gowitheflow/parallel-talks-deduplicated · Datasets at Hugging Face

english stringlengths 2 3.06k	non_english stringlengths 1 2.84k	language stringclasses 52 values
We know that open source has succeeded with tools for managing knowledge and creativity.	Ми знаємо, що модель відкритого вихідного коду стала успішною серед інструментів для управління знаннями та творчим доробком.	en-uk
And the same is starting to happen with hardware too.	O mesmo começa a acontecer com hardware, também.	en-pt-br
We're focusing on hardware because it is hardware that can change people's lives in such tangible material ways.	Nous nous concentrons sur le matériel parce que c'est lui qui peut changer la vie des gens de manière réellement tangible.	en-fr
If we can lower the barriers to farming, building, manufacturing, then we can unleash just massive amounts of human potential.	如果我們能降低耕作, 建築, 製造的成本我們就能釋放出人類大量的潛能	en-zh-tw
That's not only in the developing world.	I ne samo u svijetu konstruiranja.	en-hr
Our tools are being made for the American farmer, builder, entrepreneur, maker.	Нашите алатки се прават за американските фармери, градежници, претприемачи, производители.	en-mk
We've seen lots of excitement from these people, who can now start a construction business, parts manufacturing, organic CSA or just selling power back to the grid.	Mes matėme daug užsidegimo šiuose žmonėse, kurie dabar gali pradėti statybų verslą, dalių gamybą, ekologinę bendruomeninę žemdirbystę, ar tiesiog parduoti energiją atgal tinklui.	en-lt
Our goal is a repository of published designs so clear, so complete, that a single burned DVD is effectively a civilization starter kit.	Ο στόχος μας είναι μια αποθήκη δημοσιευμένων σχεδίων τόσο καθαρή, τόσο πλήρης, που ένα απλό γραμμένο DVD είναι ουσιαστικά ένα εγχειρίδιο εκκίνησης πολιτισμού.	en-el
I've planted a hundred trees in a day.	Günde 100 ağaç diktim.	en-tr
I've pressed 5,000 bricks in one day from the dirt beneath my feet and built a tractor in six days.	ich habe 5.000 Ziegel an einem Tag gepresst, aus dem Lehm unter meinen Füßen und habe in sechs Tagen einen Traktor gebaut.	en-de
From what I've seen, this is only the beginning.	Utifrån vad jag har sett så är det här bara början.	en-sv
If this idea is truly sound, then the implications are significant.	Si esta idea es realmente buena entonces las implicancias son significativas.	en-es
A greater distribution of the means of production, environmentally sound supply chains, and a newly relevant DIY maker culture can hope to transcend artificial scarcity.	Een grotere distributie van de productiemiddelen, ecologisch verantwoorde productieketens en een doe-het-zelf-cultuur die nieuwe relevantie verwerft: die misschien helpt kunstmatige schaarste te overstijgen. Victor Hugo: "Niets is krachtiger dan een idee waar de tijd rijp voor is."	en-nl
We're exploring the limits of what we all can do to make a better world with open hardware technology.	Estamos explorando os limites do que todos podemos fazer pra melhorar o mundo com tecnologia de hardware livre.	en-pt-br
I'm a radio glaciologist.	Sono un radio-glaciologo.	en-it
That means that I use radar to study glaciers and ice sheets.	Yani buzulları ve buz tabakalarını incelemek için radar kullanıyorum.	en-tr
And like most glaciologists right now, I'm working on the problem of estimating how much the ice is going to contribute to sea level rise in the future.	Как и большинство моих коллег сегодня, я пытаюсь решить проблему оценки степени воздействия льда на повышение уровня моря в будущем.	en-ru
So today, I want to talk to you about why it's so hard to put good numbers on sea level rise, and why I believe that by changing the way we think about radar technology and earth-science education, we can get much better at it.	Bugün sizlerle deniz seviyesinin artması konusunda net rakamlara ulaşmanın neden çok zor olduğu ve neden radar teknolojisi ve yer bilimi eğitimi hakkında düşünme şeklimizi değiştirerek bu konuda daha iyi olabileceğimize inandığım hakkında konuşmak istiyorum.	en-tr
When most scientists talk about sea level rise, they show a plot like this.	Quand les scientifiques parlent de l'élévation des mers, on a ce type de graphes.	en-fr
This is produced using ice sheet and climate models.	на основе климатических моделей и моделей ледяных щитов.	en-ru
On the right, you can see the range of sea level predicted by these models over the next 100 years.	إلى اليمين، يمكنكم رؤية مدى مستوى البحر المتوقع بموجب هذا النموذج خلال 100 سنة القادمة.	en-ar
For context, this is current sea level, and this is the sea level above which more than 4 million people could be vulnerable to displacement.	Para contextualizar, este é o atual nível do mar, e este é o nível do mar acima do qual mais de 4 milhões de pessoas podem ser desalojadas.	en-pt-br
So in terms of planning, the uncertainty in this plot is already large.	那么，就计划来说，这个版本的不确定性已经很大了。	en-zh-cn
However, beyond that, this plot comes with the asterisk and the caveat, "... unless the West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapses."	然而，在那之外，這張圖還帶著星號和警告的訊息：「……除非西南極冰蓋崩解。」	en-zh-tw
And in that case, we would be talking about dramatically higher numbers.	In quel caso si parlerebbe di numeri decisamente più elevati.	en-it
They'd literally be off the chart.	它们可以超出这张表的范围以外了。	en-zh-cn
And the reason we should take that possibility seriously is that we know from the geologic history of the Earth that there were periods in its history when sea level rose much more quickly than today.	E dovremmo valutare seriamente questa possibilità perché dalla storia geologica della Terra sappiamo che in alcuni periodi della sua storia i mari sono aumentati molto più rapidamente di oggi.	en-it
And right now, we cannot rule out the possibility of that happening in the future.	واليوم، لا يمكننا أن نستبعد احتمالية حدوث ذلك مستقبلاً.	en-ar
So why can't we say with confidence whether or not a significant portion of a continent-scale ice sheet will or will not collapse?	대륙 규모의 빙하의 상당부분이 무너질지 그렇지 않을지 어째서 우리는 확실하게 답을 내릴 수 없는 걸까요?	en-ko
Well, in order to do that, we need models that we know include all of the processes, conditions and physics that would be involved in a collapse like that.	برای این منظور، ما مدل‌هایی نیاز داریم که می‌شناسیم و شامل تمام فرایندها، شرایط و فیزیک باشند که در فروپاشی مانند آن دخیل باشند.	en-fa
And that's hard to know, because those processes and conditions are taking place beneath kilometers of ice, and satellites, like the one that produced this image, are blind to observe them.	وذلك أمر تصعب معرفته، لأن تلك العمليات والظروف تحدث تحت كيلومترات من الجليد، والأقمار الصناعية، كالذي التقط هذه الصورة، لا يمكنها مراقبتها.	en-ar
In fact, we have much more comprehensive observations of the surface of Mars than we do of what's beneath the Antarctic ice sheet.	사실을 이야기하면, 우리는 화성의 표면을 남극의 빙하 속보다 더 포괄적으로 관찰, 이해하고 있습니다.	en-ko
And this is even more challenging in that we need these observations at a gigantic scale in both space and time.	Isso é ainda mais desafiador porque precisamos dessas observações em uma escala gigantesca, tanto de tempo quanto de espaço	en-pt-br
In terms of space, this is a continent.	In termini di spazio, questo è un continente.	en-it
And in the same way that in North America, the Rocky Mountains, Everglades and Great Lakes regions are very distinct, so are the subsurface regions of Antarctica.	E da mesma maneira que a América do Norte, as Montanhas Rochosas, os Everglades e os Grandes Lagos são regiões distintas, regiões abaixo da Antártica também são.	en-pt-br
And in terms of time, we now know that ice sheets not only evolve over the timescale of millennia and centuries, but they're also changing over the scale of years and days.	E termos de tempo, agora sabemos que o manto de gelo não evolui somente apenas na escala de milênios e séculos, mas também em uma escala anual e diária.	en-pt-br
So what we want is observations beneath kilometers of ice at the scale of a continent, and we want them all the time.	所以，我们想要的是在一整个大陆范围内对冰层下数公里的区域进行持续的观察。	en-zh-cn
So how do we do this?	То як ми це робимо?	en-uk
Well, we're not totally blind to the subsurface.	Na verdade, não somos totalmente incapazes de observar o subsolo.	en-pt-br
I said in the beginning that I was a radio glaciologist, and the reason that that's a thing is that airborne ice-penetrating radar is the main tool we have to see inside of ice sheets.	Al principio dije que era radioglaciólogo, y la razón por la que eso es importante, es que el radar de penetración de hielo en el aire, es la herramienta principal que tenemos que ver dentro de las capas de hielo.	en-es
So most of the data used by my group is collected by airplanes like this World War II-era DC-3, that actually fought in the Battle of the Bulge.	Quasi tutti i dati usati dal mio team sono raccolti dagli aerei come questo DC-3 della Seconda Guerra Mondiale, ha combattuto nell'Offensiva delle Ardenne.	en-it
You can see the antennas underneath the wing.	شما می‌توانید آنتن زیر بال آن را ببینید.	en-fa
These are used to transmit radar signals down into the ice.	이 안테나를 이용해 전파 신호를 얼음 밑까지 보냅니다.	en-ko
And the echos that come back contain information about what's happening inside and beneath the ice sheet.	فيعود الصدى حاملاً المعلومات حول ما يجري داخل وتحت الصفيحة الجليدية.	en-ar
While this is happening, scientists and engineers are on the airplane for eight hours at a stretch, making sure that the radar's working.	Mentre il radar fa questo, gli scienziati e gli ingegneri sono sull'aereo, a volte per otto ore di fila, e si assicurano che il radar funzioni.	en-it
And I think this is actually a misconception about this type of fieldwork, where people imagine scientists peering out the window, contemplating the landscape, its geologic context and the fate of the ice sheets.	و فکر می‌کنم که در واقع یک تصور غلط درباره این حوزه کاری وجود دارد، جاییکه مردم تصور می‌کنند دانشمندان به پنجره خیره نگاه می‌کنند، در مناظر تفکر می‌کنند، در مفاهیم زمین شناسی آن و وضعیت پهنه‌های یخ.	en-fa
We actually had a guy from the BBC's "Frozen Planet" on one of these flights.	Er was eens een kerel van Frozen Planet van de BBC bij zo'n vlucht.	en-nl
And he spent, like, hours videotaping us turn knobs.	Ha passato ore a filmarci mentre giravamo delle manopole.	en-it
(Laughter) And I was actually watching the series years later with my wife, and a scene like this came up, and I commented on how beautiful it was.	(Gülüşmeler) Seriyi seneler sonra eşimle birlikte izlerken buna benzer bir sahne çıktı ve ne kadar güzel olduğunu söyledim.	en-tr
And she said, "Weren't you on that flight?"	И она спросила: «Разве ты не видел его из самолёта?»	en-ru
(Laughter) I said, "Yeah, but I was looking at a computer screen."	（观众笑声）我说，“是的，但是我一直在盯着一个电脑屏幕。”	en-zh-cn
(Laughter) So when you think about this type of fieldwork, don't think about images like this.	(Risas) Así que, cuando piensen en este tipo de trabajo de campo, no piensen en imágenes como esta.	en-es
Think about images like this.	이런 모습을 떠올리시면 됩니다	en-ko
(Laughter) This is a radargram, which is a vertical profile through the ice sheet, kind of like a slice of cake.	(ضحك) هذا مخطط بياناتي بواسطة راداري، وهو مقطع عمودي للصفيحة الجليدية، مشابه لقطعة كعكة.	en-ar
The bright layer on the top is the surface of the ice sheet, the bright layer on the bottom is the bedrock of the continent itself, and the layers in between are kind of like tree rings, in that they contain information about the history of the ice sheet.	La couche brillante en haut est la surface de la glace, la couche brillante en bas est la roche du continent, et les couches entre sont comme les cernes d'un arbre. Ils contiennent de l'information sur l'histoire de la calotte glaciaire.	en-fr
And it's amazing that this works this well.	والمدهش أن الأمر يعمل بشكل جيد.	en-ar
The ground-penetrating radars that are used to investigate infrastructures of roads or detect land mines struggle to get through a few meters of earth.	Георадары, которые используются для изучения инфраструктуры дорог и обнаружения мин, с трудом проходят сквозь пару метров земли.	en-ru
And here we're peering through three kilometers of ice.	و اینجا ما با دقت به درون سه کیلومتر یخ نگاه می‌کنیم.	en-fa
And there are sophisticated, interesting, electromagnetic reasons for that, but let's say for now that ice is basically the perfect target for radar, and radar is basically the perfect tool to study ice sheets.	Existem razões eletromagnéticas sofisticadas, e interessantes para isso, mas vamos dizer agora que esse gelo é basicamente o alvo perfeito para o radar, e o radar é basicamente a ferramenta perfeita para estudar camadas de gelo.	en-pt-br
These are the flight lines of most of the modern airborne radar-sounding profiles collected over Antarctica.	這些是飛行路線，沿這些路線，我們從南極各地取得大部分的現代空載雷達探測數據。	en-zh-tw
This is the result of heroic efforts over decades by teams from a variety of countries and international collaborations.	다양한 국가에서 온 연구팀과 국제 협력을 통해서 수십 년 동안 헌신적인 노력을 들여 완성했습니다.	en-ko
And when you put those together, you get an image like this, which is what the continent of Antarctica would look like without all the ice on top.	وعندما تجمعونها معاً تحصلون على صورة كهذه، للشكل الذي ستكون عليه قارة القطب الجنوبي دون كل ذلك الجليد في الأعلى.	en-ar
And you can really see the diversity of the continent in an image like this.	Bu tarz bir görüntüde kıtanın farklılığnı gerçekten görebilirsiniz.	en-tr
The red features are volcanoes or mountains; the areas that are blue would be open ocean if the ice sheet was removed.	红色的特征代表着火山或是山川；蓝色的区域是开放的海洋，如果冰层被移掉的话。	en-zh-cn
This is that giant spatial scale.	Αυτή είναι η γιγαντιαία κλίμακα χώρου.	en-el
However, all of this that took decades to produce is just one snapshot of the subsurface.	Однако всё это, создававшееся десятилетиями, — всего лишь один снимок подповерхности.	en-ru
It does not give us any indication of how the ice sheet is changing in time.	Bu bize buz tabakasının zamanla nasıl değiştiğine dair hiçbir ipucu vermiyor.	en-tr
Now, we're working on that, because it turns out that the very first radar observations of Antarctica were collected using 35 millimeter optical film.	目前，我们正致力于这个方向的研究，因为我们发现所收集的第一个对南极的雷达观测使用了35毫米的光学胶片。	en-zh-cn
And there were thousands of reels of this film in the archives of the museum of the Scott Polar Research Institute at the University of Cambridge.	Havia milhares de bobinas desse filmes nos arquivos do museu de Instituto de Pesquisa Polar Scott, na Universidade de Cambridge.	en-pt-br
So last summer, I took a state-of-the-art film scanner that was developed for digitizing Hollywood films and remastering them, and two art historians, and we went over to England, put on some gloves and archived and digitized all of that film.	لذا في الصيف الماضي، أخذت أحدث جهاز لمشاهدة الأفلام المطور لرقمنة الأفلام الهوليودية وإصدار نسخ مُحَسَّنَة عنها، وعملين فنيين تاريخيين، سافرنا لأجلهما إلى إنجلترا، ارتدينا بعض القفازات وقمنا بأرشفة ورقمنة جميع تلك الأفلام.	en-ar
So that produced two million high-resolution images that my group is now working on analyzing and processing for comparing with contemporary conditions in the ice sheet.	Bu, ekibimin inceleme ve buz tabakalarını güncel haliyle karşılaştırma işlemi üzerinde çalıştığı 2 milyon yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntü üretti.	en-tr
And, actually, that scanner -- I found out about it from an archivist at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.	Кстати, об этом проекторе я узнал от архивиста Академии кинематографических искусств и наук.	en-ru
So I'd like to thank the Academy -- (Laughter) for making this possible.	Quindi, vorrei ringraziare l'Academy... (Risate) per averlo reso possibile.	en-it
(Laughter) And as amazing as it is that we can look at what was happening under the ice sheet 50 years ago, this is still just one more snapshot.	(Γέλια) Όσο καταπληκτικό είναι ότι μπορούμε να δούμε τι γινόταν κάτω από τον πάγο πριν από 50 χρόνια πρόκειται απλά για ένα ακόμη στιγμιότυπο.	en-el
It doesn't give us observations of the variation at the annual or seasonal scale, that we know matters.	Não nos dá informações sobre a variação anual ou sazonal, que é o mais importante.	en-pt
There's some progress here, too.	Здесь мы тоже не стоим на месте.	en-ru
There are these recent ground-based radar systems that stay in one spot.	Есть новые наземные радиолокационные системы, находящиеся на одном месте.	en-ru
So you take these radars and put them on the ice sheet and you bury a cache of car batteries.	남극 위에서 레이더를 세우고 자동차 배터리를 땅 속에 파묻습니다.	en-ko
And you leave them out there for months or years at a time, and they send a pulse down into the ice sheet every so many minutes or hours.	Li lasci lì per mesi, o a volte anche per anni, e loro inviano degli impulsi nel ghiaccio ogni tot minuti oppure ore.	en-it
So this gives you continuous observation in time -- but at one spot.	이 방법을 통해 한 지점을 계속해서 관찰할 수 있죠.	en-ko
So if you compare that imaging to the 2-D pictures provided by the airplane, this is just one vertical line.	Αν λοιπόν συγκρίνετε αυτήν την εικόνα με τις εικόνες 2D από το αεροπλάνο, είναι μόνο μια κάθετη γραμμή.	en-el
And this is pretty much where we are as a field right now.	Κι εδώ είναι που βρισκόμαστε αυτήν τη στιγμή ως πεδίο.	en-el
We can choose between good spatial coverage with airborne radar sounding and good temporal coverage in one spot with ground-based sounding.	Possiamo scegliere tra una buona copertura spaziale con una risonanza aerea e una buona copertura temporale di un solo punto con i radar a terra.	en-it
But neither gives us what we really want: both at the same time.	لكن لا أحد منهما يوفر لنا ما نحتاج إليه بالفعل: إلا باستعمالهما معاً بالوقت ذاته.	en-ar
And if we're going to do that, we're going to need totally new ways of observing the ice sheet.	Чтобы добиться этого, нужны совершенно новые способы наблюдения за ледяным щитом.	en-ru
And ideally, those should be extremely low-cost so that we can take lots of measurements from lots of sensors.	İdeal olarak bunlar son derece düşük maliyetli olmalı böylece çokça sensörden çokça ölçüm alabiliriz.	en-tr
Well, for existing radar systems, the biggest driver of cost is the power required to transmit the radar signal itself.	وبالنسبة لنُظُم الرادار المتواجدة، فإن أكبر العوامل المكلفة هي الطاقة المستخدمة لنقل إشارة الرادار نفسه.	en-ar
So it’d be great if we were able to use existing radio systems or radio signals that are in the environment.	بسیارعالی بود اگر ما می‌توانستیم سیستم‌های رادیویی موجود را بکار بریم یا سیگنال‌های رادیویی موجود در محیط را استفاده کنیم	en-fa
And fortunately, the entire field of radio astronomy is built on the fact that there are bright radio signals in the sky.	Per fortuna, l'intero campo della radioastronomia ruota intorno all'idea che esistono dei segnali radio luminosi in cielo.	en-it
And a really bright one is our sun.	Um muito brilhante é o nosso Sol.	en-pt-br
So, actually, one of the most exciting things my group is doing right now is trying to use the radio emissions from the sun as a type of radar signal.	实际上，我的团队正在做的最令人激动的事情之一就是试图使用来自太阳的无线电发射送作为雷达信号的一种。	en-zh-cn
This is one of our field tests at Big Sur.	Esta es una de nuestras pruebas de campo en Big Sur.	en-es
That PVC pipe ziggurat is an antenna stand some undergrads in my lab built.	Cette ziggourat en PVC est une antenne construite par des étudiants de mon labo.	en-fr
And the idea here is that we stay out at Big Sur, and we watch the sunset in radio frequencies, and we try and detect the reflection of the sun off the surface of the ocean.	Düşünce, Big Sur'de dışarda kalıp gün batımını radyo frekanslarıyla izleyip okyanus yüzeyindeki güneş yansımalarının tespit etmek.	en-tr
Now, I know you're thinking, "There are no glaciers at Big Sur."	Je denkt natuurlijk: "Er zijn geen gletsjers in Big Sur."	en-nl
(Laughter) And that's true.	（笑聲）的確如此。	en-zh-tw
(Laughter) But it turns out that detecting the reflection of the sun off the surface of the ocean and detecting the reflection off the bottom of an ice sheet are extremely geophysically similar.	(ضحك) لكنه تبين أن التقاط انعكاس الشمس على سطح المحيط والتقاط انعكاس قاع صفيحة جليدية هما جيوفيزيائياً جد متشابهان.	en-ar
And if this works, we should be able to apply the same measurement principle in Antarctica.	Als dat werkt kunnen we hetzelfde meetprincipe toepassen op de Zuidpool.	en-nl
And this is not as far-fetched as it seems.	y esto no es tan descabellado como parece.	en-es
The seismic industry has gone through a similar technique-development exercise, where they were able to move from detonating dynamite as a source, to using ambient seismic noise in the environment.	Η σεισμολογία έχει πραγματοποιήσει μια παρόμοια άσκηση τεχνικών ανάπυτξης όπου ήταν σε θέση να περάσουν από την πυροδότηση δυναμίτη ως πηγή στη χρήση σεισμικού θορύβου στο περιβάλλον.	en-el

We know that open source has succeeded with tools for managing knowledge and creativity.

Ми знаємо, що модель відкритого вихідного коду стала успішною серед інструментів для управління знаннями та творчим доробком.

en-uk

And the same is starting to happen with hardware too.

O mesmo começa a acontecer com hardware, também.

en-pt-br

We're focusing on hardware because it is hardware that can change people's lives in such tangible material ways.

Nous nous concentrons sur le matériel parce que c'est lui qui peut changer la vie des gens de manière réellement tangible.

en-fr

If we can lower the barriers to farming, building, manufacturing, then we can unleash just massive amounts of human potential.

如果我們能降低耕作, 建築, 製造的成本我們就能釋放出人類大量的潛能

en-zh-tw

That's not only in the developing world.

I ne samo u svijetu konstruiranja.

en-hr

Our tools are being made for the American farmer, builder, entrepreneur, maker.

Нашите алатки се прават за американските фармери, градежници, претприемачи, производители.

en-mk

We've seen lots of excitement from these people, who can now start a construction business, parts manufacturing, organic CSA or just selling power back to the grid.

Mes matėme daug užsidegimo šiuose žmonėse, kurie dabar gali pradėti statybų verslą, dalių gamybą, ekologinę bendruomeninę žemdirbystę, ar tiesiog parduoti energiją atgal tinklui.

en-lt

Our goal is a repository of published designs so clear, so complete, that a single burned DVD is effectively a civilization starter kit.

Ο στόχος μας είναι μια αποθήκη δημοσιευμένων σχεδίων τόσο καθαρή, τόσο πλήρης, που ένα απλό γραμμένο DVD είναι ουσιαστικά ένα εγχειρίδιο εκκίνησης πολιτισμού.

en-el

I've planted a hundred trees in a day.

Günde 100 ağaç diktim.

en-tr

I've pressed 5,000 bricks in one day from the dirt beneath my feet and built a tractor in six days.

ich habe 5.000 Ziegel an einem Tag gepresst, aus dem Lehm unter meinen Füßen und habe in sechs Tagen einen Traktor gebaut.

en-de

From what I've seen, this is only the beginning.

Utifrån vad jag har sett så är det här bara början.

en-sv

If this idea is truly sound, then the implications are significant.

Si esta idea es realmente buena entonces las implicancias son significativas.

en-es

A greater distribution of the means of production, environmentally sound supply chains, and a newly relevant DIY maker culture can hope to transcend artificial scarcity.

Een grotere distributie van de productiemiddelen, ecologisch verantwoorde productieketens en een doe-het-zelf-cultuur die nieuwe relevantie verwerft: die misschien helpt kunstmatige schaarste te overstijgen. Victor Hugo: "Niets is krachtiger dan een idee waar de tijd rijp voor is."

en-nl

We're exploring the limits of what we all can do to make a better world with open hardware technology.

Estamos explorando os limites do que todos podemos fazer pra melhorar o mundo com tecnologia de hardware livre.

en-pt-br

I'm a radio glaciologist.

Sono un radio-glaciologo.

en-it

That means that I use radar to study glaciers and ice sheets.

Yani buzulları ve buz tabakalarını incelemek için radar kullanıyorum.

en-tr

And like most glaciologists right now, I'm working on the problem of estimating how much the ice is going to contribute to sea level rise in the future.

Как и большинство моих коллег сегодня, я пытаюсь решить проблему оценки степени воздействия льда на повышение уровня моря в будущем.

en-ru

So today, I want to talk to you about why it's so hard to put good numbers on sea level rise, and why I believe that by changing the way we think about radar technology and earth-science education, we can get much better at it.

Bugün sizlerle deniz seviyesinin artması konusunda net rakamlara ulaşmanın neden çok zor olduğu ve neden radar teknolojisi ve yer bilimi eğitimi hakkında düşünme şeklimizi değiştirerek bu konuda daha iyi olabileceğimize inandığım hakkında konuşmak istiyorum.

en-tr

When most scientists talk about sea level rise, they show a plot like this.

Quand les scientifiques parlent de l'élévation des mers, on a ce type de graphes.

en-fr

This is produced using ice sheet and climate models.

на основе климатических моделей и моделей ледяных щитов.

en-ru

On the right, you can see the range of sea level predicted by these models over the next 100 years.

إلى اليمين، يمكنكم رؤية مدى مستوى البحر المتوقع بموجب هذا النموذج خلال 100 سنة القادمة.

en-ar

For context, this is current sea level, and this is the sea level above which more than 4 million people could be vulnerable to displacement.

Para contextualizar, este é o atual nível do mar, e este é o nível do mar acima do qual mais de 4 milhões de pessoas podem ser desalojadas.

en-pt-br

So in terms of planning, the uncertainty in this plot is already large.

那么，就计划来说，这个版本的不确定性已经很大了。

en-zh-cn

However, beyond that, this plot comes with the asterisk and the caveat, "... unless the West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapses."

然而，在那之外，這張圖還帶著星號和警告的訊息：「……除非西南極冰蓋崩解。」

en-zh-tw

And in that case, we would be talking about dramatically higher numbers.

In quel caso si parlerebbe di numeri decisamente più elevati.

en-it

They'd literally be off the chart.

它们可以超出这张表的范围以外了。

en-zh-cn

And the reason we should take that possibility seriously is that we know from the geologic history of the Earth that there were periods in its history when sea level rose much more quickly than today.

E dovremmo valutare seriamente questa possibilità perché dalla storia geologica della Terra sappiamo che in alcuni periodi della sua storia i mari sono aumentati molto più rapidamente di oggi.

en-it

And right now, we cannot rule out the possibility of that happening in the future.

واليوم، لا يمكننا أن نستبعد احتمالية حدوث ذلك مستقبلاً.

en-ar

So why can't we say with confidence whether or not a significant portion of a continent-scale ice sheet will or will not collapse?

대륙 규모의 빙하의 상당부분이 무너질지 그렇지 않을지 어째서 우리는 확실하게 답을 내릴 수 없는 걸까요?

en-ko

Well, in order to do that, we need models that we know include all of the processes, conditions and physics that would be involved in a collapse like that.

برای این منظور، ما مدل‌هایی نیاز داریم که می‌شناسیم و شامل تمام فرایندها، شرایط و فیزیک باشند که در فروپاشی مانند آن دخیل باشند.

en-fa

And that's hard to know, because those processes and conditions are taking place beneath kilometers of ice, and satellites, like the one that produced this image, are blind to observe them.

وذلك أمر تصعب معرفته، لأن تلك العمليات والظروف تحدث تحت كيلومترات من الجليد، والأقمار الصناعية، كالذي التقط هذه الصورة، لا يمكنها مراقبتها.

en-ar

In fact, we have much more comprehensive observations of the surface of Mars than we do of what's beneath the Antarctic ice sheet.

사실을 이야기하면, 우리는 화성의 표면을 남극의 빙하 속보다 더 포괄적으로 관찰, 이해하고 있습니다.

en-ko

And this is even more challenging in that we need these observations at a gigantic scale in both space and time.

Isso é ainda mais desafiador porque precisamos dessas observações em uma escala gigantesca, tanto de tempo quanto de espaço

en-pt-br

In terms of space, this is a continent.

In termini di spazio, questo è un continente.

en-it

And in the same way that in North America, the Rocky Mountains, Everglades and Great Lakes regions are very distinct, so are the subsurface regions of Antarctica.

E da mesma maneira que a América do Norte, as Montanhas Rochosas, os Everglades e os Grandes Lagos são regiões distintas, regiões abaixo da Antártica também são.

en-pt-br

And in terms of time, we now know that ice sheets not only evolve over the timescale of millennia and centuries, but they're also changing over the scale of years and days.

E termos de tempo, agora sabemos que o manto de gelo não evolui somente apenas na escala de milênios e séculos, mas também em uma escala anual e diária.

en-pt-br

So what we want is observations beneath kilometers of ice at the scale of a continent, and we want them all the time.

所以，我们想要的是在一整个大陆范围内对冰层下数公里的区域进行持续的观察。

en-zh-cn

So how do we do this?

То як ми це робимо?

en-uk

Well, we're not totally blind to the subsurface.

Na verdade, não somos totalmente incapazes de observar o subsolo.

en-pt-br

I said in the beginning that I was a radio glaciologist, and the reason that that's a thing is that airborne ice-penetrating radar is the main tool we have to see inside of ice sheets.

Al principio dije que era radioglaciólogo, y la razón por la que eso es importante, es que el radar de penetración de hielo en el aire, es la herramienta principal que tenemos que ver dentro de las capas de hielo.

en-es

So most of the data used by my group is collected by airplanes like this World War II-era DC-3, that actually fought in the Battle of the Bulge.

Quasi tutti i dati usati dal mio team sono raccolti dagli aerei come questo DC-3 della Seconda Guerra Mondiale, ha combattuto nell'Offensiva delle Ardenne.

en-it

You can see the antennas underneath the wing.

شما می‌توانید آنتن زیر بال آن را ببینید.

en-fa

These are used to transmit radar signals down into the ice.

이 안테나를 이용해 전파 신호를 얼음 밑까지 보냅니다.

en-ko

And the echos that come back contain information about what's happening inside and beneath the ice sheet.

فيعود الصدى حاملاً المعلومات حول ما يجري داخل وتحت الصفيحة الجليدية.

en-ar

While this is happening, scientists and engineers are on the airplane for eight hours at a stretch, making sure that the radar's working.

Mentre il radar fa questo, gli scienziati e gli ingegneri sono sull'aereo, a volte per otto ore di fila, e si assicurano che il radar funzioni.

en-it

And I think this is actually a misconception about this type of fieldwork, where people imagine scientists peering out the window, contemplating the landscape, its geologic context and the fate of the ice sheets.

و فکر می‌کنم که در واقع یک تصور غلط درباره این حوزه کاری وجود دارد، جاییکه مردم تصور می‌کنند دانشمندان به پنجره خیره نگاه می‌کنند، در مناظر تفکر می‌کنند، در مفاهیم زمین شناسی آن و وضعیت پهنه‌های یخ.

en-fa

We actually had a guy from the BBC's "Frozen Planet" on one of these flights.

Er was eens een kerel van Frozen Planet van de BBC bij zo'n vlucht.

en-nl

And he spent, like, hours videotaping us turn knobs.

Ha passato ore a filmarci mentre giravamo delle manopole.

en-it

(Laughter) And I was actually watching the series years later with my wife, and a scene like this came up, and I commented on how beautiful it was.

(Gülüşmeler) Seriyi seneler sonra eşimle birlikte izlerken buna benzer bir sahne çıktı ve ne kadar güzel olduğunu söyledim.

en-tr

And she said, "Weren't you on that flight?"

И она спросила: «Разве ты не видел его из самолёта?»

en-ru

(Laughter) I said, "Yeah, but I was looking at a computer screen."

（观众笑声）我说，“是的，但是我一直在盯着一个电脑屏幕。”

en-zh-cn

(Laughter) So when you think about this type of fieldwork, don't think about images like this.

(Risas) Así que, cuando piensen en este tipo de trabajo de campo, no piensen en imágenes como esta.

en-es

Think about images like this.

이런 모습을 떠올리시면 됩니다

en-ko

(Laughter) This is a radargram, which is a vertical profile through the ice sheet, kind of like a slice of cake.

(ضحك) هذا مخطط بياناتي بواسطة راداري، وهو مقطع عمودي للصفيحة الجليدية، مشابه لقطعة كعكة.

en-ar

The bright layer on the top is the surface of the ice sheet, the bright layer on the bottom is the bedrock of the continent itself, and the layers in between are kind of like tree rings, in that they contain information about the history of the ice sheet.

La couche brillante en haut est la surface de la glace, la couche brillante en bas est la roche du continent, et les couches entre sont comme les cernes d'un arbre. Ils contiennent de l'information sur l'histoire de la calotte glaciaire.

en-fr

And it's amazing that this works this well.

والمدهش أن الأمر يعمل بشكل جيد.

en-ar

The ground-penetrating radars that are used to investigate infrastructures of roads or detect land mines struggle to get through a few meters of earth.

Георадары, которые используются для изучения инфраструктуры дорог и обнаружения мин, с трудом проходят сквозь пару метров земли.

en-ru

And here we're peering through three kilometers of ice.

و اینجا ما با دقت به درون سه کیلومتر یخ نگاه می‌کنیم.

en-fa

And there are sophisticated, interesting, electromagnetic reasons for that, but let's say for now that ice is basically the perfect target for radar, and radar is basically the perfect tool to study ice sheets.

Existem razões eletromagnéticas sofisticadas, e interessantes para isso, mas vamos dizer agora que esse gelo é basicamente o alvo perfeito para o radar, e o radar é basicamente a ferramenta perfeita para estudar camadas de gelo.

en-pt-br

These are the flight lines of most of the modern airborne radar-sounding profiles collected over Antarctica.

這些是飛行路線，沿這些路線，我們從南極各地取得大部分的現代空載雷達探測數據。

en-zh-tw

This is the result of heroic efforts over decades by teams from a variety of countries and international collaborations.

다양한 국가에서 온 연구팀과 국제 협력을 통해서 수십 년 동안 헌신적인 노력을 들여 완성했습니다.

en-ko

And when you put those together, you get an image like this, which is what the continent of Antarctica would look like without all the ice on top.

وعندما تجمعونها معاً تحصلون على صورة كهذه، للشكل الذي ستكون عليه قارة القطب الجنوبي دون كل ذلك الجليد في الأعلى.

en-ar

And you can really see the diversity of the continent in an image like this.

Bu tarz bir görüntüde kıtanın farklılığnı gerçekten görebilirsiniz.

en-tr

The red features are volcanoes or mountains; the areas that are blue would be open ocean if the ice sheet was removed.

红色的特征代表着火山或是山川；蓝色的区域是开放的海洋，如果冰层被移掉的话。

en-zh-cn

This is that giant spatial scale.

Αυτή είναι η γιγαντιαία κλίμακα χώρου.

en-el

However, all of this that took decades to produce is just one snapshot of the subsurface.

Однако всё это, создававшееся десятилетиями, — всего лишь один снимок подповерхности.

en-ru

It does not give us any indication of how the ice sheet is changing in time.

Bu bize buz tabakasının zamanla nasıl değiştiğine dair hiçbir ipucu vermiyor.

en-tr

Now, we're working on that, because it turns out that the very first radar observations of Antarctica were collected using 35 millimeter optical film.

目前，我们正致力于这个方向的研究，因为我们发现所收集的第一个对南极的雷达观测使用了35毫米的光学胶片。

en-zh-cn

And there were thousands of reels of this film in the archives of the museum of the Scott Polar Research Institute at the University of Cambridge.

Havia milhares de bobinas desse filmes nos arquivos do museu de Instituto de Pesquisa Polar Scott, na Universidade de Cambridge.

en-pt-br

So last summer, I took a state-of-the-art film scanner that was developed for digitizing Hollywood films and remastering them, and two art historians, and we went over to England, put on some gloves and archived and digitized all of that film.

لذا في الصيف الماضي، أخذت أحدث جهاز لمشاهدة الأفلام المطور لرقمنة الأفلام الهوليودية وإصدار نسخ مُحَسَّنَة عنها، وعملين فنيين تاريخيين، سافرنا لأجلهما إلى إنجلترا، ارتدينا بعض القفازات وقمنا بأرشفة ورقمنة جميع تلك الأفلام.

en-ar

So that produced two million high-resolution images that my group is now working on analyzing and processing for comparing with contemporary conditions in the ice sheet.

Bu, ekibimin inceleme ve buz tabakalarını güncel haliyle karşılaştırma işlemi üzerinde çalıştığı 2 milyon yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntü üretti.

en-tr

And, actually, that scanner -- I found out about it from an archivist at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Кстати, об этом проекторе я узнал от архивиста Академии кинематографических искусств и наук.

en-ru

So I'd like to thank the Academy -- (Laughter) for making this possible.

Quindi, vorrei ringraziare l'Academy... (Risate) per averlo reso possibile.

en-it

(Laughter) And as amazing as it is that we can look at what was happening under the ice sheet 50 years ago, this is still just one more snapshot.

(Γέλια) Όσο καταπληκτικό είναι ότι μπορούμε να δούμε τι γινόταν κάτω από τον πάγο πριν από 50 χρόνια πρόκειται απλά για ένα ακόμη στιγμιότυπο.

en-el

It doesn't give us observations of the variation at the annual or seasonal scale, that we know matters.

Não nos dá informações sobre a variação anual ou sazonal, que é o mais importante.

en-pt

There's some progress here, too.

Здесь мы тоже не стоим на месте.

en-ru

There are these recent ground-based radar systems that stay in one spot.

Есть новые наземные радиолокационные системы, находящиеся на одном месте.

en-ru

So you take these radars and put them on the ice sheet and you bury a cache of car batteries.

남극 위에서 레이더를 세우고 자동차 배터리를 땅 속에 파묻습니다.

en-ko

And you leave them out there for months or years at a time, and they send a pulse down into the ice sheet every so many minutes or hours.

Li lasci lì per mesi, o a volte anche per anni, e loro inviano degli impulsi nel ghiaccio ogni tot minuti oppure ore.

en-it

So this gives you continuous observation in time -- but at one spot.

이 방법을 통해 한 지점을 계속해서 관찰할 수 있죠.

en-ko

So if you compare that imaging to the 2-D pictures provided by the airplane, this is just one vertical line.

Αν λοιπόν συγκρίνετε αυτήν την εικόνα με τις εικόνες 2D από το αεροπλάνο, είναι μόνο μια κάθετη γραμμή.

en-el

And this is pretty much where we are as a field right now.

Κι εδώ είναι που βρισκόμαστε αυτήν τη στιγμή ως πεδίο.

en-el

We can choose between good spatial coverage with airborne radar sounding and good temporal coverage in one spot with ground-based sounding.

Possiamo scegliere tra una buona copertura spaziale con una risonanza aerea e una buona copertura temporale di un solo punto con i radar a terra.

en-it

But neither gives us what we really want: both at the same time.

لكن لا أحد منهما يوفر لنا ما نحتاج إليه بالفعل: إلا باستعمالهما معاً بالوقت ذاته.

en-ar

And if we're going to do that, we're going to need totally new ways of observing the ice sheet.

Чтобы добиться этого, нужны совершенно новые способы наблюдения за ледяным щитом.

en-ru

And ideally, those should be extremely low-cost so that we can take lots of measurements from lots of sensors.

İdeal olarak bunlar son derece düşük maliyetli olmalı böylece çokça sensörden çokça ölçüm alabiliriz.

en-tr

Well, for existing radar systems, the biggest driver of cost is the power required to transmit the radar signal itself.

وبالنسبة لنُظُم الرادار المتواجدة، فإن أكبر العوامل المكلفة هي الطاقة المستخدمة لنقل إشارة الرادار نفسه.

en-ar

So it’d be great if we were able to use existing radio systems or radio signals that are in the environment.

بسیارعالی بود اگر ما می‌توانستیم سیستم‌های رادیویی موجود را بکار بریم یا سیگنال‌های رادیویی موجود در محیط را استفاده کنیم

en-fa

And fortunately, the entire field of radio astronomy is built on the fact that there are bright radio signals in the sky.

Per fortuna, l'intero campo della radioastronomia ruota intorno all'idea che esistono dei segnali radio luminosi in cielo.

en-it

And a really bright one is our sun.

Um muito brilhante é o nosso Sol.

en-pt-br

So, actually, one of the most exciting things my group is doing right now is trying to use the radio emissions from the sun as a type of radar signal.

实际上，我的团队正在做的最令人激动的事情之一就是试图使用来自太阳的无线电发射送作为雷达信号的一种。

en-zh-cn

This is one of our field tests at Big Sur.

Esta es una de nuestras pruebas de campo en Big Sur.

en-es

That PVC pipe ziggurat is an antenna stand some undergrads in my lab built.

Cette ziggourat en PVC est une antenne construite par des étudiants de mon labo.

en-fr

And the idea here is that we stay out at Big Sur, and we watch the sunset in radio frequencies, and we try and detect the reflection of the sun off the surface of the ocean.

Düşünce, Big Sur'de dışarda kalıp gün batımını radyo frekanslarıyla izleyip okyanus yüzeyindeki güneş yansımalarının tespit etmek.

en-tr

Now, I know you're thinking, "There are no glaciers at Big Sur."

Je denkt natuurlijk: "Er zijn geen gletsjers in Big Sur."

en-nl

(Laughter) And that's true.

（笑聲）的確如此。

en-zh-tw

(Laughter) But it turns out that detecting the reflection of the sun off the surface of the ocean and detecting the reflection off the bottom of an ice sheet are extremely geophysically similar.

(ضحك) لكنه تبين أن التقاط انعكاس الشمس على سطح المحيط والتقاط انعكاس قاع صفيحة جليدية هما جيوفيزيائياً جد متشابهان.

en-ar

And if this works, we should be able to apply the same measurement principle in Antarctica.

Als dat werkt kunnen we hetzelfde meetprincipe toepassen op de Zuidpool.

en-nl

And this is not as far-fetched as it seems.

y esto no es tan descabellado como parece.

en-es

The seismic industry has gone through a similar technique-development exercise, where they were able to move from detonating dynamite as a source, to using ambient seismic noise in the environment.

Η σεισμολογία έχει πραγματοποιήσει μια παρόμοια άσκηση τεχνικών ανάπυτξης όπου ήταν σε θέση να περάσουν από την πυροδότηση δυναμίτη ως πηγή στη χρήση σεισμικού θορύβου στο περιβάλλον.

en-el