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Today I want to talk to you about the future, but first I'm going to tell you a bit about the past. | 今天我想跟大家谈谈未来 但是首先我要用一点时间讲讲我过去的经历 | en-zh-cn |
My story starts way before I was born. | Meine Geschichte beginnt lange vor meiner Geburt. | en-de |
My grandmother was on a train to Auschwitz, the death camp. | Bà của tôi ở trên tàu lửa đến Auschwitz, trại tử thần. | en-vi |
And she was going along the tracks, and the tracks split. | Dotarli do rozwidlenia torów. | en-pl |
And somehow -- we don't really know exactly the whole story -- but the train took the wrong track and went to a work camp rather than the death camp. | 然后不知怎么地——没人知道倒底怎么回事——总之 火车开上了错误的轨道，开到了一处劳动集中营，而不是奥斯维辛 | en-zh-cn |
My grandmother survived and married my grandfather. | Meine Großmutter überlebte und heiratete meinen Großvater. | en-de |
They were living in Hungary, and my mother was born. | Magyarországon éltek, ahol anyám született. | en-hu |
And when my mother was two years old, the Hungarian revolution was raging, and they decided to escape Hungary. | Toen mijn moeder twee was, woedde de Hongaarse revolutie. Ze besloten Hongarije te ontvluchten. | en-nl |
They got on a boat, and yet another divergence -- the boat was either going to Canada or to Australia. | Il prirent un bateau, qui fut l'occasion d'une autre divergence -- le bateau partait soit pour le Canada, soit pour l'Australie. | en-fr |
They got on and didn't know where they were going, and ended up in Canada. | Bilmeden binmişler, sonunda Kanada'ya çıkmışlar. | en-tr |
So, to make a long story short, they came to Canada. | 그래서 캐나다에서 살게 되셨어요. | en-ko |
My grandmother was a chemist. She worked at the Banting Institute in Toronto, and at 44 she died of stomach cancer. I never met my grandmother, but I carry on her name -- her exact name, Eva Vertes -- and I like to think I carry on her scientific passion, too. | Ma grand-mère était chimiste. Elle a travaillé au Banting Institute à Toronto, et mourut à 44 ans d'un cancer de l'estomac. Je ne l'ai jamais connue, mais je porte son nom -- à l'identique, Eva Vertes -- and j'aime à penser que je porte aussi sa passion scientifique. | en-fr |
I found this passion not far from here, actually, when I was nine years old. | Descobri essa paixão não muito longe daqui, na verdade, quando eu tinha nove anos. | en-pt-br |
My family was on a road trip and we were in the Grand Canyon. | Moja je obitelj bila na putovanju i bili smo u Grand Canyonu. | en-hr |
And I had never been a reader when I was young -- my dad had tried me with the Hardy Boys; I tried Nancy Drew; I tried all that -- and I just didn't like reading books. | В детстве я не очень-то увлекалась чтением: папа пытался мне читать "Братьев Харди", я пробовала "Нэнси Дрю", - я все это пробовала, но мне просто не нравилось читать книги. | en-ru |
And my mother bought this book when we were at the Grand Canyon called "The Hot Zone." It was all about the outbreak of the Ebola virus. | Mẹ tôi đã mua quyển sách này khi chúng tôi ở Grand Canyon, đó là quyển "Khu vực nóng". Nó nói về sự bùng phát virus Ebola. | en-vi |
And something about it just kind of drew me towards it. | И нещо в нея някак ме привлече силно. | en-bg |
There was this big sort of bumpy-looking virus on the cover, and I just wanted to read it. I picked up that book, and as we drove from the edge of the Grand Canyon to Big Sur, and to, actually, here where we are today, in Monterey, I read that book, and from when I was reading that book, I knew that I wanted to have a life in medicine. | Había un gran virus de forma irregular en la portada, y me dieron muchas ganas de leerlo. Tomé ese libro, y mientras íbamos desde el borde del Gran Cañón hacia Big Sur, y hasta, de hecho, aquí -- donde estamos hoy en Monterey -- leí ese libro, y desde que empecé a leerlo, supe que quería dedicarme a la medicina. | en-es |
I wanted to be like the explorers I'd read about in the book, who went into the jungles of Africa, went into the research labs and just tried to figure out what this deadly virus was. So from that moment on, I read every medical book I could get my hands on, and I just loved it so much. | Я хотела быть как те исследователи, о которых я читала в книге, которые поехали в африканские джунгли, работали в исследовательских лабораториях и пытались выяснить, что это был за смертельный вирус. И с того момента, я стала читать все книги по медицине, которые мне попадались, и мне это очень нравилось. | en-ru |
I was a passive observer of the medical world. | והייתי צופה פאסיבית בעולם הרפואה. | en-he |
It wasn't until I entered high school that I thought, "Maybe now, you know -- being a big high school kid -- I can maybe become an active part of this big medical world." | ורק כשהגעתי לתיכון חשבתי: "אולי עכשיו, כשאני תיכוניסטית, אולי אוכל לקחת חלק פעיל בעולם הרפואה הזה." | en-he |
I was 14, and I emailed professors at the local university to see if maybe I could go work in their lab. And hardly anyone responded. | Tenía 14 años, y le escribí por correo electrónico a profesores de la universidad local para ver si quizás podría ir a trabajar a su laboratorio. | en-es |
But I mean, why would they respond to a 14-year-old, anyway? | 제가 생각해도, 14살 짜리에게 답변할 이유가 없겠죠. | en-ko |
And I got to go talk to one professor, Dr. Jacobs, who accepted me into the lab. | ところがジェイコブス博士と話す機会があり 私は研究室に受け入れられることになりました | en-ja |
At that time, I was really interested in neuroscience and wanted to do a research project in neurology -- specifically looking at the effects of heavy metals on the developing nervous system. | در آن زمان، من علاقه ی شدیدی به عصب شناسی داشتم و می خواستم تحیقاتی در این زمینه انجام دهم -- و به خصوص مطالعه در ارتباط با تاثیری که فلزات سنگین روی سیستم عصبی دارند. | en-fa |
So I started that, and worked in his lab for a year, and found the results that I guess you'd expect to find when you feed fruit flies heavy metals -- that it really, really impaired the nervous system. | فبدأت، وعملت لدى الأستاذ لمدّة سنه، وتوصلت لنتائج أعتقد أنها متوقعه عندما تطعم الحشرات معادن ثقيله - حتى تسبب اعتلالا في جهازها العصبي. | en-ar |
The spinal cord had breaks. The neurons were crossing in every which way. | שברים בחוט השדרה, נוירונים מבולגנים. | en-he |
And from then I wanted to look not at impairment, but at prevention of impairment. | Y de ahí quería mirar no al deterioro, sino a la prevención del deterioro. | en-es |
So that's what led me to Alzheimer's. I started reading about Alzheimer's and tried to familiarize myself with the research, and at the same time when I was in the -- I was reading in the medical library one day, and I read this article about something called "purine derivatives." | Tas mani noveda pie Alcheimera slimības. Es sāku lasīt par Alcheimera slimību un centos apgūt zinātniskos darbus šajā jomā un tad vienu dienu es lasīju vienu rakstu medicīnas bibiotēkā par kaut ko, ko sauc par purīna atvasinājumiem. | en-lv |
And they seemed to have cell growth-promoting properties. | ويبدو أن لها خواص منشطه لنمو الخليّه. | en-ar |
And being naive about the whole field, I kind of thought, "Oh, you have cell death in Alzheimer's which is causing the memory deficit, and then you have this compound -- purine derivatives -- that are promoting cell growth." | Και ως αφελής ως προς το όλο θέμα, σκέφτηκα, "Ώστε υπάρχει θάνατος των κυττάρων με τη νόσο Αλτσχάιμερ η οποία προκαλεί την έλλειψη μνήμης, και έπειτα έχουμε αυτό το συστατικό -- τα παράγωγα πουρινών -- τα οποία προωθούν την ανάπτυξη των κυττάρων." | en-el |
And so I thought, "Maybe if it can promote cell growth, it can inhibit cell death, too." | そして「細胞増殖を促進できるのならもしかして 細胞死の抑制もできるのでは」と考えました | en-ja |
And so that's the project that I pursued for that year, and it's continuing now as well, and found that a specific purine derivative called "guanidine" had inhibited the cell growth by approximately 60 percent. | Böylece o sene bu projeye başladım, hala da devam ediyorum, guanidin adında belirli bir pürin türevinin hücre çoğalmasını yaklaşık %60 azalttığını buldum. | en-tr |
So I presented those results at the International Science Fair, which was just one of the most amazing experiences of my life. | והצגתי את הממצאים האלה ביריד מדע בינלאומי, וזאת היתה אחת החוויות המדהימות של החיים שלי. | en-he |
And there I was awarded "Best in the World in Medicine," which allowed me to get in, or at least get a foot in the door of the big medical world. | Y ahí me fue otorgado el premio "Mejor del Mundo en Medicina", que me permitió entrar, o al menos poner un pie en la puerta del gran mundo médico. | en-es |
And from then on, since I was now in this huge exciting world, I wanted to explore it all. I wanted it all at once, but knew I couldn't really get that. | و از آن زمان، تا کنون من در این دنیای بزرگ هیجان انگیز هستم. می خواستم همه را تجربه کنم. و می خواستم همه چیز را در ابتدا بدانم، ولی می دانم که چنین امکانی وجود ندارد. | en-fa |
And I stumbled across something called "cancer stem cells." | Y me tropecé con algo llamado células madres cancerosas. | en-es |
And this is really what I want to talk to you about today -- about cancer. | En dat is waar ik jullie vandaag over wil spreken -- over kanker. | en-nl |
At first when I heard of cancer stem cells, I didn't really know how to put the two together. I'd heard of stem cells, and I'd heard of them as the panacea of the future -- the therapy of many diseases to come in the future, perhaps. | ガン幹細胞について初めて聞いたとき ガン細胞と幹細胞の二つがどう関係するのかよく分かりませんでした 幹細胞については未来の特効薬で 今後現れる 多くの病気の治療法となるかもと聞いていました | en-ja |
But I'd heard of cancer as the most feared disease of our time, so how did the good and bad go together? | Ale przecież rak to jedna z najgroźniejszych chorób. Co dobre komórki mają wspólnego ze złym rakiem? | en-pl |
Last summer I worked at Stanford University, doing some research on cancer stem cells. | La scorsa estate ho lavorato alla Stanford University, facendo alcune ricerche sulle cellule staminali tumorali. | en-it |
And while I was doing this, I was reading the cancer literature, trying to -- again -- familiarize myself with this new medical field. | 我一面做研究，一面閱讀癌症相關文獻， 嘗試著 － 又一次 － 讓自己熟悉這一個新的醫學領域。 | en-zh-tw |
And it seemed that tumors actually begin from a stem cell. | Și se pare că tumorile încep de fapt dintr-o celulă stem. | en-ro |
This fascinated me. The more I read, the more I looked at cancer differently and almost became less fearful of it. | Ez lenyűgözött. Minél többet olvastam a rákról, annál inkább változott a róla való képem, már nem is volt annyira félelmetes. | en-hu |
It seems that cancer is a direct result to injury. | Sembra che il cancro derivi direttamente da una ferita. | en-it |
If you smoke, you damage your lung tissue, and then lung cancer arises. | اگر شما سیگار بکشید، شما به بافت ریه خود آسیب وارد می کنید و( در اثر این آسیب) سرطان ریه ایجاد می شود. | en-fa |
If you drink, you damage your liver, and then liver cancer occurs. | اگر مشروبات الکلی بنوشید، به کبد آسیب وارد می کنید، و نتیجه ی آن سرطان کبد خواهد بود. | en-fa |
And it was really interesting -- there were articles correlating if you have a bone fracture, and then bone cancer arises. | Dat was echt interessant. Sommige artikels legden een verband tussen botbreuken en botkanker. | en-nl |
Because what stem cells are -- they're these phenomenal cells that really have the ability to differentiate into any type of tissue. | Това което са стволовите клетки е -- те са едни феноменални клетки, които могат да се видоизменят във всеки вид тъкан. | en-bg |
So, if the body is sensing that you have damage to an organ and then it's initiating cancer, it's almost as if this is a repair response. | Donc, si le corps réalise qu'un organe est endommagé et qu'il débute le processus de cancérisation, c'est presque comme s'il s'agissait d'une réparation. | en-fr |
And the cancer, the body is saying the lung tissue is damaged, we need to repair the lung. And cancer is originating in the lung trying to repair -- because you have this excessive proliferation of these remarkable cells that really have the potential to become lung tissue. | Und der Krebs, der Körper, sagt, das Lungengewebe ist beschädigt, wir müssen die Lunge reparieren. Und Krebs entsteht in der Lunge als Reparaturversuch - weil Sie diesen exzessiven Überschuss an diesen bemerkenswerten Zellen haben, die tatsächlich das Potenzial haben, zu Lungengewebe zu werden. | en-de |
But it's almost as if the body has originated this ingenious response, but can't quite control it. | اما به نوعی است که بدن آغاز به چنین پاسخ هوشمندانه ایی می کند، اما نمیتواند کاملا آن را در کنترل خود داشته باشد. | en-fa |
It hasn't yet become fine-tuned enough to finish what has been initiated. | Het is nog niet voldoende afgestemd om te voltooien wat het is begonnen. | en-nl |
So this really, really fascinated me. | Така че това наистина много ме заплени. | en-bg |
And I really think that we can't think about cancer -- let alone any disease -- in such black-and-white terms. | et j'ai véritablement réalisé qu'on ne peut réfléchir au cancer -- et encore moins à toute autre maladie -- en termes manichéens. | en-fr |
If we eliminate cancer the way we're trying to do now, with chemotherapy and radiation, we're bombarding the body or the cancer with toxins, or with radiation, trying to kill it. | Eğer kanseri şu andaki yöntemlerimizle ortadan kaldırırsak, kemoterapi ve radyasyonla, vücudu veya kanseri zehirli maddelerle veya radyasyonla bombardıman ediyoruz, öldürmeye çalışıyoruz. | en-tr |
It's almost as if we're getting back to this starting point. | É quase como se estivéssemos voltando ao ponto de partida | en-pt-br |
We're removing the cancer cells, but we're revealing the previous damage that the body has tried to fix. | We verwijderen de kankercellen, maar we leggen de eerdere schade bloot die het lichaam probeerde te herstellen. | en-nl |
Shouldn't we think about manipulation, rather than elimination? | Sollten wir nicht lieber darüber nachdenken, zu manipulieren statt zu eliminieren? | en-de |
If somehow we can cause these cells to differentiate -- to become bone tissue, lung tissue, liver tissue, whatever that cancer has been put there to do -- it would be a repair process. We'd end up better than we were before cancer. | 如果我们可以想办法使这些细胞分化 成为骨组织，肺组织，肝组织， 不管哪个部位的癌细胞 那将会是一个修复损伤的过程。我们会得到比以前治疗更好的结果。 | en-zh-cn |
So, this really changed my view of looking at cancer. | Isto mudou a minha perspetiva de ver o cancro. | en-pt |
And while I was reading all these articles about cancer, it seemed that the articles -- a lot of them -- focused on, you know, the genetics of breast cancer, and the genesis and the progression of breast cancer -- tracking the cancer through the body, tracing where it is, where it goes. | ובזמן שקראתי את כל המאמרים האלה על סרטן, היה נראה לי שהרבה מהם התמקדו בגנטיקה של סרטן השד. וביצירה והתקדמות של סרטן השד -- מעקב אחרי הסרטן בגוף, לאן הוא הולך. | en-he |
But it struck me that I'd never heard of cancer of the heart, or cancer of any skeletal muscle for that matter. | Začudilo me to što nikad nisam čula o tumoru srca ili tumoru skeletnih mišića. | en-hr |
And skeletal muscle constitutes 50 percent of our body, or over 50 percent of our body. And so at first I kind of thought, "Well, maybe there's some obvious explanation why skeletal muscle doesn't get cancer -- at least not that I know of." | E i muscoli scheletrici rappresentano il 50 percento del nostro corpo, o anche più del 50 percento del nostro corpo. E così all'inizio pensai, " Be, magari c'è qualche ovvia spiegazione del perché il muscolo scheletrico non sviluppa alcun cancro - almeno che io sappia." | en-it |
So, I looked further into it, found as many articles as I could, and it was amazing -- because it turned out that it was very rare. | Deci am intrat mai mult în asta, am găsit cât de multe articole am putut, şi a fost uimitor -- fiindcă s-a dovedit că era foarte rar. | en-ro |
Some articles even went as far as to say that skeletal muscle tissue is resistant to cancer, and furthermore, not only to cancer, but of metastases going to skeletal muscle. | 골격근 조직이 암 발생 자체도 억제할 뿐 아니라 암의 전이(metastasis)에도 강한 저항력을 가지고 있다는 사실을 밝히는 연구도 있었어요. | en-ko |
And what metastases are is when the tumor -- when a piece -- breaks off and travels through the blood stream and goes to a different organ. That's what a metastasis is. | Uitzaaiien zijn er als de tumor, of een deel ervan, afbreekt en door de bloedbaan reist naar een ander orgaan. Dat noemen we een uitzaaiing. | en-nl |
It's the part of cancer that is the most dangerous. | Kanserin en tehlikeli tarafı budur. | en-tr |
If cancer was localized, we could likely remove it, or somehow -- you know, it's contained. It's very contained. | 암이 국소 부위에 국한된 거라면, 제거해버리거나 어떻게든 억제하면 그만이거든요. | en-ko |
But once it starts moving throughout the body, that's when it becomes deadly. | Aber sobald er beginnt, sich im ganzen Körper zu bewegen, das ist der Punkt, wo er tödlich wird. | en-de |
So the fact that not only did cancer not seem to originate in skeletal muscles, but cancer didn't seem to go to skeletal muscle -- there seemed to be something here. | 그래서 골격근에는 암이 발생되지 않을 뿐 아니라 전이조차 되지 않는다는 사실은 무언가 중요한 시사점이 있는 듯 보였어요. | en-ko |
So these articles were saying, you know, "Skeletal -- metastasis to skeletal muscle -- is very rare." | Ces articles concluaient : "Les métastases au niveau du muscle squelettique sont très rares." | en-fr |
But it was left at that. No one seemed to be asking why. | Mas ficou por isso. Ninguém parecia estar perguntando o porquê. | en-pt-br |
So I decided to ask why. At first -- the first thing I did was I emailed some professors who specialized in skeletal muscle physiology, and pretty much said, "Hey, it seems like cancer doesn't really go to skeletal muscle. | Así que decidí investigar por qué. Al principio -- lo primero que hice fue mandarle correos electrónicos a varios profesores especialistas en fisiología del músculo esquelético, y lo que les decía era, "Oiga, parece que el cáncer no va al músculo esquelético, | en-es |
Is there a reason for this?" And a lot of the replies I got were that muscle is terminally differentiated tissue. | آیا دلیلی برای این نکته وجود دارد ؟ " پاسخ بسیاری از آنها این بود که بافت های اسکلتی به صورت برگشت نا پذیر تمایز یافته اند | en-fa |
Meaning that you have muscle cells, but they're not dividing, so it doesn't seem like a good target for cancer to hijack. | Cela signifie que les cellules musculaires ne se divisent plus, et que par conséquent elle ne sont pas une bonne cible pour le cancer. | en-fr |
But then again, this fact that the metastases didn't go to skeletal muscle made that seem unlikely. | Но от друга страна, фактът, че метастазите не отиват при скелетния мускул, правеше това не много вероятно. | en-bg |
And furthermore, that nervous tissue -- brain -- gets cancer, and brain cells are also terminally differentiated. | به علاوه که، بافت های عصبی -- در مغز -- دچار سرطان می شوند، و این در حالی است که سلول های مغز نیز بطور برگشت ناپزیر متمایز شده اند ( قابلیت تکثیر ندارند ) | en-fa |
So I decided to ask why. And here's some of, I guess, my hypotheses that I'll be starting to investigate this May at the Sylvester Cancer Institute in Miami. | Es nolēmu jautāt, kāpēc. Un te ir dažas, es domāju, manas hipotēzes ko sākšu izmeklēt maijā Silvestra vēža institūtā Maiami. | en-lv |
And I guess I'll keep investigating until I get the answers. | Un domāju, ka turpināšu izmeklēt, līdz man būs atbildes. | en-lv |
But I know that in science, once you get the answers, inevitably you're going to have more questions. | Mas sei que em ciência, logo que obtemos respostas, inevitavelmente aparecem mais perguntas. | en-pt |
So I guess you could say that I'll probably be doing this for the rest of my life. | Nên chắc tôi sẽ làm việc này cho tới cuối đời. | en-vi |
Some of my hypotheses are that when you first think about skeletal muscle, there's a lot of blood vessels going to skeletal muscle. | さて 私のいくつかの仮説ですが 骨格筋についてまず考えのは 沢山の血管が骨格筋へ向かっているということです | en-ja |
And the first thing that makes me think is that blood vessels are like highways for the tumor cells. | و اولین نکته ایی که توجه مرا در این زمینه به خود جلب کرد این بد که این رگ های خونی در واقع مانند شاه راه هایی برای سلول های سرطانی اند. | en-fa |
Tumor cells can travel through the blood vessels. | Le cellule tumorali possono viaggiare attraverso i vasi sanguigni. | en-it |
And you think, the more highways there are in a tissue, the more likely it is to get cancer or to get metastases. | 組織に高速道路があればあるほど ガンや転移が起きやすいだろうと考えられます | en-ja |
So first of all I thought, you know, "Wouldn't it be favorable to cancer getting to skeletal muscle?" And as well, cancer tumors require a process called angiogenesis, which is really, the tumor recruits the blood vessels to itself to supply itself with nutrients so it can grow. | Au départ, j'ai donc pensé, "Ne serait-ce pas favorable pour le cancer de se localiser dans le muscle squelettique ?" Et, également, les tumeurs cancéreuses nécessitent un processus nommé l'angiogénèse, qui consiste en la tumeur attirant les vaisseaux sanguins à elle afin de pouvoir s'alimenter pour grandir. | en-fr |
Without angiogenesis, the tumor remains the size of a pinpoint and it's not harmful. | Zonder angiogenese blijft de tumor een speldenknop die geen kwaad kan. | en-nl |
So angiogenesis is really a central process to the pathogenesis of cancer. | Aşa că angiogeneza este un proces central în patogeneza cancerului. | en-ro |
And one article that really stood out to me when I was just reading about this, trying to figure out why cancer doesn't go to skeletal muscle, was that it had reported 16 percent of micro-metastases to skeletal muscle upon autopsy. | Và một bài báo đã thực sự ấn tượng với tôi khi tôi đang cố tìm hiểu tại sao ung thư không tới cơ xương, bài báo đó ghi lại 16% di căn tới cơ xương qua khám nghiệm tử thi. | en-vi |
16 percent! Meaning that there were these pinpoint tumors in skeletal muscle, but only .16 percent of actual metastases -- suggesting that maybe skeletal muscle is able to control the angiogenesis, is able to control the tumors recruiting these blood vessels. | 16 процентов! То есть в мышце находились крошечные опухоли, но их размер - всего 0.16 от величины нормального метастаза, что свидетельствует о том, что мышечная ткань способна контролировать ангиогенез, то есть способна контролировать захват опухолью кровяных сосудов. | en-ru |
We use skeletal muscles so much. It's the one portion of our body -- our heart's always beating. We're always moving our muscles. | Wir nutzen Skelettmuskeln sehr viel. Es ist der eine Teil unseres Körpers - unser Herz schlägt immer. Wir bewegen immer unsere Muskeln. | en-de |
Is it possible that muscle somehow intuitively knows that it needs this blood supply? It needs to be constantly contracting, so therefore it's almost selfish. It's grabbing its blood vessels for itself. | Estamos sempre a mover os músculos. Será possível que o músculo saiba intuitivamente que precisa desse abastecimento sanguíneo? Precisa de estar sempre a contrair-se, é um órgão egoísta. | en-pt |
Therefore, when a tumor comes into skeletal muscle tissue, it can't get a blood supply, and can't grow. | Vì vậy, khi một khối u đi vào mô cơ xương, nó không được cung cấp máu, không thể phát triển. | en-vi |
So this suggests that maybe if there is an anti-angiogenic factor in skeletal muscle -- or perhaps even more, an angiogenic routing factor, so it can actually direct where the blood vessels grow -- this could be a potential future therapy for cancer. | Così questo suggerisce che forse se c'è un fattore anti-angiogenesi nel muscolo scheletrico - o magari anche di più, un fattore angiogenico guida, che può regolare verso dove i vasi sanguigni crescono. Questa potrebbe essere una futura terapia per il cancro. | en-it |
And another thing that's really interesting is that there's this whole -- the way tumors move throughout the body, it's a very complex system -- and there's something called the chemokine network. | И есть еще кое-что очень интересное в том, как распространяются клетки опухоли в организме - это очень сложный механизм - "хемокинная система". | en-ru |
And chemokines are essentially chemical attractants, and they're the stop and go signals for cancer. | A kemokin lényegében egy kémiai csalogatószer, a rák piros és zöld jelzőlámpái. | en-hu |
So a tumor expresses chemokine receptors, and another organ -- a distant organ somewhere in the body -- will have the corresponding chemokines, and the tumor will see these chemokines and migrate towards it. | Então um tumor manifesta os receptores de quimoquinas, e outro órgão - um órgão distante em algum lugar no corpo - terá as quimoquinas correspondentes, e o tumor irá ver essas quimoquinas e migrar em direção a ele. | en-pt-br |
Is it possible that skeletal muscle doesn't express this type of molecules? | Възможно ли е скелетните мускули да не изпращат този вид молекули? | en-bg |
And the other really interesting thing is that when skeletal muscle -- there's been several reports that when skeletal muscle is injured, that's what correlates with metastases going to skeletal muscle. | Un vēl viena patiesi interesanta lieta -- ir bijuši vairāki ziņojumi par to, ka, kad skeleta muskuļi ir ievainoti -- tas ir tas, kas ir saistīts (korelē) ar metastāžu migrēšanu uz skeleta muskuļiem. | en-lv |
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