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How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval?	<text>How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval?</text><reasoning>In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with suff...
What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials?	<text>What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials?</text><reasoning>In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug...
What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market?	<text>What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market?</text><reasoning>In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug ...
Who was the second caliph?	<text>Who was the second caliph?</text><reasoning>The Quran and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in The Farewell Sermon. Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. But after Muhammad's passing, the old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface. Following the Roman–Persian...
Who ruled Syria before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad?	<text>Who ruled Syria before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad?</text><reasoning>The Quran and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in The Farewell Sermon. Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. But after Muhammad's passing, the old tribal differences between the Arabs starte...
Who controlled Iraq before the Arabs?	<text>Who controlled Iraq before the Arabs?</text><reasoning>The Quran and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in The Farewell Sermon. Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. But after Muhammad's passing, the old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface. Following the Ro...
What opposition movement was based in Arabia and Basra?	<text>What opposition movement was based in Arabia and Basra?</text><reasoning>Following the death of Husayn, Ibn al-Zubayr, although remaining in Mecca, was associated with two opposition movements, one centered in Medina and the other around Kharijites in Basra and Arabia. Because Medina had been home to Muhammad and...
Who sent an army in 683 to stop the opposition movements?	<text>Who sent an army in 683 to stop the opposition movements?</text><reasoning>Following the death of Husayn, Ibn al-Zubayr, although remaining in Mecca, was associated with two opposition movements, one centered in Medina and the other around Kharijites in Basra and Arabia. Because Medina had been home to Muhammad a...
In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated?	<text>In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated?</text><reasoning>Following the death of Husayn, Ibn al-Zubayr, although remaining in Mecca, was associated with two opposition movements, one centered in Medina and the other around Kharijites in Basra and Arabia. Because Medina had been home to Muhamm...
Where is the Kaaba located?	<text>Where is the Kaaba located?</text><reasoning>Following the death of Husayn, Ibn al-Zubayr, although remaining in Mecca, was associated with two opposition movements, one centered in Medina and the other around Kharijites in Basra and Arabia. Because Medina had been home to Muhammad and his family, including Husay...
In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?	<text>In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?</text><reasoning>In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of ...
In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?	<text>In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?</text><reasoning>In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and ba...
For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?	<text>For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?</text><reasoning>In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of ...
When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used?	<text>When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used?</text><reasoning>In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and bath...
Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?	<text>Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?</text><reasoning>In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of poo...
How much does it cost to develop a new drug?	<text>How much does it cost to develop a new drug?</text><reasoning>Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before...
How many approvals of new drugs happen every year?	<text>How many approvals of new drugs happen every year?</text><reasoning>Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs ...
Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs?	<text>Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs?</text><reasoning>Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve ne...
How many drugs were approved in 2007?	<text>How many drugs were approved in 2007?</text><reasoning>Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they c...
Who reported the stable average rate in 2012?	<text>Who reported the stable average rate in 2012?</text><reasoning>Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs befor...
What does NMEs stand for?	<text>What does NMEs stand for?</text><reasoning>Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be market...
How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001?	<text>How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001?</text><reasoning>Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to ap...
What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs?	<text>What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs?</text><reasoning>Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drug...
What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?	<text>What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?</text><reasoning>Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When U...
Who was Marwan I related to?	<text>Who was Marwan I related to?</text><reasoning>Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al...
Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?	<text>Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?</text><reasoning>Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ...
Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?	<text>Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?</text><reasoning>Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynas...
What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?	<text>What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?</text><reasoning>Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of o...
What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?	<text>What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?</text><reasoning>Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of ...
Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?	<text>Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?</text><reasoning>Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Chr...
In what early technology was bitumen used?	<text>In what early technology was bitumen used?</text><reasoning>Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a...
What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?	<text>What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?</text><reasoning>Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter p...
What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?	<text>What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?</text><reasoning>Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which ...
During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?	<text>During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?</text><reasoning>Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was t...
Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?	<text>Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?</text><reasoning>Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewte...
Where was the Dome of the Rock built?	<text>Where was the Dome of the Rock built?</text><reasoning>The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under constructi...
In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?	<text>In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?</text><reasoning>The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under ...
During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed?	<text>During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed?</text><reasoning>The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it w...
When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan?	<text>When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan?</text><reasoning>In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although ...
Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?	<text>Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?</text><reasoning>In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakis...