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Why was Mevastatin never marketed? | <text>Why was Mevastatin never marketed?</text><reasoning>In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce... |
Who discovered Mevastatin? | <text>Who discovered Mevastatin?</text><reasoning>In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholest... |
What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing? | <text>What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing?</text><reasoning>In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to... |
Where did Endo discover ML-236B? | <text>Where did Endo discover ML-236B?</text><reasoning>In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce c... |
What was discovered in long term studies? | <text>What was discovered in long term studies?</text><reasoning>In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to ... |
In what year was mevastatin discovered? | <text>In what year was mevastatin discovered?</text><reasoning>In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to pr... |
Who discovered mevastatin? | <text>Who discovered mevastatin?</text><reasoning>In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholest... |
What organism produces mevastatin? | <text>What organism produces mevastatin?</text><reasoning>In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce... |
What enzyme helps produce cholesterol? | <text>What enzyme helps produce cholesterol?</text><reasoning>In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to pro... |
Why are collaborative agreements important? | <text>Why are collaborative agreements important?</text><reasoning>Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, ofte... |
How do large corporations show vertical integration? | <text>How do large corporations show vertical integration?</text><reasoning>Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other h... |
What are large companies relying on outside organizations for? | <text>What are large companies relying on outside organizations for?</text><reasoning>Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on t... |
What are smaller organizations responsible for? | <text>What are smaller organizations responsible for?</text><reasoning>Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, ... |
What type of integration do large corporations often do? | <text>What type of integration do large corporations often do?</text><reasoning>Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the oth... |
What type of integration do smaller organizations do? | <text>What type of integration do smaller organizations do?</text><reasoning>Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other ... |
What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs? | <text>What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs?</text><reasoning>Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, o... |
What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on? | <text>What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on?</text><reasoning>Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller or... |
Who received the Laser-Debakey Clinical Medical Research Aware? | <text>Who received the Laser-Debakey Clinical Medical Research Aware?</text><reasoning>In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disea... |
How much money did Merk make in 1995? | <text>How much money did Merk make in 1995?</text><reasoning>In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the ... |
How many patients received Zocor? | <text>How many patients received Zocor?</text><reasoning>In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the stud... |
What study did Merk sponsor in 1994? | <text>What study did Merk sponsor in 1994?</text><reasoning>In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the s... |
What did the study reveal after 5 years? | <text>What did the study reveal after 5 years?</text><reasoning>In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, t... |
What was the brand name of simvastatin? | <text>What was the brand name of simvastatin?</text><reasoning>In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, th... |
Patients treated with Zocor had their cholesterol reduced by how much? | <text>Patients treated with Zocor had their cholesterol reduced by how much?</text><reasoning>In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and hear... |
How much did Zocor reduce the chance of dying from a heart attack? | <text>How much did Zocor reduce the chance of dying from a heart attack?</text><reasoning>In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart di... |
How much money did Merck make from sales of Zocor and Mevacor? | <text>How much money did Merck make from sales of Zocor and Mevacor?</text><reasoning>In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart diseas... |
Endo received what award in 2008? | <text>Endo received what award in 2008?</text><reasoning>In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the stud... |
NICE decides the availability of drugs in which two countries? | <text>NICE decides the availability of drugs in which two countries?</text><reasoning>In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question ra... |
What is the name of the organization in Scotland that decides the availability of drugs? | <text>What is the name of the organization in Scotland that decides the availability of drugs?</text><reasoning>In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the t... |
What threshold must a drug pass before it is approved? | <text>What threshold must a drug pass before it is approved?</text><reasoning>In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question rather tha... |
Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals? | <text>Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals?</text><reasoning>There has been increasing controversy surrounding pharmaceutical marketing and influence. There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps, including the constant p... |
Drug marketers have hired who as paid consultants? | <text>Drug marketers have hired who as paid consultants?</text><reasoning>There has been increasing controversy surrounding pharmaceutical marketing and influence. There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps, including the constant provision of marke... |
What publications can drug ads be commonly found? | <text>What publications can drug ads be commonly found?</text><reasoning>There has been increasing controversy surrounding pharmaceutical marketing and influence. There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps, including the constant provision of market... |
Who argued against regulators? | <text>Who argued against regulators?</text><reasoning>Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the ... |
Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients? | <text>Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients?</text><reasoning>Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – ... |
The business friendships between which parties have been criticized? | <text>The business friendships between which parties have been criticized?</text><reasoning>Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug compa... |
Goldacre argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all? | <text>Goldacre argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all?</text><reasoning>Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of ... |
"Drug reps" are usually hired by what type of firms? | <text>"Drug reps" are usually hired by what type of firms?</text><reasoning>Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales peopl... |
What law regulates drug marketing in the US? | <text>What law regulates drug marketing in the US?</text><reasoning>Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often... |
Who do drug reps market to? | <text>Who do drug reps market to?</text><reasoning>Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often called 'drug rep... |
What drugs are the least expensive to develop? | <text>What drugs are the least expensive to develop?</text><reasoning>Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceutica... |
What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs? | <text>What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs?</text><reasoning>Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of... |
What is the consequence in the value chain? | <text>What is the consequence in the value chain?</text><reasoning>Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals,... |
What happens when companies outsource? | <text>What happens when companies outsource?</text><reasoning>Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, thes... |
What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to? | <text>What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to?</text><reasoning>Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of p... |
Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much? | <text>Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much?</text><reasoning>Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and appro... |
What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development? | <text>What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development?</text><reasoning>Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, a... |
What firms tend to outsource drug development? | <text>What firms tend to outsource drug development?</text><reasoning>Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceutica... |
How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013? | <text>How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013?</text><reasoning>The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade,... |
What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013? | <text>What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013?</text><reasoning>The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Rem... |
What was the bestselling drug in history? | <text>What was the bestselling drug in history?</text><reasoning>The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The to... |
How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired? | <text>How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired?</text><reasoning>The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, res... |
In what year did Pfizer's patent over Lipitor expire? | <text>In what year did Pfizer's patent over Lipitor expire?</text><reasoning>The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respecti... |
What is the speculation of the relationship between doctors and the drug industry? | <text>What is the speculation of the relationship between doctors and the drug industry?</text><reasoning>In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and ... |
What is the Physician Financial Transparency Report part of? | <text>What is the Physician Financial Transparency Report part of?</text><reasoning>In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organ... |
Where can you obtain information about the Sunshine Act? | <text>Where can you obtain information about the Sunshine Act?</text><reasoning>In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizat... |
What information is collected by Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services? | <text>What information is collected by Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services?</text><reasoning>In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group pu... |
When did Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services have to start collecting information? | <text>When did Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services have to start collecting information?</text><reasoning>In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers... |
The Physician Financial Transparency Reports was part of what other act? | <text>The Physician Financial Transparency Reports was part of what other act?</text><reasoning>In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purc... |
In what year were Medicaid and Medicare required to disclose information about their relationships with doctors and hospitals? | <text>In what year were Medicaid and Medicare required to disclose information about their relationships with doctors and hospitals?</text><reasoning>In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect in... |
Where can financial relationships between Medicaid, Medicare and pharmaceutical companies be found? | <text>Where can financial relationships between Medicaid, Medicare and pharmaceutical companies be found?</text><reasoning>In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable m... |
What is expected when the relationships are made public? | <text>What is expected when the relationships are made public?</text><reasoning>In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizat... |
What law prohibited birth control? | <text>What law prohibited birth control?</text><reasoning>Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus c... |
When was Enovid first approved? | <text>When was Enovid first approved?</text><reasoning>Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus clos... |
What increased due to the availability of birth control? | <text>What increased due to the availability of birth control?</text><reasoning>Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral co... |
In 1965, how many women were on the birth control pill? | <text>In 1965, how many women were on the birth control pill?</text><reasoning>Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral con... |
Discussing contraception sometimes led to prosecution under what laws? | <text>Discussing contraception sometimes led to prosecution under what laws?</text><reasoning>Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the developm... |
What was the name of the first oral contraceptive? | <text>What was the name of the first oral contraceptive?</text><reasoning>Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contrace... |
By 1965, about how many American women were taking Enovid? | <text>By 1965, about how many American women were taking Enovid?</text><reasoning>Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral ... |
When did the FDA approve Enovid? | <text>When did the FDA approve Enovid?</text><reasoning>Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus clo... |
Birth control was prohibited in most countries before what war? | <text>Birth control was prohibited in most countries before what war?</text><reasoning>Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of ... |
What group initially made use of asphalt? | <text>What group initially made use of asphalt?</text><reasoning>The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above underl... |
For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt? | <text>For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt?</text><reasoning>The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface abo... |
What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay? | <text>What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?</text><reasoning>The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above unde... |
What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets? | <text>What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?</text><reasoning>The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that ... |
On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks? | <text>On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?</text><reasoning>The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface ... |
How long do drug exclusivity rights usually last? | <text>How long do drug exclusivity rights usually last?</text><reasoning>Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, ... |
Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years? | <text>Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years?</text><reasoning>Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous st... |
What enables a drug's owner to recover R&D costs? | <text>What enables a drug's owner to recover R&D costs?</text><reasoning>Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, ... |
What kind of drug is produced by competitors once a patent expires? | <text>What kind of drug is produced by competitors once a patent expires?</text><reasoning>Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous s... |
What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's "golden era"? | <text>What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's "golden era"?</text><reasoning>Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and... |
How many major Islamic caliphates existed after Muhammad's death? | <text>How many major Islamic caliphates existed after Muhammad's death?</text><reasoning>The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الأموية, trans. Al-Khilāfat al-ʾumawiyya) was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Arab... |
Who was the third caliph? | <text>Who was the third caliph?</text><reasoning>The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الأموية, trans. Al-Khilāfat al-ʾumawiyya) was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: الأمويون, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, or بنو أمي... |
Who founded the Umayyad regime? | <text>Who founded the Umayyad regime?</text><reasoning>The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الأموية, trans. Al-Khilāfat al-ʾumawiyya) was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: الأمويون, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, or ب... |
How many million square miles was the Umayyad caliphate at its largest size? | <text>How many million square miles was the Umayyad caliphate at its largest size?</text><reasoning>The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الأموية, trans. Al-Khilāfat al-ʾumawiyya) was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dy... |
How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for? | <text>How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for?</text><reasoning>Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or i... |
What drugs were involved in cases of the largest criminal fines? | <text>What drugs were involved in cases of the largest criminal fines?</text><reasoning>Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollar... |
What was Pfizer accused of illegally marketing? | <text>What was Pfizer accused of illegally marketing?</text><reasoning>Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently... |
What companies have been involved with health care fraud cases? | <text>What companies have been involved with health care fraud cases?</text><reasoning>Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars... |
What do illegal marketing cases fall under? | <text>What do illegal marketing cases fall under?</text><reasoning>Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently und... |
Firms such as Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca have settled claims under what act? | <text>Firms such as Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca have settled claims under what act?</text><reasoning>Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds o... |
Zyprexa was owned by what company? | <text>Zyprexa was owned by what company?</text><reasoning>Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under invest... |
Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug? | <text>Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug?</text><reasoning>Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of do... |
Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money? | <text>Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money?</text><reasoning>Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is cur... |
In what year was Ali killed? | <text>In what year was Ali killed?</text><reasoning>Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan. Six months later in the same year, in the interest of peace, Hasan ibn Ali, highly regarded for his wisdom and as a peacemaker, and the Second Imam for the Shias, and the grandson of Muhammad, made a peace treaty wi... |
Who killed Ali? | <text>Who killed Ali?</text><reasoning>Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan. Six months later in the same year, in the interest of peace, Hasan ibn Ali, highly regarded for his wisdom and as a peacemaker, and the Second Imam for the Shias, and the grandson of Muhammad, made a peace treaty with Muawiyah I... |
Who made peace with Muawiyah I? | <text>Who made peace with Muawiyah I?</text><reasoning>Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan. Six months later in the same year, in the interest of peace, Hasan ibn Ali, highly regarded for his wisdom and as a peacemaker, and the Second Imam for the Shias, and the grandson of Muhammad, made a peace treaty... |
Where was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty? | <text>Where was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty?</text><reasoning>Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan. Six months later in the same year, in the interest of peace, Hasan ibn Ali, highly regarded for his wisdom and as a peacemaker, and the Second Imam for the Shias, and the grandson of Muhammad, made ... |
The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US? | <text>The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US?</text><reasoning>In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New... |
What type of filing is used before beginning human trials? | <text>What type of filing is used before beginning human trials?</text><reasoning>In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficien... |
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