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So we then look to do this with pairs of individuals, starting with two Africans, looking at the two African genomes, finding places where they differ from each other, and in each case ask: What is a Neanderthal like? | След това правим това с двойки индивиди, като започнем с двама африканци и погледнем геномите им, като търсим места където се различават и задаваме въпроса: Какво представлява неандерталеца? | en-bg |
Does it match one African or the other African? | Czy pasuje on do jednej osoby z Afryki czy do drugiej? | en-pl |
We would expect there to be no difference, because Neanderthals were never in Africa. | Neandertaller hiç Afrika'da bulunmadığı için bir fark olacağını beklemiyorduk. | en-tr |
They should be equal, have no reason to be closer to one African than another African. | Powinni być tacy sami, nie ma powodów by byli bliżej jednej osoby z Afryki lub drugiej. | en-pl |
And that's indeed the case. | Và đúng là trường hợp như vậy. | en-vi |
Statistically speaking, there is no difference in how often the Neanderthal matches one African or the other. | Nga ana statistikore, nuk ka asnjë ndryshim se sa herë neandertali përket me një afrikan sesa me tjetrin. | en-sq |
But this is different if we now look at the European individual and an African. | Dar e diferit dacă ne uităm la un individ european și la unul african. | en-ro |
Then, significantly more often, does a Neanderthal match the European rather than the African. | עכשיו, במובהק יותר פעמים, הניאנדרטלי תואם לאירופאי יותר מאשר לאפריקאי. | en-he |
The same is true if we look at a Chinese individual versus an African, the Neanderthal will match the Chinese individual more often. | To samo sprawdza się, kiedy patrzymy na Chińczyka w porównaniu z osobą z Afryki. Neandertalczyk będzie częściej pasował do Chińczyka. | en-pl |
This may also be surprising because the Neanderthals were never in China. | Esto también puede sorprender porque los neandertales nunca estuvieron en China. | en-es |
So the model we've proposed to explain this is that when modern humans came out of Africa sometime after 100,000 years ago, they met Neanderthals. | Takže model, ktorý sme navrhli na vysvetlenie tohto javu, je, že moderní ľudia vyšli z Afriky zhruba pred 100 000 rokmi, stretli sa s Neandertálcami. | en-sk |
Presumably, they did so first in the Middle East, where there were Neanderthals living. | Das war wahrscheinlich zuerst im Nahen Osten so, wo Neanderthaler lebten. | en-de |
If they then mixed with each other there, then those modern humans that became the ancestors of everyone outside Africa carried with them this Neanderthal component in their genome to the rest of the world. | Nëse këta u përzienë me njëri tjetrin aty, dhe këta njerëz modernë që u bënë paraardhësit e kujtdo jashtë Afrike, morën me vete këtë komponent të neandertalit në gjenomin e tyre në pjesët e tjera të botës. | en-sq |
So that today, the people living outside Africa have about two and a half percent of their DNA from Neanderthals. | Więc dziś ludzie żyjący poza Afryką mają około 2,5% DNA od neandertalczyków. | en-pl |
So having now a Neanderthal genome on hand as a reference point and having the technologies to look at ancient remains and extract the DNA, we can begin to apply them elsewhere in the world. | En ayant donc maintenant un génome de Neandertal sous la main comme point de repère et en ayant les technologies pour analyser les restes anciens et extraire l’ADN, nous pouvons commencer à les appliquer au reste du monde. | en-fr |
And the first place we've done that is in Southern Siberia in the Altai Mountains at a place called Denisova, a cave site in this mountain here, where archeologists in 2008 found a tiny little piece of bone -- this is a copy of it -- that they realized came from the last phalanx of a little finger of a pinky of a human. | E o primeiro lugar que fizemos isso foi no sul da Sibéria nas Montanhas Altai num lugar chamado Denisova. Há uma caverna nessa montanha, onde os arqueólogos encontraram em 2008 um pedacinho de osso -- essa é uma cópia dele -- e eles descobriram que isso veio da última falange de um dedo mínimo de um humano. | en-pt-br |
And it was well enough preserved so we could determine the DNA from this individual, even to a greater extent than for the Neanderthals actually, and start relating it to the Neanderthal genome and to people today. | I estava tan ben conservat que es va poder determinar l'ADN d'aquest individu en major grau fins i tot que per als neandertals, en realitat, i es va començar a relacionar-lo amb el genoma neandertal i amb la gent actual. | en-ca |
And we found that this individual shared a common origin for his DNA sequences with Neanderthals around 640,000 years ago. | Otkrili smo da ta osoba dijeli zajedničko podrijetlo za svoj slijed DNK s Neandertalcima prije 640.000 godina. | en-hr |
And further back, 800,000 years ago is there a common origin with present day humans. | Và đi xa hơn nữa, khoảng 800,000 năm về trước có cùng một nguồn gốc với người cận đại. | en-vi |
So this individual comes from a population that shares an origin with Neanderthals, but far back and then have a long independent history. | Dakle, ovaj pojedinac dolazi iz populacije koja dijeli podrijetlo s Neandertalcima, ali dalje u prošlosti imaju dugu povijest neovisnosti. | en-hr |
We call this group of humans, that we then described for the first time from this tiny, tiny little piece of bone, the Denisovans, after this place where they were first described. | Vi kalder denne menneskegruppe som vi da beskrev for første gang, fra dette lillebitte stykke ben, for Denisovans, efter det sted, hvor de først blev beskrevet. | en-da |
So we can then ask for Denisovans the same things as for the Neanderthals: Did they mix with ancestors of present day people? | Vậy chúng ta có thể hỏi về người Denisovans điều giống như người Neanderthals: Họ đã có giao hợp với tổ tiên của người cận đại không? | en-vi |
If we ask that question, and compare the Denisovan genome to people around the world, we surprisingly find no evidence of Denisovan DNA in any people living even close to Siberia today. | Eğer bu soruyu sorarsak ve Denisovalı genomunu dünyadaki diğer insanlarla karşılaştırırsak, ilginç bir şekilde, Denisovalı DNA'sının şu an Sibirya'nın yakınında bile yaşayan herhangi bir insanla uyuştuğuna dair hiç bir kanıt olmadığını görüyoruz. | en-tr |
But we do find it in Papua New Guinea and in other islands in Melanesia and the Pacific. | Azonban megtaláljuk Pápua-Új-Guineában és más melanéziai és óceániai szigeteken. | en-hu |
So this presumably means that these Denisovans had been more widespread in the past, since we don't think that the ancestors of Melanesians were ever in Siberia. | Tas, iespējams, nozīmē, ka denisovieši ir bijuši pagātnē daudz vairāk izplatīti, kopš mēs nedomājam, ka melanēziešu senči kādreiz dzīvojuši Sibīrijā. | en-lv |
So from studying these genomes of extinct humans, we're beginning to arrive at a picture of what the world looked like when modern humans started coming out of Africa. | Așadar din studiul genomului acestor specii dispărute, începem să ne formăm o imagine despre cum arăta lumea pe vremea când oamenii moderni au început să iasă din Africa. | en-ro |
In the West, there were Neanderthals; in the East, there were Denisovans -- maybe other forms of humans too that we've not yet described. | 西にはネアンデルタール人が棲み 東にはデニソワ人が棲んで おそらく他にも未知のヒト属が 棲んでいたことでしょう | en-ja |
We don't know quite where the borders between these people were, but we know that in Southern Siberia, there were both Neanderthals and Denisovans at least at some time in the past. | אנחנו לא יודעים היכן בדיוק עברו הגבולות בין האנשים האלה, אבל אנחנו יודעים שבדרום סיביר היו גם ניאנדרטלים וגם דניסובנים לפחות בזמן כלשהו בעבר. | en-he |
Then modern humans emerged somewhere in Africa, came out of Africa, presumably in the Middle East. | Následne sa objavili moderní ľudia niekde v Afrike, vyšli z Afriky pravdepodobne na Blízky východ, | en-sk |
They meet Neanderthals, mix with them, continue to spread over the world, and somewhere in Southeast Asia, they meet Denisovans and mix with them and continue on out into the Pacific. | Они встретились с неандертальцами, смешались с ними, продолжили распространяться по миру, и где-то в Южной Азии они встретили денисовских людей, смешались с ними и продолжили двигаться дальше в сторону Тихого океана. | en-ru |
And then these earlier forms of humans disappear, but they live on a little bit today in some of us -- in that people outside of Africa have two and a half percent of their DNA from Neanderthals, and people in Melanesia actually have an additional five percent approximately from the Denisovans. | Pak tyto dřívější formy lidí mizí, ale tak trochu žijí dokonce i nyní v některých z nás -- tedy lidé mimo Afriku mají 2,5 % své DNA od neandertálců a lidé v Melanésii mají navíc dalších 5 % od denisovanů. | en-cs |
Does this then mean that there is after all some absolute difference between people outside Africa and inside Africa in that people outside Africa have this old component in their genome from these extinct forms of humans, whereas Africans do not? | Znamená to tedy, že je opravdu nějaký absolutní rozdíl mezi lidmi mimo Afriku a lidmi z Afriky, tedy že lidé mimo Afriku mají ve svém genomu starou součást od těchto vyhynulých lidských forem, zatímco Afričané nikoli? | en-cs |
Well I don't think that is the case. | Thật ra tôi không nghĩ trường hợp là như vậy. | en-vi |
Presumably, modern humans emerged somewhere in Africa. | ניתן להניח שבני האדם המודרניים הגיחו היכן שהוא באפריקה. | en-he |
They spread across Africa also, of course, and there were older, earlier forms of humans there. | Proširili su se kroz Afriku, naravno, a tamo su postojale starije, ranije forme ljudi. | en-sr |
And since we mixed elsewhere, I'm pretty sure that one day, when we will perhaps have a genome of also these earlier forms in Africa, we will find that they have also mixed with early modern humans in Africa. | A keďže sme sa krížili inde, som si celkom istý, že jedného dňa, keď budeme mať k dispozícii genóm aj týchto skorších foriem v Afrike, zistíme, že aj ony sa krížili s ranými modernými ľuďmi v Afrike. | en-sk |
So to sum up, what have we learned from studying genomes of present day humans and extinct humans? | ولكي الخص كل هذا اعتقد انه ما يمكن تعلمه من دراسة الجينوم للبشر اليوم وللفصائل المنقرضة | en-ar |
We learn perhaps many things, but one thing that I find sort of important to mention is that I think the lesson is that we have always mixed. | Galiba birçok şey öğrendik, ama bahsetmeyi önemli bulduğum bir şey; bence hep melezlenmekte olduğumuz dersidir. | en-tr |
We mixed with these earlier forms of humans, wherever we met them, and we mixed with each other ever since. | Съвокуплявали сме с тези ранни човешки форми навсякъде където сме се срещали и оттогава продължаваме да се съвокупляваме помежду си. | en-bg |
Thank you for your attention. | İlginize teşekkür ederim. | en-tr |
I'm a filmmaker. | Jsem filmařka. | en-cs |
For the last 8 years, I have dedicated my life to documenting the work of Israelis and Palestinians who are trying to end the conflict using peaceful means. | Az elmúlt nyolc évben annak szenteltem az életemet, hogy dokumentáljam olyan izraeli és palesztin emberek munkáját, akik békés eszközökkel igyekeznek véget vetni a konfliktusnak. | en-hu |
When I travel with my work across Europe and the United States, one question always comes up: Where is the Palestinian Gandhi? | Kiedy podróżuję z moją pracą przez Europę i Stany Zjednoczone, zawsze pojawia się jedno pytanie: Gdzie jest palestyński Gandhi? | en-pl |
Why aren't Palestinians using nonviolent resistance? | Filistinliler neden pasif direnişi kullanmıyorlar? | en-tr |
The challenge I face when I hear this question is that often I have just returned from the Middle East where I spent my time filming dozens of Palestinians who are using nonviolence to defend their lands and water resources from Israeli soldiers and settlers. | สิ่งท้าทายตรงหน้าเมื่อฉันได้ยินคำถามนี้ คือบ่อยครั้งที่ฉันเพิ่งจะกลับจากตะวันออกกลาง ที่ซึ่งฉันได้ใช้เวลา ทำภาพยนต์มากมายเกี่ยวกับชาวปาเลสไตน์ ซึ่งไม่ใช้ความรุนแรง เพื่อปกป้องที่ดิน และแหล่งนํ้าของตน จากทหารและผู้เข้ามาตั้งรกรากชาวอิสราเอล | en-th |
These leaders are trying to forge a massive national nonviolent movement to end the occupation and build peace in the region. | Những người lãnh đạo này đang cố gắng thúc đẩy một phòng trào phi bạo lực rộng trãi trên cả nước nhằm chấm dứt sự chiếm đóng và xây dựng hòa bình trong khu vực. | en-vi |
Yet, most of you have probably never heard about them. | แต่แล้ว พวกคุณส่วนใหญ่ อาจจะไม่เคยได้ยินเรื่องราวของพวกเขาเลย | en-th |
This divide between what's happening on the ground and perceptions abroad is one of the key reasons why we don't have yet a Palestinian peaceful resistance movement that has been successful. | 그러나 실제 현지 상황과 외국에서 받는 인상의 차이는 왜 아직까지 팔레스타인 사람들의 평화로운 저항운동이 성공하지 못하고 있는지에 대한 가장 큰 이유의 하나이죠. | en-ko |
So I'm here today to talk about the power of attention, the power of your attention, and the emergence and development of nonviolent movements in the West Bank, Gaza and elsewhere -- but today, my case study is going to be Palestine. | Ich bin also heute hier, um über die Kraft der Aufmerksamkeit zu sprechen, die Kraft Ihrer Aufmerksamkeit und Entstehung und Entwicklung von gewaltlosen Bewegungen In der Westbank, Gaza und sonstwo – aber heute wird Palästina meine Fallstudie sein. | en-de |
I believe that what's mostly missing for nonviolence to grow is not for Palestinians to start adopting nonviolence, but for us to start paying attention to those who already are. | Verujem da ono što nedostaje nenasilju da se razvija nije da Palestinci počnu da ga usvajaju, već da mi obratimo pažnju na one koji to već rade. | en-sr |
Allow me to illustrate this point by taking you to this village called Budrus. | 讓我帶你進入這個 名為布德魯斯的村子 來闡明這點 | en-zh-tw |
About seven years ago, they faced extinction, because Israel announced it would build a separation barrier, and part of this barrier would be built on top of the village. | Vor etwa sieben Jahren standen sie vor dem Untergang, denn Israel kündigte an, es werde eine Grenzanlage errichten, und ein Teil dieser Grenze werde über das Dorf hinweg gebaut. | en-de |
They would lose 40 percent of their land and be surrounded, so they would lose free access to the rest of the West Bank. | Izgubuli bi 40% svoje zemlje ili bili potpuno okruženi, čime bi izgubili slobodan prolaz ka ostatku Zapadne obale. | en-sr |
Through inspired local leadership, they launched a peaceful resistance campaign to stop that from happening. | Lelkes helyi vezetők segítségével békés ellenállási kampányba kezdtek, hogy megakadályozzák ennek bekövetkezését. | en-hu |
Let me show you some brief clips, so you have a sense for what that actually looked like on the ground. | دعوني أعرض لكم بعض المقاطع القصيرة ، بحيث يكون لديكم فكرة عن ما بدت عليه الأمور بالفعل على أرض الواقع. | en-ar |
(Music) Palestinian Woman: We were told the wall would separate Palestine from Israel. | (Muzyka) Palestyńska Kobieta: Powiedziano nam, że mur odgrodzi Palestynę od Izraela. | en-pl |
Here in Budrus, we realized the wall would steal our land. | 而在布德鲁斯村 我們發現這道牆將竊取我們的土地 | en-zh-tw |
Israeli Man: The fence has, in fact, created a solution to terror. | גבר ישראלי: הגדר היא, למעשה, יצרה פתרון לטרור. | en-he |
Man: Today you're invited to a peaceful march. | Čovek: Danas ste pozvani na mirni marš. | en-sr |
You are joined by dozens of your Israeli brothers and sisters. | Tham gia cùng quý vị là hàng chục người anh em Ixaren | en-vi |
Israeli Activist: Nothing scares the army more than nonviolent opposition. | Activista israelià: Res fa més por a l'exèrcit que la oposició no violenta. | en-ca |
Woman: We saw the men trying to push the soldiers, but none of them could do that. | Femeie: Am văzut cum bărbaţii încercau să îi împingă pe soldaţi, dar nici unul din ei nu putea face asta. | en-ro |
But I think the girls could do it. | Dar cred că fetele puteau să o facă. | en-ro |
Fatah Party Member: We must empty our minds of traditional thinking. | یک عضو جنبش فتح: ما باید ذهن خود را از افکار سنتی پاک کنیم. | en-fa |
Hamas Party Member: We were in complete harmony, and we wanted to spread it to all of Palestine. | 哈馬斯黨員: 我們是完全和平的 而我們希望這能擴散到全巴勒斯坦 | en-zh-tw |
Chanting: One united nation. | Една обединета нација! | en-mk |
Fatah, Hamas and the Popular Front! | Fatah, Hamas et le Front Populaire! | en-fr |
News Anchor: The clashes over the fence continue. | Anunţ la ştiri: Conflictele de la graniţe continuă. | en-ro |
Reporter: Israeli border police were sent to disperse the crowd. | Reporter: Die israelische Grenzpolizei wurde geschickt, um die Menge aufzulösen. | en-de |
They were allowed to use any force necessary. | 他们被允许采用一切必要的强制手段 | en-zh-cn |
(Gunshots) Man: These are live bullets. | (Spari) Uomo: queste sono pallottole vere. | en-it |
It's like Fallujah. Shooting everywhere. | E' come Fallujah. Spari ovunque. | en-it |
Israeli Activist: I was sure we were all going to die. | Israelischer Aktivist: Ich war mir sicher, wir würden alle sterben. | en-de |
But there were others around me who weren't even cowering. | Mas houve outros, à minha volta, que não tiveram medo. | en-pt |
Israeli Soldier: A nonviolent protest is not going to stop the [unclear]. | Soldado israelí: Una protesta no violenta no va a detener el [poco claro]. | en-es |
Protester: This is a peaceful march. | Protestante: questa è una marcia pacifica. | en-it |
There is no need to use violence. | Não há necessidade de usar violência." | en-pt-br |
Chanting: We can do it! We can do it! | Pjevanje: Mi to možemo. | en-hr |
We can do it! | We kunnen het! | en-nl |
Julia Bacha: When I first heard about the story of Budrus, I was surprised that the international media had failed to cover the extraordinary set of events that happened seven years ago, in 2003. | Julia Bacha: Quan vaig sentir per primera vegada la història de Budrus, em va sorprendre que els mitjans de comunicació internacional no cobriren l'extraordinari conjunt d'esdeveniments que van passar fa deu anys, l'any 2003. | en-ca |
What was even more surprising was the fact that Budrus was successful. | 更令人驚訝的是 布德鲁斯村成功了 | en-zh-tw |
The residents, after 10 months of peaceful resistance, convinced the Israeli government to move the route of the barrier off their lands and to the green line, which is the internationally recognized boundary between Israel and the Palestinian Territories. | Les résidents, après 10 mois de résistance pacifique, ont convaincu le gouvernement Israëlien d'éloigner le parcours de la barrière de leurs terres et jusqu'à la ligne verte, qui est la limite réconnue internationellement entre Israël et les Territoires Palestiniens. | en-fr-ca |
The resistance in Budrus has since spread to villages across the West Bank and to Palestinian neighborhoods in Jerusalem. | Perlawanan warga Budrus telah menyebar ke desa-desa di seluruh Tepi Barat dan ke lingkungan orang Palestina di Jerusalem. | en-id |
Yet the media remains mostly silent on these stories. | Dhe përsëri mediat kanë mbetur në të shumtën e rasteve të heshtura përçka u përket këtyre historive. | en-sq |
This silence carries profound consequences for the likelihood that nonviolence can grow, or even survive, in Palestine. | 這種漠視嚴重的影響 非暴力運動 在巴勒斯坦發展 甚至存活的 可能性 | en-zh-tw |
Violent resistance and nonviolent resistance share one very important thing in common; they are both a form of theater seeking an audience to their cause. | 暴力抗爭 及非暴力抗爭 都有一個非常重要的共通點 他們都是一種劇院 需要觀眾來關心他們的議題 | en-zh-tw |
If violent actors are the only ones constantly getting front-page covers and attracting international attention to the Palestinian issue, it becomes very hard for nonviolent leaders to make the case to their communities that civil disobedience is a viable option in addressing their plight. | Nếu những diễn viên bạo lực là những người duy nhất liên tục xuất hiện trên trang bìa và thu hút sự chú ý của quốc tế tới vấn đề Palextin, sẽ rất khó cho những người lãnh đạo phi bạo lực giải thích với cộng đồng của họ rằng sự bất tuân dân sự là một giải pháp khả thi để giải quyết tình hình của họ. | en-vi |
The power of attention is probably going to come as no surprise to the parents in the room. | 「注目」の影響力は お子さんがいる方であれば 当たり前と思われるでしょう | en-ja |
The surest way to make your child throw increasingly louder tantrums is by giving him attention the first time he throws a fit. | O modo mais certo para que seu filho faça uma birra, cada vez mais barulhenta, é dando-lhe atenção na primeira vez que ele a fizer. | en-pt-br |
The tantrum will become what childhood psychologists call a functional behavior, since the child has learned that he can get parental attention out of it. | روانشناسان کودک عقیده دارند که این کج خلقی تبدیل به یک رفتار وظیفه ای میشود، چون این کودک یاد گرفته است که میتواند بوسیله ی این، توجه مادر و پدرش را جلب کند. | en-fa |
Parents can incentivize or disincentivize behavior simply by giving or withdrawing attention to their children. | 부모들은 관심을 보이거나 또는 보이지 않음으로서 애들의 어떤 행동을 장려하거나 또는 떠받혀 주지 않을 수 있죠. | en-ko |
But that's true for adults too. | Mais ça c'est vrai pour les adultes aussi. | en-fr-ca |
In fact, the behavior of entire communities and countries can be influenced, depending on where the international community chooses to focus its attention. | Tatsächlich kann das Verhalten von ganzen Gemeinschaften oder Ländern beeinflusst werden, abhängig davon, wohin die internationale Gemeinschaft ihre Aufmerksamkeit richtet. | en-de |
I believe that at the core of ending the conflict in the Middle East and bringing peace is for us to transform nonviolence into a functional behavior by giving a lot more attention to the nonviolent leaders on the ground today. | Вярвам, че в основата на слагането на край на конфликта в Близкия Изток и постигането на мир за нас е да трансформираме ненасилието във функционално поведение, като обърнем много повече внимание на ненасилствените лидери на мястото на събитието днес. | en-bg |
In the course of taking my film to villages in the West Bank, in Gaza and in East Jerusalem, I have seen the impact that even one documentary film can have in influencing the transformation. | Під час показу мого фільму в селах Західного берегу, сектора Газа та південного Єрусалиму я побачила вплив, який здійснює лише один документальний фільм та сприяє перетворенню. | en-uk |
In a village called Wallajeh, which sits very close to Jerusalem, the community was facing a very similar plight to Budrus. | В деревне Валлея, расположенной неподалёку от Иерусалима, сообщество столкнулось с той же проблемой, что и Будрус. | en-ru |
They were going to be surrounded, lose a lot of their lands and not have freedom of access, either to the West Bank or Jerusalem. | Bili bi opkoljeni, izgubili bi mnogo svoje zemlje i ne bi imali slobodan pristup, ni Zapadnoj Obali ni Jeruzalemu. | en-hr |
They had been using nonviolence for about two years but had grown disenchanted since nobody was paying attention. | Ils avaient utilisé la non-violence pour environ deux ans mais ils étaient devenus désanchantés du moment que personne ne leur portait attention. | en-fr-ca |
So we organized a screening. | Also organisierten wir eine Vorführung. | en-de |
A week later, they held the most well-attended and disciplined demonstration to date. | Una settimana dopo, hanno realizzato la manifestazione con maggiore affluenza e più disciplinata che mai. | en-it |
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