e nje kafshe tjeter po rritej ne fytyrene Jonasit ? | en-sq |
Well the next breakthrough came from studying hundreds of Tasmanian devil cancers from all around Tasmania. | Nos, a következő áttörés több száz tasmaniai ördög rákbetegségének tanulmányozásából származik, Tasmania minden sarkából. | en-hu |
We found that all of these cancers shared the same DNA. | Rájöttünk, hogy minden ráknak ugyanaz a DNS-e. | en-hu |
Think about that for a minute. | Pensez-y pendant une minute. | en-fr |
That means that all of these cancers actually are the same cancer that arose once from one individual devil, that have broken free of that first devil's body and spread through the entire Tasmanian devil population. | משמעות הדבר שכל אותם סרטנים הם למעשה אותו סרטן שנבע פעם משד אחד, ואשר השתחרר מגופו של אותו שד והתפשט באוכלוסיית השד הטזמני כולה. | en-he |
But how can a cancer spread in a population? | De hogyan terjedhet el egy rákbetegség egy populációban? | en-hu |
Well the final piece of the puzzle came when we remember how devils behave when they meet each other in the wild. | Nos, a kirakós utolsó darabját úgy találtuk meg, hogy visszaidéztük, hogyan viselkednek az ördögök, amikor a szabadban találkoznak. | en-hu |
They tend to bite each other, often quite ferociously and usually on the face. | 它們喜歡啃咬對方 常常很兇猛，而且通常是咬對方的臉。 | en-zh-tw |
We think that cancer cells actually come off the tumor, get into the saliva. | Wij denken dat kankercellen loskomen van de tumor en in het speeksel terechtkomen. | en-nl |
When the devil bites another devil, it actually physically implants living cancer cells into the next devil, so the tumor continues to grow. | Als de duivel een andere duivel bijt, implanteert hij levende kankercellen fysiek in de volgende duivel zodat de tumor blijft groeien. | en-nl |
So this Tasmanian devil cancer is perhaps the ultimate cancer. | כך שסרטן השד הטזמני הזה הוא אולי הסרטן האולטימטיבי. | en-he |
It's not constrained by living within the body that gave rise to it. | Není nucená žít uvnitř těla, z kterého vznikla. | en-cs |
It spreads through the population, has mutations that allow it to evade the immune system, and it's the only cancer that we know of that's threatening an entire species with extinction. | Se răspândește la populație, are mutații care îi permit să invadeze sistemul imunitar și este singurul cancer pe care îl cunoaștem ce amenință cu dispariția o întreagă specie. | en-ro |
But if this can happen in Tasmanian devils, why hasn't it happened in other animals or even humans? | Mas se isto pode acontecer com os diabos da Tasmânia, porque é que não aconteceu com outros animais ou até com seres humanos? | en-pt |
Well the answer is, it has. | Pergjigia eshte, qe ka ndodhur. | en-sq |
This is Kimbo. | Inilah Kimbo. | en-id |
He's a dog that belongs to a family in Mombasa in Kenya. | 是一個住在肯亞盟巴撒島的家庭所養的一隻小狗。 | en-zh-tw |
Last year, his owner noticed some blood trickling from his genital region. | Loni si jeho majitelka povšimla kapající krve z oblasti genitálií. | en-cs |
She took him to the vet and the vet discovered something quite disgusting. | Levou-o ao veterinário que descobriu algo muito desagradável. | en-pt-br |
And if you're squeamish, please look away now. | И ако сте гнусливи, моля, погледнете настрана сега. | en-bg |
He discovered this, a huge bleeding tumor at the base of Kimbo's penis. | เขาพบนี่ค่ะ เนื้องอกขนาดใหญ่ซึ่งมีเลือดไหล อยู่ที่โคนอันฑะของคิมโบ | en-th |
The vet diagnosed this as transmissible venereal tumor, a sexually transmitted cancer that affects dogs. | הווטרינר אבחן אותו כגידול המועבר במין, סרטן המועבר ביחסי מין המשפיע על כלבים. | en-he |
And just as the Tasmanian devil cancer is contagious through the spread of living cancer cells, so is this dog cancer. | I tak jak rak diabła tasmańskiego jest zakaźny za pośrednictwem żywych komórek rakowych, to samo dotyczy tego nowotworu u psa. | en-pl |
But this dog cancer is quite remarkable, because it spread all around the world. | Por ky kancer qensh eshte mjaft interesant, sepse ai shperdahet ne te gjithe boten. | en-sq |
And in fact, these same cells that are affecting Kimbo here are also found affecting dogs in New York City, in mountain villages in the Himalayas and in Outback Australia. | Dhe ne fakt, kete qeliza te njejta qe kane prekur Kimbon ketu jane gjetur qe kane prekur edhe qene te tjere ne New York, ne fshtara malore te Himalajas dhe deri ne Australi. | en-sq |
We also believe this cancer might be very old. | ما همچنین اعتقاد داریم که این سرطان ممکنه خیلی قدیمی و کهن باشه. | en-fa |
In fact, genetic profiling tells that it may be tens of thousands of years old, which means that this cancer may have first arisen from the cells of a wolf that lived alongside the Neanderthals. | A genetikai elemzés azt mutatja, hogy akár több tízezer éves is lehet, ami azt jelenti, hogy ez a rák egy olyan farkas sejtjeiből fejlődhetett ki, mely a neandervölgyiek mellett élt. | en-hu |
This cancer is remarkable. | Kanker ini sangat luar biasa. | en-id |
It's the oldest mammalian-derived life form that we know of. | این قدیمی ترین زندگی بدست آمده از پستانداران است که ما میشناسیم. | en-fa |
It's a living relic of the distant past. | To je živi relikt iz daleke prošlosti. | en-hr |
So we've seen that this can happen in animals. | Așadar, am observat că aceasta se poate întâmpla la animale. | en-ro |
Could cancers be contagious between people? | Може ли ракът да бъде заразен между хората? | en-bg |
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