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We're really good at small numbers.
Malá čísla nám opravdu jdou.
en-cs
One mango, two mangoes, three mangoes, 10,000 mangoes, 100,000 mangoes -- it's still more mangoes you can eat before they rot.
Uma manda, duas mangas, três mangas, 10,000 mangas, 100,000 mangas -- são muito mais mangas do que as que conseguem comer antes de apodrecerem.
en-pt
So one half, one quarter, one fifth -- we're good at that.
Die Hälfte, ein Viertel, ein Fünftel -- wir sind gut darin.
en-de
One in a million, one in a billion -- they're both almost never.
百萬分之一,十億分之一 這些被當作幾乎沒有
en-zh-tw
So we have trouble with the risks that aren't very common.
Pra, kemi probleme me rreziqet që nuk janë shumë të zakonshëm.
en-sq
And what these cognitive biases do is they act as filters between us and reality.
这些认知偏见所起的作用 就是像过滤器一样隔断我们和现实
en-zh-cn
And the result is that feeling and reality get out of whack, they get different.
Et le résultat est que l'impression et la réalité ne collent pas, ils diffèrent.
en-fr
Now, you either have a feeling -- you feel more secure than you are, there's a false sense of security.
Jetzt haben sie entweder ein Gefühl -- Sie fühlen sich sicherer als sie sind. Da ist ein falsches Empfinden von Sicherheit. Oder andersherum,
en-de
Or the other way, and that's a false sense of insecurity.
et c'est une fausse impression d'insécurité.
en-fr
I write a lot about "security theater," which are products that make people feel secure, but don't actually do anything.
我写了很多关于”安全剧场“的文章 这个概念只起到让人们觉得很安全的作用 除此之外一无是处
en-zh-cn
There's no real word for stuff that makes us secure, but doesn't make us feel secure.
Няма конкретна дума за нещо, което да ни прави сигурни, но всъщност не ни кара да се чувстваме сигурни. Може би това е едно от нещата, които ЦРУ трябва да прави за нас.
en-bg
So back to economics.
回到經濟學
en-zh-tw
If economics, if the market, drives security, and if people make trade-offs based on the feeling of security, then the smart thing for companies to do for the economic incentives is to make people feel secure.
Ak ekonomika, ak trh, poháňa bezpečnosť, a ak ľudia robia kompromisy založené na ich pocitoch bezpečia, potom rozumná vec pre spoločnosti, z ekonomických pohnútok, je dávať ľuďom pocit bezpečia.
en-sk
And there are two ways to do this.
E existem dois caminhos para chegar a isto.
en-pt-br
One, you can make people actually secure and hope they notice.
Первый — можно реально защитить людей и надеяться, что они обратят внимание.
en-ru
Or two, you can make people just feel secure and hope they don't notice.
Alebo druhý, môžete im dodať pocit bezpečia a dúfať, že si to nevšimnú.
en-sk
So what makes people notice?
E o que fará com que elas percebam?
en-pt-br
Well, a couple of things: understanding of the security, of the risks, the threats, the countermeasures, how they work.
Няколко неща: разбирането на сигурността, на рисковете, на заплахите, на мерките срещу тях и как те работят.
en-bg
But if you know stuff, you're more likely to have your feelings match reality.
Но ако имате примери, е по-вероятно да съгласувате чувствата си с реалността.
en-bg
Enough real-world examples helps.
很多现实生活中的例子可以帮助理解
en-zh-cn
We all know the crime rate in our neighborhood, because we live there, and we get a feeling about it that basically matches reality.
Все мы знаем неблагополучные районы города, потому что мы тут живём, и, в общем, наше чувство опасности совпадает с реальностью.
en-ru
Security theater is exposed when it's obvious that it's not working properly.
Bezpečnostní divadlo je odhalené, když je zjevné, že nefunguje správně.
en-cs
OK. So what makes people not notice?
Pekala, insanların farketmemesini ne sağlar?
en-tr
Well, a poor understanding.
Một sự thiếu hiểu biết.
en-vi
If you don't understand the risks, you don't understand the costs, you're likely to get the trade-off wrong, and your feeling doesn't match reality.
Eğer riskleri bilmezseniz, neye malolacağını da anlayamazsınız, bu yüzden doğru takası yapamazsınız, ve hisleriniz gerçeklikle eşleşmez.
en-tr
Not enough examples.
Këtu nuk ka mjaft shembuj.
en-sq
There's an inherent problem with low-probability events.
هنا مشكلة كامنة احتمالية أحداثها ضئيلة.
en-ar
If, for example, terrorism almost never happens, it's really hard to judge the efficacy of counter-terrorist measures.
Když se například teroristické útoky stávají zřídka, je opravdu těžké posoudit účinnost protiteroristických opatření.
en-cs
This is why you keep sacrificing virgins, and why your unicorn defenses are working just great.
Вот почему продолжается охота на ведьм, и вот почему бутафорские меры работают до поры до времени.
en-ru
There aren't enough examples of failures.
Nie ma wystarczająco dużo przykładów porażek.
en-pl
Also, feelings that cloud the issues -- the cognitive biases I talked about earlier: fears, folk beliefs -- basically, an inadequate model of reality.
Além disso, as sensações estão ofuscando as questões -- as distorções cognitivas das quais falei anteriormente, medos, crenças populares, basicamente um modelo de realidade inadequado.
en-pt-br
So let me complicate things.
Permiteți-mi să complic lucrurile.
en-ro
I have feeling and reality.
Am senzație și realitate.
en-ro
I want to add a third element. I want to add "model."
ここに第三の要素「モデル」を加えたいと思います
en-ja
Feeling and model are in our head, reality is the outside world; it doesn't change, it's real.
De gevoelens en het model in ons hoofd, de realiteit in de buitenwereld. Die verandert niet; die is echt.
en-nl
Feeling is based on our intuition, model is based on reason.
Perasaan berpijak pada intuisi. Model berpijak pada logika. Itulah perbedaan intinya.
en-id
In a primitive and simple world, there's really no reason for a model, because feeling is close to reality.
In einer primitiven und einfachen Welt, gibt es wirklich kein Grund für ein Modell. Weil das Gefühl der Realität so nah ist,
en-de
You don't need a model.
你不需要
en-zh-cn
But in a modern and complex world, you need models to understand a lot of the risks we face.
Però en un món modern i complex, els models són necessaris per entendre molts dels riscos als que ens enfrontem.
en-ca
There's no feeling about germs.
Il n'y a pas d'impression vis à vis des microbes.
en-fr
You need a model to understand them.
आपको एक नमूने की जरुरत होगी उन्हें समझने के लिए |
en-hi
This model is an intelligent representation of reality.
模型可以 清楚地呈現真實
en-zh-tw
It's, of course, limited by science, by technology.
È, naturalmente, limitato dalla scienza, dalla tecnologia.
en-it
We couldn't have a germ theory of disease before we invented the microscope to see them.
We hadden geen bacterie-theorie over ziektes kunnen ontwikkelen voordat we de microscoop uitvonden om ze te kunnen zien.
en-nl
It's limited by our cognitive biases.
Është i kufizuar nga njëanshmëritë tona konjitive.
en-sq
But it has the ability to override our feelings.
Но има свойството да надскача чувствата ни.
en-bg
Where do we get these models? We get them from others.
Darimana bisa kita dapatkan model-model ini ?
en-id
We get them from religion, from culture, teachers, elders.
从宗教、文化 老师、长辈那里得到
en-zh-cn
A couple years ago, I was in South Africa on safari.
Bir kaç yıl önce Güney Afrika'da safarideydim.
en-tr
The tracker I was with grew up in Kruger National Park.
Le pisteur avec qui j'étais a grandi dans le parc national Kruger.
en-fr
He had some very complex models of how to survive.
他的求生模型非常的複雜
en-zh-tw
And it depended on if you were attacked by a lion, leopard, rhino, or elephant -- and when you had to run away, when you couldn't run away, when you had to climb a tree, when you could never climb a tree.
Они предусматривали случаи нападения львов, и леопардов, и носорогов, и слонов, и когда нужно было бежать, а когда — лезть на дерево, и когда лезть нельзя ни в коем случае. Я бы умер там в первый же день,
en-ru
But he was born there, and he understood how to survive.
por ai qe lindur aty, dhe e kish kuptuar se si të mbijetonte.
en-sq
I was born in New York City.
Tôi được sinh ra ở New York.
en-vi
(Laughter) Because we had different models based on our different experiences.
(เสียงหัวเราะ) นั่นเป็นเพราะเราโตมาด้วยแบบจำลองที่ต่างกัน พื้นฐานประสบการณ์ที่ต่างกัน
en-th
Models can come from the media, from our elected officials ...
نماذج تأتي من الإعلام، من مسؤلين منتخبين.
en-ar
Think of models of terrorism, child kidnapping, airline safety, car safety.
Pensate ai modelli di terrorismo, di rapimento di bambini, di sicurezza delle linee aeree, di sicurezza delle automobili.
en-it
Models can come from industry.
I modelli possono venire dall'industria.
en-it
The two I'm following are surveillance cameras, ID cards, quite a lot of our computer security models come from there.
我关注的两个是监视器 和身份证 很多计算机安全模型都来自它们
en-zh-cn
A lot of models come from science.
Beaucoup de modèles viennent de la science.
en-fr
Health models are a great example.
I modelli della salute sono un ottimo esempio.
en-it
Think of cancer, bird flu, swine flu, SARS.
कैंसर, बर्ड फ्लू, स्वीन फ्लू, स.अ.र.स. के बारे में सोचिए |
en-hi
All of our feelings of security about those diseases come from models given to us, really, by science filtered through the media.
Všetky naše pocity bezpečia o týchto nákazách pochádzajú z modelov, ktoré nám dala, naozaj, veda filtrovaná cez médiá.
en-sk
So models can change.
Pra modelet mund të ndryshojnë.
en-sq
Models are not static.
No són estàtics.
en-ca
As we become more comfortable in our environments, our model can move closer to our feelings.
ככל שאנחנו חשים יותר בנוח בסביבה שלנו, המודלים שלנו יכולים להתקרב לתחושותינו.
en-he
So an example might be, if you go back 100 years ago, when electricity was first becoming common, there were a lot of fears about it.
Un exemple podria ser el següent: pensen en fa 100 anys, en el moment en què l'electricitat començava a estendre's; hi havia molts temors al voltant d'aquest descobriment. Hi havia gent que tenia por de prémer el timbre
en-ca
There were people who were afraid to push doorbells, because there was electricity in there, and that was dangerous.
weil sie mit Elektrizität betrieben wurden, und die war gefährlich. Für uns ist Elektrizität einfach banal.
en-de
For us, we're very facile around electricity.
Wir wechseln Glühbirnen
en-de
We change light bulbs without even thinking about it.
sem o menor problema.
en-pt-br
Our model of security around electricity is something we were born into.
電気にまつわる安全のモデルは 私たちにとっては常識です
en-ja
It hasn't changed as we were growing up.
ไม่ได้มีการเปลี่ยนแปลงใดๆตลอดช่วงชีวิตเรา
en-th
And we're good at it.
Și suntem buni la acest model.
en-ro
Or think of the risks on the Internet across generations -- how your parents approach Internet security, versus how you do, versus how our kids will.
Замислете се също така за рисковете от интернет, разглеждани от различни поколения -- как се отнасят вашите родители към сигурността на интернет, как се отнасяте вие и как ще я възприемат нашите деца.
en-bg
Models eventually fade into the background.
Trực quan chỉ là một cách nói khác của quen thuộc
en-vi
"Intuitive" is just another word for familiar.
직관적이라는 말은 즉 친숙하다는 말이지요.
en-ko
So as your model is close to reality and it converges with feelings, you often don't even know it's there.
Keď je váš model blízko realite a konverguje s pocitmi, často ani neviete, že je tam.
en-sk
A nice example of this came from last year and swine flu.
Pěkným příkladem tohoto je loňská prasečí chřipka.
en-cs
When swine flu first appeared, the initial news caused a lot of overreaction.
Când gripa porcină a apărut prima dată, știrile inițiale au provocat multe reacții exagerate.
en-ro
Now, it had a name, which made it scarier than the regular flu, even though it was more deadly.
Artık bir ismi de vardı, bu da onu sıradan bir gripten korkutucu kıldı, daha ölümcül olmasına rağmen.
en-tr
And people thought doctors should be able to deal with it.
และทุกคนคิดว่าทำไมหมอถึงไม่มีวิธีต่อกรกับมัน
en-th
So there was that feeling of lack of control.
所以产生了一种失去控制的感觉
en-zh-cn
And those two things made the risk more than it was.
이 두가지 이유로 해서 돼지독감이 실제보다 더 위험한 것처럼 보였죠.
en-ko
As the novelty wore off and the months went by, there was some amount of tolerance; people got used to it.
新奇性が薄れ 月日が経ち ある程度 危機感も薄れ 人々は慣れました
en-ja
There was no new data, but there was less fear.
No hi havia nova informació, però hi havia menys por.
en-ca
By autumn, people thought the doctors should have solved this already.
Đến mùa thu, mọi người đã nghĩ các bác sĩ chắc đã giải quyết xong.
en-vi
And there's kind of a bifurcation: people had to choose between fear and acceptance -- actually, fear and indifference -- and they kind of chose suspicion.
Și există un fel de bifurcație -- oamenii au trebuit să aleagă între frică și acceptare -- de fapt frică și indiferență -- și ei au devenit suspicioși.
en-ro
And when the vaccine appeared last winter, there were a lot of people -- a surprising number -- who refused to get it.
И когда прошлой зимой появилась вакцина, много людей, поразительно много, отказались сделать прививку —
en-ru
And it's a nice example of how people's feelings of security change, how their model changes, sort of wildly, with no new information, with no new input.
un bell'esempio di come il senso di sicurezza della gente cambia, di come cambiano i loro modelli, quasi selvaggiamente senza alcuna nuova informazione, senza alcun nuovo elemento.
en-it
This kind of thing happens a lot.
こういったことはしばしば起こります
en-ja
I'm going to give one more complication.
Voi mai face o complicare în plus.
en-ro
We have feeling, model, reality.
Kemi pra ndjesitë, modelin, realitetin.
en-sq
I have a very relativistic view of security.
Ik heb een zeer gerelativeerde visie over veiligheid.
en-nl
I think it depends on the observer.
मला वाटते ती बघणाऱ्यावर अवलंबून असते.
en-mr
And most security decisions have a variety of people involved.
E muitas decisões sobre segurança têm uma variedade de pessoas envolvidas.
en-pt-br
And stakeholders with specific trade-offs will try to influence the decision.
E i venditori di sicurezza con i loro specifici interessi
en-it
And I call that their agenda.
intentaran influir en la decisió. És el que anomeno la seva agenda.
en-ca
And you see agenda -- this is marketing, this is politics -- trying to convince you to have one model versus another, trying to convince you to ignore a model and trust your feelings, marginalizing people with models you don't like.
E voi vedete l'agenda; sono il marketing, la politica, che cercano di convincervi ad avere un modello piuttosto che un altro, tentando di convincervi ad ignorare un modello e fidarvi del vostro istinto, emarginando la gente che ha modelli che non vi piacciono.
en-it
This is not uncommon.
Asta nu este ceva neobişnuit.
en-ro
An example, a great example, is the risk of smoking.
Un esempio, un grande esempio, è il rischio associato al fumo.
en-it