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So as I showed you, they're usually found on these seals that are very, very tiny. | Kuten esitin, tavallisesti tekstit ovat sineteissä, jotka ovat hyvin, hyvin pieniä. | en-fi |
And so given these formidable obstacles, one might wonder and worry whether one will ever be able to decipher the Indus script. | ونظرا لذلك فان هذه العوائق الهائلة ، ربما يتساءل المرء ما إذا كان يمكن على الاطلاق فك شيفرة النص الاندوسي. | en-ar |
In the rest of my talk, I'd like to tell you about how I learned to stop worrying and love the challenge posed by the Indus script. | Konuşmamın devamında, İndus yazısı hakkında endişelenmeyi nasıl bıraktığımı ve onu çözme mücadelesini nasıl sevdiğimi anlatmak istiyorum. | en-tr |
I've always been fascinated by the Indus script ever since I read about it in a middle school textbook. | Mindig is elbűvölt az Indus-völgyi írás azóta, hogy először olvastam róla egy középiskolai tankönyvben. | en-hu |
And why was I fascinated? | Kāpēc gan es biju apburts? | en-lv |
Well it's the last major undeciphered script in the ancient world. | खरं म्हणजे, ही जगातली शेवटची अर्थ न उलगडलेली लिपी आहे. | en-mr |
My career path led me to become a computational neuroscientist, so in my day job, I create computer models of the brain to try to understand how the brain makes predictions, how the brain makes decisions, how the brain learns and so on. | A pályám úgy alakult, hogy számítógépes idegtudós lettem, így a napi munkámban számítógépes modelleket készítek az agyra, és próbálom megérteni, hogy hogyan készít az agy előjelzéseket, hogyan hoz döntéseket, és hogyan tanul, stb. | en-hu |
But in 2007, my path crossed again with the Indus script. | Namun tahun 2007, jalan saya bersilangan kembali dengan naskah Indus. | en-id |
That's when I was in India, and I had the wonderful opportunity to meet with some Indian scientists who were using computer models to try to analyze the script. | Det var da jeg var i Indien, og jeg havde den dejlige mulighed for at mødes med nogle indiske forskere, som brugte computere til at analysere skriften. | en-da |
And so it was then that I realized there was an opportunity for me to collaborate with these scientists, and so I jumped at that opportunity. | Silloin tajusin, saaneeni tilaisuuden yhteistyöhön näiden tieteilijöiden kanssa, ja siihen tilaisuuteen tarrasin kiinni. | en-fi |
And I'd like to describe some of the results that we have found. | Et j'aimerais décrire certains des résultats que nous avons trouvé. | en-fr |
Or better yet, let's all collectively decipher. | いや一緒に解読していきましょう | en-ja |
Are you ready? | מוכנים? | en-he |
The first thing that you need to do when you have an undeciphered script is try to figure out the direction of writing. | Hal pertama yang Anda harus lakukan saat berhadapan dengan naskah yang belum teruraikan adalah mencoba menemukan arah penulisan. | en-id |
Here are two texts that contain some symbols on them. | Перед нами два тексти з символами. | en-uk |
Can you tell me if the direction of writing is right to left or left to right? | האם תוכלו לומר אם כיוון הכתיבה הוא מימין לשמאל או להיפך? | en-he |
I'll give you a couple of seconds. | Va dau câteva secunde. | en-ro |
Okay. Right to left, how many? Okay. | Bien. Droite à gauche, combien? | en-fr |
Okay. Left to right? | A od lewej do prawej? | en-pl |
Oh, it's almost 50/50. Okay. | Oh, está casi al 50 por ciento. | en-es |
The answer is: if you look at the left-hand side of the two texts, you'll notice that there's a cramping of signs, and it seems like 4,000 years ago, when the scribe was writing from right to left, they ran out of space. | Dobre. Odpoveď je taká, že keď sa pozriete na ľavú stranu oboch textov, všimnete si, že znaky sú stiesnené a vyzerá to tak, že pred 4000 rokmi, keď pisár písal sprava doľava, došlo mu miesto, | en-sk |
And so they had to cram the sign. | Và vì vậy họ đã phải nhồi nhét những dấu hiệu. | en-vi |
One of the signs is also below the text on the top. | Ett av tecknen är också under texten högst upp. | en-sv |
This suggests the direction of writing was probably from right to left, and so that's one of the first things we know, that directionality is a very key aspect of linguistic scripts. | हे आपल्याला लेखनाची दिशा दाखवतं जी संभाव्यतः उजवीकडून डावीकडे होती. हीच आपल्याला माहित असणारी पहिली गोष्ट आहे. की लेखनाची दिशा हा भाषेच्या लिपीची महत्त्वाचा भाग आहे. | en-mr |
And the Indus script now has this particular property. | A harappské písmo má túto konkrétnu vlastnosť. | en-sk |
What other properties of language does the script show? | Jaké další vlastnosti jazyka toto písmo vykazuje? | en-cs |
Languages contain patterns. | Bahasa mengandung pola. | en-id |
If I give you the letter Q and ask you to predict the next letter, what do you think that would be? | Nếu tôi cho bạn chữ Q và yêu cầu bạn dự đoán các chữ cái tiếp theo, bạn nghĩ rằng sẽ là chữ cái gì? | en-vi |
Most of you said U, which is right. | De meesten zeiden U, en dat klopt. | en-nl |
Now if I asked you to predict one more letter, what do you think that would be? | Τώρα αν σας ζητούσα να προβλέψετε ακόμα ενα γράμμα, ποιο πιστεύετε πως θα ήταν αυτο; | en-el |
Now there's several thoughts. There's E. It could be I. It could be A, but certainly not B, C or D, right? | Sada imamo nekoliko ideja. Moglo bi biti E. Ili I. Ili A, ali sigurno ne B,C ili D, zar ne? | en-hr |
The Indus script also exhibits similar kinds of patterns. | Și scriitura Indus prezintă șabloane similare. | en-ro |
There's a lot of text that start with this diamond-shaped symbol. | 有很多段文字的开头都有菱形符号 | en-zh-cn |
And this in turn tends to be followed by this quotation marks-like symbol. | Diesem folgt dann meist etwas Anführungszeichen-ähnliches. | en-de |
And this is very similar to a Q and U example. | Je to velice podobné příkladu s písmeny Q a U. | en-cs |
This symbol can in turn be followed by these fish-like symbols and some other signs, but never by these other signs at the bottom. | Po tym symbolu z kolei może występować symbol podobny do ryby i niektóre inne znaki, ale nigdy nie te podane na dole. | en-pl |
And furthermore, there's some signs that really prefer the end of texts, such as this jar-shaped sign, and this sign, in fact, happens to be the most frequently occurring sign in the script. | Turklāt ir dažas zīmes, kuras visbiežāk mēdz atrasties tekstu beigās, piemēram, kā šī krūkas formas zīme, un šī zīme patiesībā ir visbiežāk atrodamā zīme visā rakstībā. | en-lv |
Given such patterns, here was our idea. | 이런 패턴이 있다는 것을 깨달은 후 | en-ko |
The idea was to use a computer to learn these patterns, and so we gave the computer the existing texts. | हमने कंप्यूटर के उपयोग से इन पैटर्नो को जानने की योजना बनाई, और इसलिए हमने मौजूदा वाक्यों को कंप्यूटर में फीड किया। | en-hi |
And the computer learned a statistical model of which symbols tend to occur together and which symbols tend to follow each other. | y el ordenador aprendió un modelo estadístico de qué símbolos tendían a aparecer juntos que qué símbolos tendían a seguirse unos a otros. | en-es |
Given the computer model, we can test the model by essentially quizzing it. | 使用此電腦模式 我們可以以測驗的方式測試此模式 | en-zh-tw |
So we could deliberately erase some symbols, and we can ask it to predict the missing symbols. | Podemos deliberadamente apagar alguns símbolos, e podemos pedir-lhe para predizer os símbolos em falta. | en-pt |
You may regard this as perhaps the most ancient game of Wheel of Fortune. | Du kanske tycker att detta ser ut som det urgamla spelet lyckohjulet. | en-sv |
What we found was that the computer was successful in 75 percent of the cases in predicting the correct symbol. | हमने पाया कि कंप्यूटर 75 प्रतिशत सफल रहा सही चिन्ह ढूँढने में। | en-hi |
In the rest of the cases, typically the second best guess or third best guess was the right answer. | 残りの25％も 2番目か3番目に 予測した文字が正解でした | en-ja |
There's also practical use for this particular procedure. | C'è anche un utilità pratica in questa particolare procedura. | en-it |
There's a lot of these texts that are damaged. | Många av dessa texter är skadade. | en-sv |
Here's an example of one such text. | Να ένα παράδειγμα. | en-el |
And we can use the computer model now to try to complete this text and make a best guess prediction. | I sada možemo upotrijebiti računalni model kako bismo pokušali upotpuniti ovaj tekst i predvidjeti najbolji pogodak. | en-hr |
Here's an example of a symbol that was predicted. | İşte öngörülen simge. | en-tr |
And this could be really useful as we try to decipher the script by generating more data that we can analyze. | 破損部分を再生することで 解読に役立つデータを さらに増やすことができます | en-ja |
Now here's one other thing you can do with the computer model. | Przy użyciu tego modelu można zrobić coś jeszcze. | en-pl |
So imagine a monkey sitting at a keyboard. | Tänk er en apa som sitter vid ett tangentbord | en-sv |
I think you might get a random jumble of letters that looks like this. | यह बंदर कुछ इस तरह का अक्षरों का अनियमित क्रम अंकित करेगा। | en-hi |
Such a random jumble of letters is said to have a very high entropy. | Un poti-poti de lletres com aquest es diu que té una entropia molt altra. | en-ca |
This is a physics and information theory term. | Toto je termín z oblasti fyziky a informačnej teórie. | en-sk |
But just imagine it's a really random jumble of letters. | Vienkārši uztveriet to kā nejaušu burtu jucekli. | en-lv |
How many of you have ever spilled coffee on a keyboard? | 你們有誰曾經將咖啡濺在鍵盤上？ | en-zh-tw |
You might have encountered the stuck-key problem -- so basically the same symbol being repeated over and over again. | Bạn có thể dính phải việc kẹt phím vì vậy một biểu tượng được lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần. | en-vi |
This kind of a sequence is said to have a very low entropy because there's no variation at all. | この文字列のエントロピーは とても低いと言えます 変化がないからです | en-ja |
Language, on the other hand, has an intermediate level of entropy; it's neither too rigid, nor is it too random. | Мова має середній рівень ентропії - вона не є ані занадто передбачуваною, ані занадто випадковою. | en-uk |
What about the Indus script? | 而古印度河文字呢？ | en-zh-tw |
Here's a graph that plots the entropies of a whole bunch of sequences. | 이 그래프는 여러 종류의 배열에 대한 엔트로피를 나타낸 것입니다. | en-ko |
At the very top you find the uniformly random sequence, which is a random jumble of letters -- and interestingly, we also find the DNA sequence from the human genome and instrumental music. | در بالای نمودار شاهد سری تصادفی یکنواخت هستید، که یک دستهی تصادفی از حروف است -- و جالب آنکه سری دیانای ژنوم انسان و موسیقی سازی رو هم داریم | en-fa |
And both of these are very, very flexible, which is why you find them in the very high range. | हे दोन्हीही क्रम अतिशय लवचिक आहेत आणि म्हणूनच ते मोठ्या व्याप्तीमध्ये दिसतात. | en-mr |
At the lower end of the scale, you find a rigid sequence, a sequence of all A's, and you also find a computer program, in this case in the language Fortran, which obeys really strict rules. | Vào cuối thấp của quy mô, bạn tìm thấy một chuỗi cứng nhắc, một chuỗi toàn điểm A, và bạn cũng tìm thấy một chương trình máy tính, trong trường hợp này bằng ngôn ngữ Fortran, mà tuân theo quy tắc thực sự nghiêm ngặt. | en-vi |
Linguistic scripts occupy the middle range. | भाषाई लिपियाँ बीच की श्रेणी में आती हैं। | en-hi |
Now what about the Indus script? | Što je s indskim pismom? | en-hr |
We found that the Indus script actually falls within the range of the linguistic scripts. | Vi fandt at Industeksten faktisk ligger i området med lingvistiske tekster. | en-da |
When this result was first published, it was highly controversial. | Quando questo risultato è stato pubblicato, ha scatenato molte polemiche. | en-it |
There were people who raised a hue and cry, and these people were the ones who believed that the Indus script does not represent language. | 인더스 문자가 언어가 아니라고 생각하는 사람들은 고함을 지르며 큰 소동을 벌였습니다. | en-ko |
I even started to get some hate mail. | Még néhány gyűlölködő levelet is kaptam. | en-hu |
My students said that I should really seriously consider getting some protection. | I miei studenti dicevano che avrei dovuto considerare seriamente la possibilità di avere una scorta. | en-it |
Who'd have thought that deciphering could be a dangerous profession? | Kas gan būtu domājis, ka atšifrēšana varētu būt bīstama profesija? | en-lv |
What does this result really show? | Про що ж насправді свідчить цей результат? | en-uk |
It shows that the Indus script shares an important property of language. | Mostra que l'escriptura de l'Indus comparteix una propietat important de la llengua. | en-ca |
So, as the old saying goes, if it looks like a linguistic script and it acts like a linguistic script, then perhaps we may have a linguistic script on our hands. | Pertanto, come si suol dire, se sembra una scrittura linguistica e si comporta come tale, forse si tratta di una scrittura linguistica. | en-it |
What other evidence is there that the script could actually encode language? | Mitä muu todistaa, että kirjoitus voisi todella koodata kieltä? | en-fi |
Well linguistic scripts can actually encode multiple languages. | Jo, skrivtecken kan ju faktiskt användas för flera olika språk. | en-sv |
So for example, here's the same sentence written in English and the same sentence written in Dutch using the same letters of the alphabet. | उदाहरणार्थ, हे एकच वाक्य इंग्रजीमध्ये लिहिलं आहे आणि तेच डच भाषेत लिहिलं आहे तीच अक्षरं वापरून | en-mr |
If you don't know Dutch and you only know English and I give you some words in Dutch, you'll tell me that these words contain some very unusual patterns. | Hvis I ikke kender til hollandsk og I kun kender til engelsk og jeg giver jer nogle ord på hollandsk, så vil I sige at disse ord indeholder nogle meget usædvanlige mønstre. | en-da |
Some things are not right, and you'll say these words are probably not English words. | Algunas cosas no están bien, y me dirán que estas palabras probablemente no son inglesas. | en-es |
The same thing happens in the case of the Indus script. | La stessa cosa accade con la scrittura dell'Indo. | en-it |
The computer found several texts -- two of them are shown here -- that have very unusual patterns. | L'ordinador va trobar molts textos -- dos d'ells els veiem aquí -- que tenen patrons molt poc freqüents. | en-ca |
So for example the first text: there's a doubling of this jar-shaped sign. | Esimerkiksi ensimmäinen teksti: siinä on kannun muotoisen merkin kahdennus. | en-fi |
This sign is the most frequently-occurring sign in the Indus script, and it's only in this text that it occurs as a doubling pair. | Dieses Zeichen ist das Häufigste der Indus Schrift, und nur in diesem Text erscheint es doppelt. | en-de |
Why is that the case? | De ce anume? | en-ro |
We went back and looked at where these particular texts were found, and it turns out that they were found very, very far away from the Indus Valley. | 我们回去找这些特殊的文字是在哪里找到的 我们发现它们出现在离 印度河谷十分遥远的地方 | en-zh-cn |
They were found in present day Iraq and Iran. | Ze zijn gevonden in het huidige Irak en Iran. | en-nl |
And why were they found there? | És miért ott találták? | en-hu |
What I haven't told you is that the Indus people were very, very enterprising. | לא סיפרתי לכם שתושבי אינדוס היו בעלי יוזמה. | en-he |
They used to trade with people pretty far away from where they lived, and so in this case, they were traveling by sea all the way to Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq. | Ils ont troqué avec les peuples assez loin d'où ils vécurent. Et donc dans ce cas là, ils voyageaient par mer jusqu'en Mésopotamie, l'Irak actuel. | en-fr |
And what seems to have happened here is that the Indus traders, the merchants, were using this script to write a foreign language. | E sembra che qui i commercianti dell'Indo, i mercanti, usassero la loro scrittura per scrivere in un'altra lingua. | en-it |
It's just like our English and Dutch example. | 就像我們這邊所舉的英文以及荷蘭語意思相同 | en-zh-tw |
And that would explain why we have these strange patterns that are very different from the kinds of patterns you see in the text that are found within the Indus Valley. | وهذا من شأنه أن يفسر لماذا لدينا هذه الأنماط الغريبة التي هي مختلفة جدا عن أنواع الأنماط التي تراها في النص والتي وجدت في وادي السند. | en-ar |
This suggests that the same script, the Indus script, could be used to write different languages. | つまりインダス文字は 複数の言語表示に使用できるのです | en-ja |
The results we have so far seem to point to the conclusion that the Indus script probably does represent language. | De resultat vi har sett hittills verkar peka mot slutsatsen att Indusskriften antagligen representerar språk. | en-sv |
If it does represent language, then how do we read the symbols? | Ja tā attēlo valodu, tad kā lai mēs lasām šos simbolus? | en-lv |
That's our next big challenge. | Ez a következő nagy kihívás. | en-hu |
So you'll notice that many of the symbols look like pictures of humans, of insects, of fishes, of birds. | Je ziet dat veel van de symbolen lijken op plaatjes van mensen, van insecten, van vissen, van vogels. | en-nl |
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