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What is phenobarbital used for? | <text>What is phenobarbital used for?</text><reasoning>In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharm... |
Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs? | <text>Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs?</text><reasoning>In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and l... |
What sleep aid was marketed in 1904? | <text>What sleep aid was marketed in 1904?</text><reasoning>In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer ... |
What is amphetamine used for today? | <text>What is amphetamine used for today?</text><reasoning>In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer p... |
Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted? | <text>Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted?</text><reasoning>In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licen... |
What compound was discovered to induce sleep? | <text>What compound was discovered to induce sleep?</text><reasoning>In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed ... |
What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid? | <text>What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid?</text><reasoning>In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented an... |
What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today? | <text>What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?</text><reasoning>In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licen... |
In what year was phenobarbital discovered? | <text>In what year was phenobarbital discovered?</text><reasoning>In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to ... |
What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market? | <text>What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market?</text><reasoning>In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented ... |
Who adopted the Doha Declaration? | <text>Who adopted the Doha Declaration?</text><reasoning>Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under the TRI... |
What did the TRIPS agreement accomplish? | <text>What did the TRIPS agreement accomplish?</text><reasoning>Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under ... |
Why are patents criticized? | <text>Why are patents criticized?</text><reasoning>Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under the TRIPS agr... |
What did the Doha Declaration do? | <text>What did the Doha Declaration do?</text><reasoning>Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under the TRI... |
When was the Doha Declaration adopted? | <text>When was the Doha Declaration adopted?</text><reasoning>Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under th... |
What has been accused of reducing access to medicines in developing countries? | <text>What has been accused of reducing access to medicines in developing countries?</text><reasoning>Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of ... |
The Doha Declaration allows for what ways for monopolies to be bypassed? | <text>The Doha Declaration allows for what ways for monopolies to be bypassed?</text><reasoning>Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price ... |
When did the World Trade Organization adopt the Doha Declaration? | <text>When did the World Trade Organization adopt the Doha Declaration?</text><reasoning>Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrim... |
What drugs reduce the risk of death and other events in people with high blood pressure? | <text>What drugs reduce the risk of death and other events in people with high blood pressure?</text><reasoning>A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) in people with... |
Who conducted the review on Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs? | <text>Who conducted the review on Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs?</text><reasoning>A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) in people with high blood pressure. In the... |
What were Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs used with? | <text>What were Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs used with?</text><reasoning>A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) in people with high blood pressure. In the ensurin... |
What do ACE inhibitors do? | <text>What do ACE inhibitors do?</text><reasoning>A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) in people with high blood pressure. In the ensuring years other classes of a... |
In what year did Cochrane release the report? | <text>In what year did Cochrane release the report?</text><reasoning>A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) in people with high blood pressure. In the ensuring years... |
What reduces the risk of new onset kidney diseases and death? | <text>What reduces the risk of new onset kidney diseases and death?</text><reasoning>A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) in people with high blood pressure. In th... |
What type of drugs reduced the risk of strokes and heart disease for people with high blood pressure? | <text>What type of drugs reduced the risk of strokes and heart disease for people with high blood pressure?</text><reasoning>A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) i... |
In what year was thiazide antihypertensive drugs shown to help those with heart problems? | <text>In what year was thiazide antihypertensive drugs shown to help those with heart problems?</text><reasoning>A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) in people wit... |
Who manufactured "Elixir Sulfanilamide"? | <text>Who manufactured "Elixir Sulfanilamide"?</text><reasoning>In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the laws extant a... |
What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act do? | <text>What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act do?</text><reasoning>In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antif... |
What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act? | <text>What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?</text><reasoning>In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifr... |
What drug killed 100 people in 1937? | <text>What drug killed 100 people in 1937?</text><reasoning>In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the laws extant at th... |
What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now? | <text>What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now?</text><reasoning>In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the laws ... |
What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide? | <text>What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide?</text><reasoning>In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the laws e... |
What drug killed over 100 people in 1937? | <text>What drug killed over 100 people in 1937?</text><reasoning>In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the laws extant ... |
Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid? | <text>Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid?</text><reasoning>In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the... |
What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident? | <text>What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident?</text><reasoning>In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as anti... |
The name "elixir" implied a solution in what liquid? | <text>The name "elixir" implied a solution in what liquid?</text><reasoning>In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the l... |
What act needed provisions? | <text>What act needed provisions?</text><reasoning>In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for ... |
Who led the congressional hearings? | <text>Who led the congressional hearings?</text><reasoning>In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the n... |
What were the major issues that needed to be addressed? | <text>What were the major issues that needed to be addressed?</text><reasoning>In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy... |
What caused a need for more regulation? | <text>What caused a need for more regulation?</text><reasoning>In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and t... |
When did this push occur? | <text>When did this push occur?</text><reasoning>In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for gr... |
Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act? | <text>Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act?</text><reasoning>In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable... |
Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959? | <text>Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959?</text><reasoning>In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, a... |
Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals? | <text>Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals?</text><reasoning>In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, ques... |
Who discovered Hydralazine? | <text>Who discovered Hydralazine?</text><reasoning>In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and ... |
Why were the researchers recognized in 1975? | <text>Why were the researchers recognized in 1975?</text><reasoning>In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, J... |
What is Chlorothiazide used to treat? | <text>What is Chlorothiazide used to treat?</text><reasoning>In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E.... |
What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine? | <text>What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine?</text><reasoning>In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. ... |
What was the name of the first oral vasodilator? | <text>What was the name of the first oral vasodilator?</text><reasoning>In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Spragu... |
What is the most used antihypertensive drug today? | <text>What is the most used antihypertensive drug today?</text><reasoning>In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Spra... |
Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975? | <text>Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975?</text><reasoning>In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, J... |
In what year was hydralazine discovered? | <text>In what year was hydralazine discovered?</text><reasoning>In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John ... |
Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease? | <text>Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease?</text><reasoning>In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s ... |
When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas? | <text>When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?</text><reasoning>Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marri... |
What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being? | <text>What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?</text><reasoning>Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, co... |
Who married Indigenous women early on? | <text>Who married Indigenous women early on?</text><reasoning>Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages to... |
Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas? | <text>Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?</text><reasoning>Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took pl... |
Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia? | <text>Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?</text><reasoning>Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intima... |
When was the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis discovered? | <text>When was the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis discovered?</text><reasoning>The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptom... |
50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where? | <text>50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where?</text><reasoning>The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin ... |
What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis? | <text>What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis?</text><reasoning>The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during ... |
Who was Eli Lilly's work based off of? | <text>Who was Eli Lilly's work based off of?</text><reasoning>The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Mer... |
Where was Tetracyclines discovered? | <text>Where was Tetracyclines discovered?</text><reasoning>The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-... |
What was the first treatment for tuberculosis? | <text>What was the first treatment for tuberculosis?</text><reasoning>The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered duri... |
What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years? | <text>What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years?</text><reasoning>The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), ... |
In what year was streptomycin discovered? | <text>In what year was streptomycin discovered?</text><reasoning>The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a ... |
Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war? | <text>Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war?</text><reasoning>The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin ... |
What company funded the research that led to the discovery of streptomycin? | <text>What company funded the research that led to the discovery of streptomycin?</text><reasoning>The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), ... |
What is diabetes caused from? | <text>What is diabetes caused from?</text><reasoning>A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by s... |
Why was insulin therapy delayed? | <text>Why was insulin therapy delayed?</text><reasoning>A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs b... |
How can diabetes be induced in dogs? | <text>How can diabetes be induced in dogs?</text><reasoning>A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in do... |
Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics? | <text>Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?</text><reasoning>A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes ... |
Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal? | <text>Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?</text><reasoning>A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering f... |
Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ? | <text>Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?</text><reasoning>A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be i... |
Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live? | <text>Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?</text><reasoning>A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found th... |
What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin? | <text>What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?</text><reasoning>A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mer... |
To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company? | <text>To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?</text><reasoning>A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering foun... |
Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal? | <text>Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?</text><reasoning>A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes... |
Who identified the active substance? | <text>Who identified the active substance?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pr... |
Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state? | <text>Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development... |
Who marketed epinephrine? | <text>Who marketed epinephrine?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure rais... |
What trade name was epinephrine marketed under? | <text>What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. T... |
As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat? | <text>As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs... |
Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form? | <text>Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development ... |
What could epinephrine treat? | <text>What could epinephrine treat?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure ... |
When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States? | <text>When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development... |
What trade name was epinephrine marketed under? | <text>What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. T... |
In what year was epinephrine discovered? | <text>In what year was epinephrine discovered?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The bloo... |
What was the trade name of epinephrine? | <text>What was the trade name of epinephrine?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood... |
Who first discovered epinephrine? | <text>Who first discovered epinephrine?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood press... |
What is epinephrine used to treat? | <text>What is epinephrine used to treat?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pres... |
In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States? | <text>In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?</text><reasoning>By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the develo... |
Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1939? | <text>Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1939?</text><reasoning>Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fri... |
Prontosil is in what drug class? | <text>Prontosil is in what drug class?</text><reasoning>Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and ... |
Who is responsible for creating Prontosil? | <text>Who is responsible for creating Prontosil?</text><reasoning>Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Miet... |
What causes Streptococci? | <text>What causes Streptococci?</text><reasoning>Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard... |
Many deaths occurred before World War II due to what? | <text>Many deaths occurred before World War II due to what?</text><reasoning>Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer,... |
What was the name of the first sulfonamine antibiotic? | <text>What was the name of the first sulfonamine antibiotic?</text><reasoning>Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer... |
What award did Domagk receive in 1939? | <text>What award did Domagk receive in 1939?</text><reasoning>Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch... |
Anti-infective drugs became more prominent after what war? | <text>Anti-infective drugs became more prominent after what war?</text><reasoning>Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Kl... |
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