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In the United Kingdom , cities are granted that status by Royal letters patent : see city status in the United Kingdom .	In the United Kingdom , cities are made by the royal letter patent .
From the beginning of American colonial rule , Philippines cities were formally established through laws enacted by the various national legislatures in the country .	In the Philippines , cities are made by the laws enacted by a lot of national legislatures .
In the United States , such municipal corporations are established by charters that are granted either directly by a state legislature by means of local legislation , or indirectly under a general municipal corporation law , usually after the proposed charter has passed a referendum vote of the affected population .	In the United States , cities are made by the municipal charters .
The largest Municipal Corporations in India currently are Mumbai , followed by Delhi , Kolkata , Bangalore , Chennai , Hyderabad , Ahmedabad , Surat and Pune .	Mumbai , Delhi , Kolkata , Bangalore , Chennai , Hyderabad and Ahmedabad have the biggest municipal corporations .
Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located .	Municipal corporation happens when a urban neighborhood becomes a self-governing entities under state laws .
Hence , understanding the period-luminosity relation for a set of local RR Lyrae-type variable stars allows the distance of more distant stars of this type to be determined .	Knowing the period-luminosity relation for local RR Lyrae-type variable stars allows the distance of more distant stars of this type to be determined .
The distance of RR Lyrae remained uncertain until 2002 when the Hubble Space Telescope 's Fine Guidance Sensor was used to determine the distance of RR Lyrae within a 5 % margin of error , yielding a value of 854 light-years ( 262 parsecs ) .	The distance of RR Lyrae remained uncertain until 2002 when the Hubble Space Telescope was used to fix its distance within a 5 % margin of error .
RR Lyrae is a variable star in the Lyra constellation , located near the border with the neighboring constellation of Cygnus .	RR Lyrae is a pulsating variable star in the constellation Lyra .
RR Lyrae variables serve as important standard candles that are used to measure astronomical distances .	It is the model for the variable stars known as RR Lyrae variables .
Groening grew up in Portland , and attended Ainsworth Elementary School and Lincoln High School .	Groening grew up in Portland , and attended Ainsworth Elementary School , Lincoln High School and also The Evergreen State College in Olympia , Washington .
Matthew Abram `` Matt '' Groening ( \ / ˈɡreɪnɪŋ \ / GRAY-ning ; born February 15 , 1954 ) is an American cartoonist , screenwriter , producer , animator , author , musician , comedian , and voice actor .	Matthew Abram `` Matt '' Groening ( born February 15 , 1954 ) is an American cartoonist , screenwriter , producer , animator , author , musician , comedian , and voice actor .
He is the creator of the comic strip Life in Hell ( 1977-2012 ) as well as two successful television series , The Simpsons ( 1989-present ) and Futurama ( 1999-2003 , 2008-2013 ) .	He is the creator of the comic strip Life in Hell , as well as two successful television series , The Simpsons and Futurama .
Groening was born on February 15 , 1954 in Portland , Oregon , the middle of five children .	He was born on February 15 , 1954 in Portland , Oregon , the middle of five children .
His Norwegian-American mother , Margaret Ruth ( née Wiggum ) ( March 23 , 1919 - April 22 , 2013 ) , was once a teacher , and his German American father , Homer Philip Groening ( December 30 , 1919 - March 15 , 1996 ) , was a filmmaker , advertiser , writer and cartoonist .	His father Homer Philip Groening was a filmmaker , advertiser , writer and cartoonist .
The first race to be so named was the 1923 Italian Grand Prix , held at Monza and won by Carlo Salamano in a Fiat and the last one was the 1977 British Grand Prix .	The first race to be so named was the 1923 Italian Grand Prix , held at Monza and won by Carlo Salamano in a Fiat .
Since its reintroduction , the European Grand Prix is usually held in a country that also holds a national Grand Prix in that same year .	It is usually held in a country that also holds a national Grand Prix .
In earlier years , the European Grand Prix was not a race in its own right but just an honorific title ; one of the national Grands Prix was also designated as the European Grand Prix .	In earlier years , one of the national Grands Prix was also called the European Grand Prix .
The Italian Grand Prix was named the European Grand Prix seven times , which was more than any other race .	The European Grand Prix ( sometimes called the Grand Prix of Europe ) is a Formula One race .
Sala São Paulo has 22 balconies at mezzanine and first floor levels .	Sala São Paulo has 22 balconies and a ceiling that is 24 meters high .
The Julio Prestes Cultural Center , which is located in the Julio Prestes Train Station in the old north central section of the city of São Paulo , Brazil , was inaugurated on July 9 , 1999 .	The Sala São Paulo is a concert hall in the Julio Prestes Cultural Center in the city of São Paulo , Brazil .
The station 's large hall was chosen because its dimensions are similar to 19th century concert halls , that is , it is shaped in the ` shoebox style ' .	The station 's large hall was the same shape as many 19th century concert halls , that is , it is shaped like a horse shoe .
In 1087 , the elder William died of wounds suffered from a riding accident during a siege of Mantes .	In 1087 , the Conqueror died of wounds suffered from a riding accident during a siege of Mantes .
The county was presumably run by his father until 1069 when the county revolted and reverted to Hugh V of Maine .	The county was actually run by his father until 1069 when the county revolted and reverted to Hugh V of Maine .
Robert was the eldest son of William the Conqueror , the first Norman king of England , and Matilda of Flanders , and a participant in the First Crusade .	Robert was the eldest son of William the Conqueror , the first Norman king of England , and Matilda of Flanders .
Robert married Sybilla of Conversano , daughter of Geoffrey of Brindisi , Count of Conversano ( and a grandniece of Robert Guiscard , another Norman duke ) on the way back from Crusade , one child : Sybilla , who was admired and often praised by chroniclers of the time , died shortly after the birth .	Robert married Sybilla of Conversano , daughter of Geoffrey of Brindisi , Count of Conversano ( and a grandniece of Robert Guiscard , another Norman duke ) on the way back from Crusade , one child : Robert also had at least three illegitimate children :
The next day Robert and his followers attempted to seize the castle of Rouen .	The next day Robert and his followers attempted to seize Rouen .
Robert Curthose ( c. 1054 - 3 February 1134 ) , sometimes styled Robert II or Robert III , was the Duke of Normandy from 1087 until 1106 and an unsuccessful claimant to the throne of the Kingdom of England .	Robert Curthose ( c. 1054-1134 ) , sometimes styled Robert II or Robert III , was the Duke of Normandy from 1087 until 1106 .
In 1063 , his father made him the count of Maine in view of his engagement to Margaret .	In 1063 , his father made him the count of Maine when he was contracted to marry Margaret .
As a child he was betrothed to Margaret , the heiress of Maine , but she died before they could be wed , and Robert did n't marry until his late forties .	As a child he was betrothed to Margaret , the heiress of Maine .
Robert fled to Flanders to the court of his uncle Robert I , Count of Flanders before plundering the county of the Vexin and causing such mayhem that his father King William allied himself with King Philip I of France to stop his rebellious son .	He then fled to Flanders to the court of his uncle Robert I , Count of Flanders .
His reign as Duke is noted for the discord with his brothers in England , eventually leading to the absorption of Normandy as a possession of England .	His reign as Duke is noted for the conflicts he had with his brothers in England .
Together they had a son , John , and a daughter , Vivienne , who died after a long illness in 1987 , shortly before her eighteenth birthday .	Together they had a son , John , and a daughter , Vivienne , who died after a long illness in 1985 , shortly before her eighteenth birthday .
He also spent a year working as coroner for West Clare .	A a doctor he also spent a year working as coroner for West Clare .
In 1972 , he negotiated Irish membership of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , a process that was completed in 1973 .	In 1972 , he negotiated Irish membership of the European Economic Community , a process that was completed in 1973 .
Hillery married Maeve Finnegan on 27 October 1955 .	Hillery married Mary Beatrice ( Maeve ) Finnegan on October 27 , 1955 .
Patrick John Hillery , more popularly known as Paddy Hillery , was born in Spanish Point , Milltown Malbay , County Clare in 1923 .	Patrick John Hillery , known as Paddy Hillery , was born in Spanish Point , Miltown Malbay , County Clare in 1923 .
Upon his conferral in 1947 he returned to his native town where he followed in his father 's footsteps as a doctor .	In 1947 he returned to his home town where he followed in his father 's footsteps as a doctor .
First elected at the 1951 general election as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála ( TD ) for Clare , he remained in Dáil Éireann until 1973 .	First elected at the 1951 general election as a Fianna Fáil TD for County Clare , he remained in Dáil Éireann until 1973 .
Patrick John Hillery ( Irish : Pádraig J. Ó hIrghile ; 2 May 1923 - 12 April 2008 ) was an Irish politician and the sixth President of Ireland from 1976 until 1990 .	Dr Patrick John Hillery ( Irish : Pádraig Seán Ó hIrighile ; 2 May 1923 - April 12 , 2008 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and the sixth President of Ireland from 1976 until 1990 .
Following yet another victory for Fianna Fáil at the 1969 general election , Hillery became Minister for External Affairs ( renamed Foreign Affairs in 1972 ) , one of the most prestigious of cabinet posts .	After another election win in 1969 Hillery became Minister for External Affairs ( renamed Foreign Affairs in 1972 ) , one of the top cabinet posts .
At third level Hillery attended University College Dublin where he qualified with a degree in medicine .	He attended University College Dublin , where he studied medicine .
In 1973 he was appointed Ireland 's first European Commissioner , serving until 1976 when he became President .	During this time he served as : He was Ireland 's first European Commissioner , serving for three years until he became President in 1976 .
He earned a high international profile when , in the aftermath of the killing of fourteen unarmed civilians in Derry by British Paratroopers ( known as `` Bloody Sunday '' ) , he traveled to the UN in New York to demand UN involvement in peace-keeping on the streets of Northern Ireland .	After `` Bloody Sunday '' ) , he traveled to the United Nations in New York to demand UN involvement in peace-keeping on the streets of Northern Ireland .
Also in 1848 , Joseph Henry projected an image of the Sun onto a screen and determined that sunspots were cooler than the surrounding surface .	Also in 1848 , Joseph Henry showed a picture of the Sun and made sure that sunspots were cooler than the rest of the Sun ( they are about 4500 degrees Fahrenheit ) .
The cyclic variation of the number of sunspots was first observed by Heinrich Schwabe between 1826 and 1843 and led Wolf to make systematic observations starting in 1848 .	The first cyclic changes of sunspots was seen by Heinrich Schwabe , and made Rudolf Wolf study them carefully , starting in 1848 .
On July 1 , 2010 , Babchuk re-signed with the Carolina Hurricanes to a one-year contract worth $ 1.4 million .	On July 1 , 2010 , Babchuk again re-signed with the Carolina Hurricanes to a one-year contract for the 2010-2011 season .
Anton Anatoliiovych Babchuk ( Ukrainian : Антон Анатолійович Бабчук ; born May 6 , 1984 ) is a Ukrainian-Russian professional ice hockey defenceman playing for Salavat Yulaev of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) .	Anton Anatoliiovych Babchuk ( Ukrainian : Антон Анатолійович Бабчук ; born May 6 , 1984 ) is a Ukrainian-Russian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .
Modern pianos have two basic configurations ( with subcategories ) : the grand piano and the upright piano .	Pianos come in two basic shapes : grand pianos and upright pianos .
The pianoforte , commonly abbreviated to piano , is a musical instrument played using a keyboard .	This is normally shortened to `` piano '' .
The term fortepiano is now used to distinguish the 18th-century instrument from later pianos .	The word `` fortepiano '' is sometimes used to describe the pianos of the late 18th and early 19th centuries .
When the key is released the damper falls back onto the strings , stopping the wire from vibrating .	When the player takes his finger off the key the damper falls back onto the string and the sound stops .
Some early pianos had shapes and designs that are no longer in use .	The early pianos had strings that were fastened to a frame made of wood .
The strings are sounded when the keys are pressed down , and are silenced when the keys are released .	When a key is pressed down , the damper comes off the string and a hammer hits the string .
It was for such instruments that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed his concertos and sonatas , and replicas of them are built today for use in authentic-instrument performance of his music .	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart started to learn on harpsichords when he was very small , but the piano was becoming popular when he was a young man and he wrote many sonatas and concertos for the piano .
Even the music of the Romantic movement , including Liszt , Chopin , Robert Schumann , Felix Mendelssohn and Johannes Brahms , was written for pianos substantially different from modern pianos .	They include Franz Schubert , Robert Schumann , Johannes Brahms , Franz Liszt and Frederic Chopin .
A piano usually has a protective wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings , and a row of black and white keys ( 52 white keys and 36 black keys ) .	A piano has a keyboard with white keys and black keys .
SEM is usually estimated by the sample estimate of the population standard deviation ( sample standard deviation ) divided by the square root of the sample size ( assuming statistical independence of the values in the sample ) : where s is the sample standard deviation ( i.e. , the sample-based estimate of the standard...	where s is the sample standard deviation ( i.e. , the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population ) , and n is the number of measurements in the sample .
The term may also be used to refer to an estimate of that standard deviation , derived from a particular sample used to compute the estimate .	The term may also be used for an estimate ( good guess ) of that standard deviation taken from a sample of the whole group .
In other words , it is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample statistic .	The standard deviation for all the sample averages is the standard error of the mean .
The standard error of the mean ( i.e. , of using the sample mean as a method of estimating the population mean ) is the standard deviation of those sample means over all possible samples ( of a given size ) drawn from the population .	Standard error of the mean is usually estimated by the standard deviation for a sample from the whole group ( sample standard deviation ) divided by the square root of the sample size .
However , some natural behaviors , such as activities resulting in orgasm , love , or triumph of an athlete can induce brief states of euphoria .	However , some natural human behaviors can cause brief states of euphoria .
The 2009-10 Chicago Blackhawks season is the club 's 84th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .	The 2009-10 Chicago Blackhawks season was the team 's 83rd season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .
The season began on October 2 , 2009 ; with a pair of games against the Florida Panthers in Helsinki , Finland ; and ended on June 9 , 2010 ; when the Blackhawks defeated the Philadelphia Flyers , 4 games to 2 , in the 2010 Stanley Cup Final , giving the organization its first NHL championship since 1961 and fourth ove...	On June 9 , 2010 , The Blackhawks defeated the Philadelphia Flyers , 4 games to 2 , in the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals which gave the organization its first NHL championship since 1961 and fourth overall GP - Games Played W - Wins L - Losses OTL - OT\/Shootout Losses GF - Goals For GA - Goals Against PTS - Points \* - Divi...
Most Pectinidae have radial ribs and concentric ridges , although a few are smooth .	Most Pectinidae have radial ribs and concentric ridges .
Survivors evolved rapidly during the Tertiary period .	The survivors evolved rapidly during the Tertiary period .
Most adult specimens are either byssally attached or cemented to a substrate , while others are free swimmers .	Adult specimens are either byssally attached or cemented to a substrate .
More than 30 genera and around 350 species are in the family Pectinidae .	There are more than 30 genera and around 350 species in the Family Pectinidae .
Nearly 7,000 species and subspecies names have been introduced for both fossil and recent Pectinidae .	There are nearly 7,000 species and subspecies for the fossil and recent Pectinidae .
The ctenolium , a key shell feature , separates the Pectinidae from all other families .	The ctenolium is an important feature that separates Pectinidae from all other families .
They are hermaphrodites , and the male gonads mature first .	The male gonads mature first .
Pectinidae inhabit all the oceans of the world , with the largest number of species living in the Indo-Pacific region .	Pectinidae live in all the oceans of the world .
The Pectinidae ( from the Latin pecten meaning comb ) , common name scallops , are a family of saltwater bivalve mollusks .	The Pectinidae ( from Latin pecten , meaning ` comb ' ) are a family of bivalve molluscs .
They mention over 50 genera and around 250 species and subspecies .	They list more than 50 genera and around 250 species and subspecies .
Most species live in relatively shallow waters from the low tide line to 100 meters , while others prefer much deeper water .	This is about from the low tide line to 100 meters deep .
Pectinidae can be found living within , upon , or under either rocks , coral , rubble , sea grass , kelp , sand , or mud .	Pectinidae can live in , on or under rocks , coral , rubble , sea grass , kelp , sand or mud .
Raines and Poppe list nearly 900 species names , but most of these are considered either questionable or invalid .	Raines & Poppe ( 2006 ) list nearly 900 species but many are considered either questionable or non valid .
In general , shells of the Pectinidae consist of two valves which are circular to broadly ovate with the right valve usually more inflated than the left valve .	Usually shells of Pectinidae have two valves .
Although some species only live in very narrow environments , most are opportunistic and can live under a wide variety of conditions .	Some species only live in very specific environments .
The earliest known records of true Pectinidae ( those with a ctenolium ) can be found from the Triassic period over 200 million years ago .	True Pectinidae ( ones with a ctenolium ) first appeared in the Triassic period over 200 Million years ago .
Fossil records also indicate the existence of Pectinidae has been unstable at times ; from being the most speciose family of the Mesozoic era , to almost disappearing completely by the end of the Cretaceous period .	The Pectinidae family had a large number of species in the Mesozoic era , but they almost disappeared at the end of the Cretaceous period .
It includes Albion Park , Berkeley , Berrima , Blackbutt , Bowral , Cringila , Dapto , Exeter , Fitzroy Falls , Horsley , Kembla Grange , Lake Illawarra , Mittagong , Moss Vale , Oak Flats , Port Kembla , Robertson , Warrawong , Welby , Willow Vale , and parts of Warilla .	Throsby includes Albion Park , Berkeley , Berrima , Blackbutt , Bowral , Cringila , Dapto , Exeter , Fitzroy Falls , Horsley , Kembla Grange , Lake Illawarra , Mittagong , Moss Vale , Oak Flats , Port Kembla , Robertson , Warrawong , Welby , Willow Vale , and parts of Warilla .
The division is named after Charles Throsby , a prominent pioneer and explorer in the early nineteenth century of the areas to the south of Sydney .	It is named after Charles Throsby ( 1777-1828 ) , a pioneer and explorer in the areas south of Sydney .
Los Temerarios are a Mexican romantic music group started in 1978 by brothers Adolfo Angel and Gustavo Angel and their cousin Fernando Angel .	They were started in 1978 by brothers Adolfo Angel and Gustavo Angel and their cousin Fernando Angel .
It is often shortened to maths or , in English-speaking North America , math .	Mathematics , sometimes shortened to maths ( in England , Australia , New Zealand and France ) or math ( in the United States , Canada and Germany ) is the study of numbers , shapes and patterns .
Because of its use of optimization , the mathematical theory of statistics shares concerns with other decision sciences , such as operations research , control theory , and mathematical economics .	Numerical analysis - Optimization - Probability theory - Statistics - Mathematical finance - Game theory - Mathematical physics - Fluid dynamics - computational algorithms Mathematics in history , and the history of mathematics .
In 1946 , the `` service de l'aviation légère et sportive '' ( SALS ) is created , which purpose is essentially to provide available aircraft and flight instructor for flying clubs .	In 1946 , the `` service de l'aviation légère et sportive '' ( SALS ) is created , which purpose is essentially to provide available aircraft and instructors for flying clubs .
The Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique ( SEFA ) was the French national flight school , located in nine places in France and managed by the direction générale de l'aviation civile ( DGAC ) .	The Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique ( SEFA ) was the French national flight school , in nine places in France and managed by the `` direction générale de l'aviation civile '' ( DGAC ) .
In 1955 , SALS becomes the `` service de la formation aéronautique et des sports aériens '' ( SFASA ) , in 1959 the `` service de la formation aéronautique , du travail aérien et des transports '' ( SFATAT ) , in 1964 it is renamed `` service de la formation aéronautique '' ( SFA ) and finally the `` service de la form...	In 1955 , SALS becomes the `` service de la formation aéronautique et des sports aériens '' ( SFASA ) , in 1959 the `` service de la formation aéronautique , du travail aérien et des transports '' ( SFATAT ) , in 1964 it is renamed the `` service de la formation aéronautique '' ( SFA ) and finally the `` service de la ...
Thus `` national centers '' were created : in 1945 , for gliding ( Challes-les-Eaux , Beynes , Pont-Saint-Vincent , etc. ) , and then for flight in piston-engined aircraft ( Carcassonne in 1945 , Saint-Yan in 1947 ) , and skydiving ( Biscarosse in 1953 ) .	Thus `` national centers '' will be created , in 1945 , for the gliding activities ( Challes-les-Eaux , Beynes , Pont-Saint-Vincent , etc. ) , and then for the flight in piston aircraft ( Carcassonne in 1945 , Saint-Yan in 1947 ) , and even skydiving ( Biscarosse in 1953 ) .
In 1959 , the center of Saint-Yan welcomes the first course of airline pilot students ( EPL ) , ushering in a new mission of the SEFA : the training of airline pilots .	In 1959 , the center of Saint-Yan welcomes the first course of airline pilot students ( EPL , Elève Pilote de ligne , in English airline pilot student ) , ushering in a new mission of the SEFA : the training of airline pilots .
Finally , on January 1 , 2011 , the SEFA is merged with the École nationale de l'aviation civile in order to create the biggest European aviation school .	Finally , on the 1st of January 2011 , the SEFA is merged with the French Civil Aviation University in order to create the biggest European aviation school .
In 1929 the rank of Standartenführer was divided into two separate ranks known as Standartenführer ( I ) and Standartenführer ( II ) .	In 1929 the rank of Standartenführer was split into two ranks known as Standartenführer ( I ) and Standartenführer ( II ) .
In the Waffen-SS , the rank was considered the equivalent of an Oberst , a full colonel .	In the Waffen-SS , the rank was considered the equivalent of an Oberst ( colonel ) .
From 1938 , newer SS uniforms featured the shoulder boards of a German Oberst in addition to the oak leaf collar patches .	From 1938 , newer SS uniforms featured the shoulder boards of a German Oberst as well as the oak leaf collar patches .
By the start of World War II , Standartenführer was widely spread as both an SS rank and a rank of the SA .	By the start of World War II , Standartenführer was widely used as both an SS rank and a rank of the S.A. .
First founded as a title in 1925 , in 1928 the rank became one of the first commissioned Nazi ranks and was bestowed upon those SA and SS officers who commanded units known as Standarten which were regiment-sized formations of between three hundred and five hundred men .	First started as a rank in 1925 , in 1928 the rank became one of the first commissioned Nazi ranks and was given to S.A. and S.S. officers who commanded units known as Standarten which were between three hundred and five hundred men .
The insignia for Standartenführer consisted of a single oak leaf displayed on both collars .	The insignia for Standartenführer was of a single oak leaf worn on both collars and was the first of the S.S. and S.A. ranks to be worn on both collars .
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is a 1998 American dark comedy film co-written and directed by Terry Gilliam , starring Johnny Depp as Raoul Duke and Benicio del Toro as Dr. Gonzo .	It was later made into a movie directed by Terry Gilliam and starring Johnny Depp and Benicio Del Toro .
Air traffic control ( ATC ) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace , and can provide advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace .	Air traffic control ( ATC ) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air .
In 1921 , Croydon Airport , London was the first airport in the world to introduce air traffic control .	Air traffic control was first introduced at London 's Croydon Airport in 1921 .

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