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This would be trivial. | Asta ar fi banal. | en-ro |
But it also explains why they are there, and they are there for a specific reason, because we as humans display different strategies in the space of the possible. | 重要的是，为什它们在那里， 基于某种特殊的原因， 因为我们是人类， 会在充满可能性空间中 展现不同的策略。 | en-zh-cn |
So some of us tend to retrace already known paths. | Một số người có xu hướng dò lại những con đường đã biết | en-vi |
So we say they exploit. | いわば利用者です | en-ja |
Some of us always launch into new adventures. | 일부는 늘 새 모험으로 뛰어듭니다. | en-ko |
We say they explore. | Nous disons d'eux qu'ils explorent. | en-fr |
And what we discovered is all the systems we investigated are right at the edge between these two strategies, something like 80 percent exploiting, 20 percent exploring, something like blade runners of innovation. | 私たちが発見したのは 調査したシステムのすべてが この２つの戦略の 中間にあるということで 80%の利用と 20%の探求というような イノベーションのブレードランナー みたいなものということです | en-ja |
So it seems that the wise balance, you could also say a conservative balance, between past and future, between exploitation and exploration, is already in place and perhaps needed in our system. | Se pare că un echilibru armonios, l-am putea numi un echilibru conservativ între trecut și viitor, între exploatare și explorare, există deja și e probabil necesar în sistemul nostru. | en-ro |
But again the good news is now we have scientific tools to investigate this equilibrium, perhaps pushing it further in the near future. | J'insiste, la bonne nouvelle est que nous avons les outils scientifiques pour investiguer cet équilibre, peut-être le poussant plus loin dans un avenir proche. | en-fr |
So as you can imagine, I was really fascinated by all this. | Tahmin edeceğiniz üzere tüm bunlar beni müthiş büyüledi. | en-tr |
Our mathematical scheme is already providing cues and hints to investigate the space of possibilities and the way in which all of us create it and explore it. | 저희 수학 계획은 가능성의 우주와 우리가 우주를 만들고 탐험하는 법을 알아낼 단서와 힌트를 벌써 줬죠. | en-ko |
But there is more. | Pero hay más. | en-es |
This, I guess, is a starting point of something that has the potential to become a wonderful journey for a scientific investigation of the new, but also I would say a personal investigation of the new. | حسب رأي، هذه نقطة انطلاق لشيء لديه الإمكانيات ليصبح رحلة مذهلة لبحث علمي عن الجديد، ولكن أود أن أضيف بحثا "شخصيا" عن الجديد. | en-ar |
And I guess this can have a lot of consequences and a huge impact in key activities like learning, education, research, business. | 我猜这个过程会卓有成效， 并对主要活动产生巨大影响， 比如学习，教育，研究，商务。 | en-zh-cn |
So for instance, if you think about artificial intelligence, I am sure -- I mean, artificial intelligence, we need to rely in the near future more and more on the structure of the adjacent possible, to restructure it, to change it, but also to cope with the unknowns of the future. | Se, ad esempio, pensiamo all'intelligenza artificiale, nel settore dell'intelligenza artificiale, nel breve termine ci affideremo sempre di più alla struttura dell'adiacente possibile, per ristrutturarla, cambiarla, ma anche per affrontare le incognite del futuro. | en-it |
In parallel, we have a lot of tools, new tools now, to investigate how creativity works and what triggers innovation. | Song song đó, chúng ta có rất nhiều công cụ, các công cụ mới để điều tra sự sáng tạo hoạt động thế nào và điều gì châm ngòi sự đổi mới. | en-vi |
And the aim of all this is to raise a generation of people able to come up with new ideas to face the challenges in front of us. | Și scopul acestui lucru e de a crește o generație de oameni care sunt capabili să vină cu idei noi pentru a înfrunta provocările viitorului. | en-ro |
We all know. | Das wissen wir alle. | en-de |
I think it's a long way to go, but the questions, and the tools, are now there, adjacent and possible. | 还有很长的路要走， 但现在已有的问题，工具， 就在身边，甚至唾手可得。 | en-zh-cn |
I thought I'd talk a little bit about how nature makes materials. | 自然界で物質はどう作られるのでしょう | en-ja |
I brought along with me an abalone shell. | Ho portato con me un abalone (haliotis, orecchia di mare). Questo abalone è un materiale biocomposto | en-it |
This abalone shell is a biocomposite material that's 98 percent by mass calcium carbonate and two percent by mass protein. | Ona je biokompozitni materijal, čija je masa sastavljena od 98 odsto kalcijum karbonata i 2 odsto proteina. | en-sr |
Yet, it's 3,000 times tougher than its geological counterpart. | Com esta constituição, é 3000 vezes mais resistente do que o carbonato de cálcio simples. | en-pt |
And a lot of people might use structures like abalone shells, like chalk. | Πολλοί θα μπορούσαν να χρησιμοποιούν δομές σαν τα αμπαλόνε, όπως την κιμωλία. | en-el |
I've been fascinated by how nature makes materials, and there's a lot of secrets to how they do such an exquisite job. | Fascinirana sam načinom na koji priroda stvara materijale, a postoji i mnogo tajni u načinu na koji ona vrši takav izuzetan posao. | en-sr |
Part of it is that these materials are macroscopic in structure, but they're formed at the nano scale. | חלק מזה זה העובדה שהחומרים האלה בעלי מבנה מקרוסקופי, אבל הם נוצרים בקנה מידה ננומטרי. | en-he |
They're formed at the nano scale, and they use proteins that are coded by the genetic level that allow them to build these really exquisite structures. | De bliver formet på nano målestoksforhold, og de bruger proteiner der er kodet af det genetiske niveau der tillader dem at bygge disse virkelig elegante strukturer. | en-da |
So something I think is very fascinating is: What if you could give life to non-living structures, like batteries and like solar cells? | Ezért számomra lenyűgöző a gondolat, hogy mi lenne, ha életet tudnánk adni nem élő dolgoknak, mint pl. akkumulátoroknak és napelemeknek? | en-hu |
What if they had some of the same capabilities that an abalone shell did, in terms of being able to build really exquisite structures at room temperature and room pressure, using nontoxic chemicals and adding no toxic materials back into the environment? | Kas jei jie turėtų kažkiek tokių pat sugebėjimų, kokių turėjo jūrinės ausinukės kriauklė, kalbant apie tokius sugebėjimus kaip statyti tikrai rafinuotas struktūras esant kambario temperatūrai, atmosferos slėgiui, nenaudojant jokių toksiškų chemikalų ir neteršiant gamtos jokiomis toksiškomis medžiagomis? | en-lt |
So that's kind of the vision that I've been thinking about. | Pois bem, esta é a visão que tenho tido das coisas. | en-pt-br |
And so what if you could grow a battery in a Petri dish? | Jadi bagaimana bila Anda bisa menumbuhkan baterai dalam cawan petri? | en-id |
Or what if you could give genetic information to a battery so that it could actually become better as a function of time, and do so in an environmentally friendly way? | أو، ماذا إن أمكن إعطاء معلومات جينية لبطارية بحيث يمكنها أن تصبح بالفعل أحسن مع مرور الزمن، والقيام بذلك بطريقة غير مؤذية للبيئة؟ وهكذا بالعودة إلى صدفة أذن البحر، | en-ar |
And so, going back to this abalone shell, besides being nanostructured, one thing that's fascinating is, when a male and female abalone get together, they pass on the genetic information that says, "This is how to build an exquisite material. | εκτός του ότι είναι νανοδομημένο, αυτό που είναι συναρπαστικό, είναι ότι όταν ένα αρσενικό και ένα θηλυκό αμπαλόνε συνευρίσκονται, προωθούν τη γενετική πληροφορία που λέει, «Να πώς φτιάχνεται ένα εξαιρετικό υλικό. | en-el |
Here's how to do it at room temperature and pressure, using nontoxic materials." | Evo kako to napraviti na sobnoj temperaturi i tlaku, koristeći notrovne materijale." | en-hr |
Same with diatoms, which are shown right here, which are glasseous structures. | 与硅藻相同，有着光泽，有着玻璃状结构。 每次硅藻复制时， | en-zh-cn |
Every time the diatoms replicate, they give the genetic information that says, "Here's how to build glass in the ocean that's perfectly nanostructured." | ato i japin informatat gjentetike të cilat thonë, "Këtu është se si të ndërtosh gjam në oqean ajo është nano-strukturë përfekte. | en-sq |
And you can do it the same, over and over again." | Und das kann man beliebig wiederholen." | en-de |
So what if you could do the same thing with a solar cell or a battery? | แล้วจะเป็นยังไงถ้าหากว่าเราสามารถทำเหมือนๆกันนี้ได้ กับเซลล์แสงอาทิตย์หรือแบตเตอรี่? | en-th |
I like to say my favorite biomaterial is my four year old. | Biomaterial favorit saya adalah anak saya yang berumur empat tahun. | en-id |
But anyone who's ever had or knows small children knows, they're incredibly complex organisms. | Bárki, akinek van, vagy ismer kisgyermekeket tudja, hogy hihetetlenül komplex organizmusok. | en-hu |
If you wanted to convince them to do something they don't want to do, it's very difficult. | אז אם תרצו לשכנע אותם לעשות משהו שהם לא רוצים, זה מאוד קשה. אז כשחושבים על טכנולוגיות עתידיות, | en-he |
So when we think about future technologies, we actually think of using bacteria and viruses -- simple organisms. | nós pensamos, na verdade, em usar bactérias e vírus, organismos mais simples. | en-pt-br |
Can you convince them to work with a new toolbox, so they can build a structure that will be important to me? | 여러분은 그들을 새로운 도구 상자와 작업하도록 하여 저에게 중요해질 구조물을 만들게 할 수 있을까요? | en-ko |
Also, when we think about future technologies, we start with the beginning of Earth. | Ne gândim la tehnologiile viitorului. Începem cu formarea Pământului. În principiu, a durat un miliard de ani | en-ro |
Basically, it took a billion years to have life on Earth. | تا حیات بر روی زمین شکل بگیرد. | en-fa |
And very rapidly, they became multi-cellular, they could replicate, they could use photosynthesis as a way of getting their energy source. | Ve büyük bir hızla, çok hücreli oldular, çoğalabiliyorlardı, enerji kaynaklarını elde etmek için fotosentezi kullanabiliyorlardı. | en-tr |
But it wasn't until about 500 million years ago -- during the Cambrian geologic time period -- that organisms in the ocean started making hard materials. | Ama bu 500 milyon yıl öncesine kadar gerçekleşmedi -- Kambriyen jeolojik zaman süreci boyunca -- okyanustaki bu organizmalar sert malzemeler üretmeye başladılar. | en-tr |
Before that, they were all soft, fluffy structures. | Oni su prvotno bili mekane, pahuljaste građevine. I tijekom tog perioda | en-hr |
It was during this time that there was increased calcium, iron and silicon in the environment, and organisms learned how to make hard materials. | 环境中的钙、铁 硅的含量增加了。 生物学会了如何制作坚硬的材料。 | en-zh-cn |
So that's what I would like to be able to do, convince biology to work with the rest of the periodic table. | To je ono što bih volela da mogu da uradim - da ubedim biologiju da sarađuje sa ostatkom periodnog sistema elemenata. | en-sr |
Now, if you look at biology, there's many structures like DNA, antibodies, proteins and ribosomes you've heard about, that are nanostructured -- nature already gives us really exquisite structures on the nano scale. | 生物をよく見ると DNAや抗体 タンパク質 リボゾームなど ナノ構造の物質はたくさんあります 自然界はナノスケールの 精巧な構造物を 用意してくれています | en-ja |
What if we could harness them and convince them to not be an antibody that does something like HIV? | Mitä jos voisimme valjastaa ne ja vakuuttaa ne olemasta vasta-aineita, jotka tekevät sellaista kuin HIV? | en-fi |
What if we could convince them to build a solar cell for us? | Co kdybychom je mohli přesvědčit, aby nám vytvořily solární články? | en-cs |
Here are some examples. | Câteva exemple: | en-ro |
Natural shells, natural biological materials. | Ci sono materiali biologici naturali. | en-it |
The abalone shell here. | Itt a csigahéj - és ha eltöröd, | en-hu |
If you fracture it, you can look at the fact that it's nanostructured. | můžete si ověřit, že má nano strukturu. | en-cs |
There's diatoms made out of SiO2, and there are magnetotactic bacteria that make small, single-domain magnets used for navigation. | Ka dietome të bëra nga SIO2, dhe ato janë bakterje magnetotike të cilet e bejnë një magnet të vetem të vogël të përdoret për navigim. | en-sq |
What all these have in common is these materials are structured at the nano scale, and they have a DNA sequence that codes for a protein sequence that gives them the blueprint to be able to build these really wonderful structures. | 共同點是 這些材料都是在奈米尺度上建造的， 且他們都有DNA序列 可以轉譯成蛋白質序列 給它們製造這些 美好構造的藍圖。 | en-zh-tw |
Now, going back to the abalone shell, the abalone makes this shell by having these proteins. | حالا، دوباره به صدف آبالون برگردیم آبالون این صدف را با داشتن این پروتئینها میسازد. | en-fa |
These proteins are very negatively charged. | Ti proteini su jako negativno nabijeni. | en-hr |
They can pull calcium out of the environment, and put down a layer of calcium and then carbonate, calcium and carbonate. | И те могат да извличат калций от околната среда, да натрупат слой от калций и след това карбонат, калций и карбонат. | en-bg |
It has the chemical sequences of amino acids which says, "This is how to build the structure. | Tiene la secuencia química de amino-ácidos que dice, "Así es como se arma la estructura. Aquí viene la secuencia de DNA, aquí la secuencia de proteínas | en-es |
Here's the DNA sequence, here's the protein sequence in order to do it." | reikalingos tai padaryti." Ir įdomu tai, kad jei galėtume paimti kiekvieną medžiagą, kokios tik norėtume, | en-lt |
So an interesting idea is, what if you could take any material you wanted, or any element on the periodic table, and find its corresponding DNA sequence, then code it for a corresponding protein sequence to build a structure, but not build an abalone shell -- build something that nature has never had the opportunity to work with yet. | of elk element uit het periodiek systeem, en er dan de overeenkomstige DNA-sequentie bij zoeken, dan daar de overeenkomstige eiwitsequentie bij coderen, om een structuur op te bouwen, maar geen zeeoorschelp. Bouw dan iets waar de natuur nog nooit mee heeft kunnen werken. | en-nl |
And so here's the periodic table. | 这是周期表。 我非常喜欢周期表。 | en-zh-cn |
I absolutely love the periodic table. | Я обожаю периодическую таблицу. | en-ru |
Every year for the incoming freshman class at MIT, I have a periodic table made that says, "Welcome to MIT. Now you're in your element." | faccio fare una tabella periodica che dice "Benvenuto al MIT. Ora sei nel tuo elemento." | en-it |
(Laughter) And you flip it over, and it's the amino acids with the pH at which they have different charges. | Và nếu bạn lật sang mặt bên kia thì sẽ thấy các axit amin với các độ pH tương ứng với điện tích của các axit amin. | en-vi |
And so I give this out to thousands of people. | Le regalo esta tabla a miles de personas. | en-es |
And I know it says MIT and this is Caltech, but I have a couple extra if people want it. | MITと書かれていますが こちらの大学でもお配りします オバマ大統領の MIT訪問時に | en-ja |
I was really fortunate to have President Obama visit my lab this year on his visit to MIT, and I really wanted to give him a periodic table. | že prezident Obama loni naštívil moji laboratoř při návštěvě MIT a hrozně jsem mu chtěla dát tuhle periodickou tabulku. Tak jsem zůstala v noci vzhůru a bavila se s manželem: | en-cs |
So I stayed up at night and talked to my husband, "How do I give President Obama a periodic table? | "Baskan Obama'ya periyodik tabloyu nasil verebilirim?" | en-tr |
What if he says, 'Oh, I already have one,' or, 'I've already memorized it?'" (Laughter) So he came to visit my lab and looked around -- it was a great visit. | Qfar nëse ai tho, "Oh unë kam një në shtepin time,' apo "e kam të fikësuar atë?" (Qeshen) Pra ai erdhi të vizito laburatorin tiim dhe shiqonte rreth e rrotull -- ishte një vizitë e mirë. | en-sq |
And then afterward, I said, "Sir, I want to give you the periodic table, in case you're ever in a bind and need to calculate molecular weight." | Lalu kemudian saya berkata, "Pak, saya ingin memberi Anda tabel periodik untuk jaga-jaga bila suatu saat Anda butuh menghitung berat molekul." | en-id |
(Laughter) I thought "molecular weight" sounded much less nerdy than "molar mass." | 전 그 때 분자량이 물질량보다 덜 따분하게 들릴거라 생각했죠. | en-ko |
(Laughter) And he looked at it and said, "Thank you. I'll look at it periodically." | Ő ránézett, és azt mondta, "Köszönöm, majd elemezem." | en-hu |
(Laughter) (Applause) Later in a lecture that he gave on clean energy, he pulled it out and said, "And people at MIT, they give out periodic tables." So ... | (Gelach) (Applaus) Later toen hij een lezing over schone energie gaf, haalde hij het tevoorschijn en zei: "En de MIT-mensen delen periodieke systemen uit." | en-nl |
So basically what I didn't tell you is that about 500 million years ago, the organisms started making materials, but it took them about 50 million years to get good at it -- 50 million years to learn how to perfect how to make that abalone shell. | まだ言っていませんでしたが ５億年前 原始的な生命体が物質を作り始めましたが 上達まで５千万年かかりました アワビの貝殻の作り方を ５千万年かけて会得したのです | en-ja |
And that's a hard sell to a graduate student: "I have this great project ... 50 million years ..." | ve bunu bir yuksek lisans ogrencisine anlatmak cok zor. "Senin icin mukemmel bir projem var-50 milyon senelik" | en-tr |
So we had to develop a way of trying to do this more rapidly. | Daarom moesten we een manier verzinnen om dit sneller te kunnen doen. | en-nl |
And so we use a nontoxic virus called M13 bacteriophage, whose job is to infect bacteria. | Мы использовали нетоксичный вирус М13 — это бактериофаг, чья работа — заражать бактерии. | en-ru |
Well, it has a simple DNA structure that you can go in and cut and paste additional DNA sequences into it, and by doing that, it allows the virus to express random protein sequences. | josta voi leikata ja johon voi liittää DNA-sekvenssejä. Sillä tavoin virus voi ilmaista satunnaisia proteiinisekvenssejä. | en-fi |
This is pretty easy biotechnology, and you could basically do this a billion times. | Y esta es una biotecnología sencilla. Y es posible hacer esto mil millones de veces. | en-es |
So you can have a billion different viruses that are all genetically identical, but they differ from each other based on their tips, on one sequence, that codes for one protein. | بنابراین میتوان یک میلیارد ویروس مختلف داشت که از نظر ژنتیکی همسان هستند ولی انتهای آنها، یک توالی که یک پروتئین را کدگذاری میکند، با هم فرق دارد. | en-fa |
Now if you take all billion viruses, and put them in one drop of liquid, you can force them to interact with anything you want on the periodic table. | Tani nëse i merrni të gjithë ata miljard virusët dhe mund ti vendosni ata në një lëng, ju mund ti detyroni ato të bashkëveprojnë me gjdogjë që ju dëshironi në tabel periodike. Dhe nepërmjet një procesi të zgjedhëjes dhe evolvimit, | en-sq |
And through a process of selection evolution, you can pull one of a billion that does something you'd like it to do, like grow a battery or a solar cell. | môžete dosiahnuť to, že jeden z miliardy urobí to, čo chcete, ako napríklad vyrobiť batériu alebo solárny článok. Takže, vírusy sa v podstate nemôžu replikovať samé, potrebujú hostiteľa. | en-sk |
Once you find that one out of a billion, you infect it into a bacteria, and make millions and billions of copies of that particular sequence. | Когда мы находим этот один из миллиарда, мы инфицируем бактерию и делаем миллионы и миллиарды копий этой конкретной последовательности. | en-ru |
The other thing that's beautiful about biology is that biology gives you really exquisite structures with nice link scales. | Kitas gražus su biologija susijęs dalykas yra tai, kad biologija kuria labai rafinuotas struktūras su įmantriomis jungčių skalėmis. Šie virusai ilgi ir ploni, | en-lt |
These viruses are long and skinny, and we can get them to express the ability to grow something like semiconductors or materials for batteries. | 我们能让它们表达生长出一些事物的能力 比如半导体 或是制作电池的材料。 | en-zh-cn |
Now, this is a high-powered battery that we grew in my lab. | Ini adalah baterai bertenaga besar yang kami tumbuhkan di lab saya. | en-id |
We engineered a virus to pick up carbon nanotubes. | Izgradili smo virus koji ubire ugljikove nanocjevčice. | en-hr |
One part of the virus grabs a carbon nanotube, the other part of the virus has a sequence that can grow an electrode material for a battery, and then it wires itself to the current collector. | وبالتالي جزء من الفيروس يمسك أنبوب كربون نانوي. الجزء الآخر من الفيروس لديه تسلسل يمكنه أن ينتج مادة كهربائية قطبية لبطارية. ثم يربط نفسه سلكيا بمجمع التيار | en-ar |
And so through a process of selection evolution, we went from being able to have a virus that made a crummy battery to a virus that made a good battery to a virus that made a record-breaking, high-powered battery that's all made at room temperature, basically at the benchtop. | 選択と進化を経て 性能の悪い電池を作っていたウイルスが 性能の良い 記録的な高出力の電池を作るウイルスに変わりました すべて室温の実験台で作れます | en-ja |
That battery went to the White House for a press conference, and I brought it here. | והסוללה הזו נסעה לבית הלבן למסיבת עיתונאים. הבאתי אותה לפה. אתם יכולים לראות אותה במארז הזה -- היא מפעילה את הLED הזה. | en-he |
Now if we could scale this, you could actually use it to run your Prius, which is kind of my dream -- to be able to drive a virus-powered car. | Если мы сможем изменить масштаб, то вы бы смогли использовать её, чтобы ездить на своей Toyota Prius, Это моя мечта — ездить на машине, заряженной вирусом. | en-ru |
(Laughter) But basically you can pull one out of a billion, and make lots of amplifications to it. | (Smeh) U osnovi - možete da dobijete jednog u milijardi. Možete napraviti puno pojačanja na ovome. | en-sr |
Basically, you make an amplification in the lab, and then you get it to self-assemble into a structure like a battery. | Básicamente podríamos hacer una amplificación en el laboratorio. Y después hacer que se auto-ensamble para dar la estructura de una batería. | en-es |
We're able to do this also with catalysis. | Putem face asta și prin cataliză. | en-ro |
This is the example of a photocatalytic splitting of water. | Ini contohnya fotokatalisis membelah molekul air. | en-id |
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