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They might have been able to do it earlier. | Те са можели да го направят и по-рано. | en-bg |
The message, then, for me, about unintended consequences is chaos happens; let's make better use of it. | 对于我来说 无意识后果的主旨 是混乱的产物 让我们更好的去运用它 | en-zh-cn |
What I'm going to try and do in the next 15 minutes or so is tell you about an idea of how we're going to make matter come alive. | Wat ik in de komende 15 minuten of zo ga proberen te doen is jullie vertellen over een idee van hoe we materie tot leven gaan wekken. | en-nl |
Now this may seem a bit ambitious, but when you look at yourself, you look at your hands, you realize that you're alive. | Acest lucru poate suna cam ambițios, dar când te uiți la tine însuți, te uiți la mâinile tale, realizezi că trăiești. | en-ro |
So this is a start. | پس این شروع کار است. | en-fa |
Now this quest started four billion years ago on planet Earth. | 這種探索始於40億年前的地球 | en-zh-tw |
There's been four billion years of organic, biological life. | Sono trascorsi 4 miliardi di anni di vita organica, biologica. | en-it |
And as an inorganic chemist, my friends and colleagues make this distinction between the organic, living world and the inorganic, dead world. | 無機化学の専門家である 私の友人や同僚は分別しています 有機的な生きた世界と 無機的な死んだ世界を | en-ja |
And what I'm going to try and do is plant some ideas about how we can transform inorganic, dead matter into living matter, into inorganic biology. | و سعی من ارایه ایده هایی دربارۀ چگونگي تبدیل مواد معدنی و غیر زنده به مواد زنده، به زیست شناسی معدنی است. | en-fa |
Before we do that, I want to kind of put biology in its place. | Pero antes de eso quiero poner la biología en contexto. | en-es |
And I'm absolutely enthralled by biology. | و من قطعاً شیفته زیست شناسی هستم. | en-fa |
I love to do synthetic biology. | Μου αρέσει η συνθετική βιολογία. | en-el |
I love things that are alive. | Ik hou van dingen die leven. | en-nl |
I love manipulating the infrastructure of biology. | Me encanta manipular la infraestructura de la biología. | en-es |
But within that infrastructure, we have to remember that the driving force of biology is really coming from evolution. | Dar, în acea infrastructură, trebuie să ne amintim că forța motrică a biologiei vine de fapt de la evoluție. | en-ro |
And evolution, although it was established well over 100 years ago by Charles Darwin and a vast number of other people, evolution still is a little bit intangible. | Và sự tiến hóa, dù đã được Charles Darwin và nhiều người khác xác định, cách đây trên 100 năm, thuyết tiến hóa vẫn còn một chút khó hiểu. | en-vi |
And when I talk about Darwinian evolution, I mean one thing and one thing only, and that is survival of the fittest. | И когато говоря за еволюцията на Дарвин, аз имам предвид едно единствено нещо, и това е оцеляването на най-силният. | en-bg |
And so forget about evolution in a kind of metaphysical way. | Szóval most ne foglalkozzunk az evolúcióval bármilyen elvont értelemben. | en-hu |
Think about evolution in terms of offspring competing, and some winning. | ولكن فكروا فى التطور بمعنى أجيال جديدة تتنافس فيما بينها، وبعضها يربح المنافسة. | en-ar |
So bearing that in mind, as a chemist, I wanted to ask myself the question frustrated by biology: What is the minimal unit of matter that can undergo Darwinian evolution? | 請記得 我作為化學家，想問自己一些 讓生物學家痛苦的問題： 什麼是達爾文進化論中進化的 最小物質單位？ | en-zh-tw |
And this seems quite a profound question. | See paistab küllaltki sügavamõtteline küsimus olevat. | en-et |
And as a chemist, we're not used to profound questions every day. | Keemikutena pole me harjunud igapäevaselt sügavamõtteliste küsimustega tegelema. | en-et |
So when I thought about it, then suddenly I realized that biology gave us the answer. | Al pensarlo de repente me di cuenta que la biología nos daba una respuesta. | en-es |
And in fact, the smallest unit of matter that can evolve independently is, in fact, a single cell -- a bacteria. | 사실, 독립적으로 진화할 수 있는 물질의 가장 최소단위는 사실, 하나의 세포, 즉 박테리아입니다 | en-ko |
So this raises three really important questions: What is life? | Bu gerçekten önemli üç soru doğuruyor: Yaşam nedir? | en-tr |
Is biology special? | 生物學有什麼特別的嗎？ | en-zh-tw |
Biologists seem to think so. | -- Biyologlar öyle olduğunu düşünüyor gibi. | en-tr |
Is matter evolvable? | Hat-e az anyagra az evolúció? | en-hu |
Now if we answer those questions in reverse order, the third question -- is matter evolvable? -- if we can answer that, then we're going to know how special biology is, and maybe, just maybe, we'll have some idea of what life really is. | Şimdi eğer bu sorulara ters sırayla cevap verecek olursak, üçüncü soruya -- madde evrim geçirebilir mi? -- şayet buna cevap verebilirsek, biyolojinin ne denli özel olduğunu bilebileceğiz, ve belki de, sadece belki, yaşamın gerçekte ne olduğu hakkında bir fikrimiz olacak. | en-tr |
So here's some inorganic life. | 这里有一些无机生命。 | en-zh-cn |
This is a dead crystal, and I'm going to do something to it, and it's going to become alive. | 이건 죽은 수정인데, 제가 그것에 뭔가를 하려 하고, 그건 생생히 살아날겁니다 | en-ko |
And you can see, it's kind of pollinating, germinating, growing. | Και μπορείτε να δείτε άρχιζει να βγάζει ρίζες και να μεγαλώνει. | en-el |
This is an inorganic tube. | - w nieorganicznej probówce | en-pl |
And all these crystals here under the microscope were dead a few minutes ago, and they look alive. | Và tất cả những hạt tinh thể ở đây nằm dưới kính hiển vi cách đây một vài phút đều là vật vô tri, và chúng trông giống như đang sống. | en-vi |
Of course, they're not alive. | Loomulikult pole nad tegelikult elus. | en-et |
It's a chemistry experiment where I've made a crystal garden. | Ez egy kémiai kísérlet, amiben egy kristály-kertet csináltam. | en-hu |
But when I saw this, I was really fascinated, because it seemed lifelike. | Но когда я это увидел, я был действительно поражён, потому это казалось похожим на жизнь. | en-ru |
And as I pause for a few seconds, have a look at the screen. | Zatrzymam na kilka sekund, popatrzcie na ekran. | en-pl |
You can see there's architecture growing, filling the void. | Te näete, et seal kasvab arhitektuur, täites tühjust. | en-et |
And this is dead. | Und sie ist leblos. | en-de |
So I was positive that, if somehow we can make things mimic life, let's go one step further. | Dus was ik er zeker van dat als we dingen het leven kunnen laten nabootsen, we ook een stap verder konden gaan. | en-nl |
Let's see if we can actually make life. | Vaatame, kas meil õnnestub tegelikult elu luua. | en-et |
But there's a problem, because up until maybe a decade ago, we were told that life was impossible and that we were the most incredible miracle in the universe. | しかし 困ったことに 約10年前までは 生命体を作るのは不可能で 生命は宇宙で最も素晴らしい 奇跡だと言われていました | en-ja |
In fact, we were the only people in the universe. | На самом деле, мы всего лишь люди во вселенной. | en-ru |
Now, that's a bit boring. | Сега, това е малко скучно. | en-bg |
So as a chemist, I wanted to say, "Hang on. What is going on here? | Takže jako chemik jsem chtěl říct: "Počkat. Co se to tu děje? | en-cs |
Is life that improbable?" | هل إيجاد الحياة حقا غير وارد إلى هذا الحد ؟" | en-ar |
And this is really the question. | Selles ongi tegelikult küsimus. | en-et |
I think that perhaps the emergence of the first cells was as probable as the emergence of the stars. | Cred că probabil evoluția primelor celule a fost la fel de posibilă ca evoluția stelelor. | en-ro |
And in fact, let's take that one step further. | Laten we een stap verder gaan. | en-nl |
Let's say that if the physics of fusion is encoded into the universe, maybe the physics of life is as well. | Diyelim ki eğer füzyon fiziği evrene şifrelenmişse, yaşamın fiziği de aynı şekilde olabilir. | en-tr |
And so the problem with chemists -- and this is a massive advantage as well -- is we like to focus on our elements. | Quindi il problema di noi chimici -- che è anche un enorme vantaggio -- è che amiamo concentrarci sui nostri elementi. | en-it |
In biology, carbon takes center stage. | 생물학에서, 탄소는 무대의 중심을 차지합니다 | en-ko |
And in a universe where carbon exists and organic biology, then we have all this wonderful diversity of life. | Và carbon tồn tại trong vũ trụ, và trong sinh học hữu cơ, chúng ta có một cuộc sống đa dạng một cách tuyệt vời. | en-vi |
In fact, we have such amazing lifeforms that we can manipulate. | Zapravo, imamo izvanredne oblike života kojima možemo manipulisati. | en-sr |
We're awfully careful in the lab to try and avoid various biohazards. | Nós somos extremamente cuidadosos no laboratório para tentar evitar vários riscos biológicos. | en-pt |
Well what about matter? | А какво се случва с материята? | en-bg |
If we can make matter alive, would we have a matterhazard? | Pokud dokážeme oživit hmotu, byl by to hmotohazard? | en-cs |
So think, this is a serious question. | Подумайте, это серьёзный вопрос. | en-ru |
If your pen could replicate, that would be a bit of a problem. | Dacă pixul vostru s-ar putea reproduce, asta ar fi o problemă. | en-ro |
So we have to think differently if we're going to make stuff come alive. | Also müssen wir anders denken, wenn wir Stoff zum Leben erwecken wollen. | en-de |
And we also have to be aware of the issues. | И също така трябва да сме наясно с последиците. | en-bg |
But before we can make life, let's think for a second what life really is characterized by. | しかし 生命体を作る前に ちょっと考えて見ましょう 生命の特徴とは何かを | en-ja |
And forgive the complicated diagram. | Và hãy bỏ qua biểu đồ phức tạp. | en-vi |
This is just a collection of pathways in the cell. | Ovo je samo kolekcija tokova u stanici. | en-hr |
And the cell is obviously for us a fascinating thing. | Y para nosotros la célula es, obviamente, algo fascinante. | en-es |
Synthetic biologists are manipulating it. | 合成生物學可以操控細胞 | en-zh-tw |
Chemists are trying to study the molecules to look at disease. | 化學家正嘗試着透過研究分子來治療疾病 | en-zh-tw |
And you have all these pathways going on at the same time. | E temos todos esses caminhos acontecendo ao mesmo tempo. | en-pt-br |
You have regulation; information is transcribed; catalysts are made; stuff is happening. | Yönetmeliğiniz var; bilgileriniz kaydediliyor; katalizörler yapılmış; bir şey meydana geliyor. | en-tr |
But what does a cell do? | Ale co robi komórka? | en-pl |
Well it divides, it competes, it survives. | Вона ділиться, змагається, виживає. | en-uk |
And I think that is where we have to start in terms of thinking about building from our ideas in life. | これこそが 生命について考える際の 原点となるのです | en-ja |
But what else is life characterized by? | Dar de ce anume mai este viața caracterizată? | en-ro |
Well, I like think of it as a flame in a bottle. | Představuji si ho jako plamen v lahvi. | en-cs |
And so what we have here is a description of single cells replicating, metabolizing, burning through chemistries. | Ühesõnaga on meil üksiku raku kirjeldus, mis paljuneb, metaboliseerib ja tegeleb erinevate keemiliste protsessidega. | en-et |
And so we have to understand that if we're going to make artificial life or understand the origin of life, we need to power it somehow. | И ние трябва да разберем, че ако ще правим изкуствен живот или разберем произхода на живота, ние трябва да го снабдим с енергия по някакъв начин. | en-bg |
So before we can really start to make life, we have to really think about where it came from. | Dus voordat we echt beginnen met leven te maken, moeten we denken aan waar het vandaan kwam. | en-nl |
And Darwin himself mused in a letter to a colleague that he thought that life probably emerged in some warm little pond somewhere -- maybe not in Scotland, maybe in Africa, maybe somewhere else. | Сам Дарвін в листі до колеги стверджував, що життя зародилось десь в невеликому теплому озері – можливо не в Шотландії, а в Африці або деінде. | en-uk |
But the real honest answer is, we just don't know, because there is a problem with the origin. | Однако честным ответом будет то, что мы просто не знаем, потому с зарождением есть проблема. | en-ru |
Imagine way back, four and a half billion years ago, there is a vast chemical soup of stuff. | Kujutlege nelja ja poole miljardi aasta tagust aega, mil eksisteeris tohutu keemiline kompott. | en-et |
And from this stuff we came. | Powstaliśmy z takiego czegoś. | en-pl |
So when you think about the improbable nature of what I'm going to tell you in the next few minutes, just remember, we came from stuff on planet Earth. | Vì thế, khi bạn nghĩ về bản chất nguồn gốc không chắc chắn của những gì tôi sẽ nói với bạn trong những phút tiếp theo, hãy nhớ là, chúng ta được tạo thành từ những vật chất trên hành tinh Trái Đất. | en-vi |
And we went through a variety of worlds. | ושעברנו דרך מגוון עולמות. | en-he |
The RNA people would talk about the RNA world. | افراد زمینه پژوهشی طبیعی RNA در مورد جهان زمینه پژوهشی طبیعیRNA صحبت می کنند. | en-fa |
We somehow got to proteins and DNA. | やがて タンパク質とDNAが生まれ | en-ja |
We then got to the last ancestor. | Seejärel jõudsime viimase esivanemani. | en-et |
Evolution kicked in -- and that's the cool bit. | Et l'évolution s'est faite sentir, et ça c'est le bon point. | en-fr |
And here we are. | И ето ни тук. | en-bg |
But there's a roadblock that you can't get past. | Dar există o piedică peste care nu poți trece. | en-ro |
You can decode the genome, you can look back, you can link us all together by a mitochondrial DNA, but we can't get further than the last ancestor, the last visible cell that we could sequence or think back in history. | ניתן לפענח את התורשה, ניתן להסתכל אל תוך העבר, ניתן לקשר אותנו יחד באמצעות DNA מיטוכונדרי, אבל לא ניתן להרחיק אל מעבר לאב הקדמון האחרון, התא הגלוי האחרון שאנו יכולים לשחזר או לחשוב עליו אחורה בזמן. | en-he |
So we don't know how we got here. | לכן אנו לא יודעים איך הגענו לכאן. | en-he |
So there are two options: intelligent design, direct and indirect -- so God, or my friend. | Atunci există două opțiuni: designul inteligent, direct și indirect... deci Dumnezeu, sau prietenul meu. | en-ro |
Now talking about E.T. putting us there, or some other life, just pushes the problem further on. | صحبت کردن درباره E.T. ما در اون جایگاه یا در زندگی دیگری قرار می ده، تنها باعث بیشتر شدن مشکلات می شود. | en-fa |
I'm not a politician, I'm a scientist. | Saya bukan seorang politisi. Saya seorang ilmuwan. | en-id |
The other thing we need to think about is the emergence of chemical complexity. | Có một điều khác chúng ta cần suy nghĩ đó chính là sự hiện diện của các hợp chất hóa học. | en-vi |
This seems most likely. | To se zdá velmi podobné. | en-cs |
So we have some kind of primordial soup. | Wir haben also irgendeine Art Ursuppe. | en-de |
And this one happens to be a good source of all 20 amino acids. | و این موضوع اتفاق می افته تا منبع خوبی برای همه 20 آمینو اسید باشه. | en-fa |
And somehow these amino acids are combined, and life begins. | Якимось чином ці амінокислоти з’єдналися між собою і дали початок життю. | en-uk |
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