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Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith? | <text>Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?</text><reasoning>The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of... |
What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to? | <text>What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?</text><reasoning>The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and... |
What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called? | <text>What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?</text><reasoning>Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged t... |
Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate? | <text>Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?</text><reasoning>Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-... |
Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads? | <text>Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?</text><reasoning>Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens a... |
What was the name of Muawiyah's wife? | <text>What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?</text><reasoning>With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had rema... |
What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to? | <text>What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?</text><reasoning>With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had ... |
Where was the Kalb tribe based? | <text>Where was the Kalb tribe based?</text><reasoning>With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained l... |
What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe? | <text>What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?</text><reasoning>With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tr... |
What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe? | <text>What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?</text><reasoning>With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had ... |
What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk? | <text>What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk?</text><reasoning>However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Musl... |
Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk? | <text>Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?</text><reasoning>However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as command... |
Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk? | <text>Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?</text><reasoning>However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn A... |
Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan? | <text>Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?</text><reasoning>However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the ... |
Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk? | <text>Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?</text><reasoning>However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan i... |
When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia? | <text>When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?</text><reasoning>From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last strongho... |
What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne? | <text>What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?</text><reasoning>From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (la... |
What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph? | <text>What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?</text><reasoning>From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last str... |
Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours? | <text>Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?</text><reasoning>From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last strongh... |
In what year did the Berber Revolt begin? | <text>In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?</text><reasoning>From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold a... |
What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator? | <text>What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?</text><reasoning>Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left... |
What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions? | <text>What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?</text><reasoning>Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Mus... |
In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads? | <text>In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?</text><reasoning>Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in ... |
How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984? | <text>How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984?</text><reasoning>About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the ... |
What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt? | <text>What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt?</text><reasoning>About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it ... |
What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials? | <text>What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials?</text><reasoning>About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates... |
What is the process used to harden the asphalt? | <text>What is the process used to harden the asphalt?</text><reasoning>About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the... |
In processing asphalt, what is the unit used to separate it? | <text>In processing asphalt, what is the unit used to separate it?</text><reasoning>About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separate... |
How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta? | <text>How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta?</text><reasoning>In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, and... |
What synthetic product is produced by upgraders? | <text>What synthetic product is produced by upgraders?</text><reasoning>In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, a... |
Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce? | <text>Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce?</text><reasoning>In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural... |
Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta? | <text>Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta?</text><reasoning>In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, ... |
How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel? | <text>How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?</text><reasoning>In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadi... |
During what period did the Berber Revolt occur? | <text>During what period did the Berber Revolt occur?</text><reasoning>The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680–692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740–743 CE. During the Second Civil War, leadership of the Umayyad clan shifte... |
What branch took over Umayyad leadership during the Second Civil War? | <text>What branch took over Umayyad leadership during the Second Civil War?</text><reasoning>The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680–692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740–743 CE. During the Second Civil War, leadership of t... |
What ancient group used bitumen extraction? | <text>What ancient group used bitumen extraction?</text><reasoning>The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published the first geological d... |
When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania? | <text>When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania?</text><reasoning>The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand publ... |
What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction? | <text>What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction?</text><reasoning>The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published th... |
When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company? | <text>When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?</text><reasoning>The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published the first... |
When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French? | <text>When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French?</text><reasoning>The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published th... |
What is another term for asphalt? | <text>What is another term for asphalt?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge deposits covering 142,00... |
Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found? | <text>Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in thre... |
How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada? | <text>How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge dep... |
What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits? | <text>What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge ... |
Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days? | <text>Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge dep... |
How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used? | <text>How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?</text><reasoning>The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of sele... |
Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils? | <text>Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?</text><reasoning>The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation p... |
What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt? | <text>What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?</text><reasoning>The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selec... |
What is a naming term for asphalt? | <text>What is a naming term for asphalt?</text><reasoning>The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Out... |
What is asphalt called outside of the US? | <text>What is asphalt called outside of the US?</text><reasoning>The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oi... |
About what temperature is asphalt shipped? | <text>About what temperature is asphalt shipped?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This m... |
To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping? | <text>To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are sep... |
What is the liquefied mixture called? | <text>What is the liquefied mixture called?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixtur... |
What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm? | <text>What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of ... |
Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt? | <text>Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these light... |
What is used asphalt turned back into? | <text>What is used asphalt turned back into?</text><reasoning>When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can be reactiva... |
How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed? | <text>How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?</text><reasoning>When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can ... |
What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt? | <text>What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?</text><reasoning>When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed mate... |
During what action is asphalt often reclaimed? | <text>During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?</text><reasoning>When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can be ... |
For what reason is asphalt removed from a road? | <text>For what reason is asphalt removed from a road?</text><reasoning>When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can be... |
Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands? | <text>Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?</text><reasoning>Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building carav... |
Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais? | <text>Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?</text><reasoning>Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by build... |
In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor? | <text>In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?</text><reasoning>Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul... |
Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service? | <text>Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?</text><reasoning>Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it furt... |
In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways? | <text>In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?</text><reasoning>Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by ... |
What form of tax were Christians required to pay? | <text>What form of tax were Christians required to pay?</text><reasoning>At the time, the Umayyad taxation and administrative practice were perceived as unjust by some Muslims. The Christian and Jewish population had still autonomy; their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their o... |
Who was the mother of Yazid? | <text>Who was the mother of Yazid?</text><reasoning>At the time, the Umayyad taxation and administrative practice were perceived as unjust by some Muslims. The Christian and Jewish population had still autonomy; their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own religious heads or... |
What was Maysum's religion? | <text>What was Maysum's religion?</text><reasoning>At the time, the Umayyad taxation and administrative practice were perceived as unjust by some Muslims. The Christian and Jewish population had still autonomy; their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own religious heads or ... |
What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen? | <text>What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?</text><reasoning>The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sa... |
Where are the Athabasca oil sands located? | <text>Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?</text><reasoning>The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% ... |
What formative period produced bitumen? | <text>What formative period produced bitumen?</text><reasoning>The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oi... |
How old are the Athabasca deposits? | <text>How old are the Athabasca deposits?</text><reasoning>The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Is... |
What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells? | <text>What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?</text><reasoning>The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand wi... |
When did Uthman die? | <text>When did Uthman die?</text><reasoning>After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medin... |
What tribe did Ali belong to? | <text>What tribe did Ali belong to?</text><reasoning>After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital f... |
What does Fitna mean? | <text>What does Fitna mean?</text><reasoning>After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medi... |
Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad? | <text>Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad?</text><reasoning>After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative poli... |
Where was the capital before Ali changed it? | <text>Where was the capital before Ali changed it?</text><reasoning>After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali move... |
From where does most asphalt come? | <text>From where does most asphalt come?</text><reasoning>The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (dia... |
What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt? | <text>What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt?</text><reasoning>The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, micr... |
How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt? | <text>How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt?</text><reasoning>The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of a... |
Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt? | <text>Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt?</text><reasoning>The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of an... |
What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum produce? | <text>What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum produce?</text><reasoning>The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are... |
What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves? | <text>What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?</text><reasoning>The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this resp... |
Where was the Abbasid court based? | <text>Where was the Abbasid court based?</text><reasoning>The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad... |
What is the Arabic term for kingship? | <text>What is the Arabic term for kingship?</text><reasoning>The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umay... |
What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs? | <text>What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?</text><reasoning>The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notabl... |
What does khalifat Allah translate to in English? | <text>What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?</text><reasoning>The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable t... |
What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English? | <text>What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?</text><reasoning>The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowan... |
What caliph reigned from 740 to 750? | <text>What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?</text><reasoning>The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even withou... |
What did the Umayyads call the mangonel? | <text>What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?</text><reasoning>The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even wi... |
What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II? | <text>What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?</text><reasoning>The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence ... |
Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II? | <text>Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?</text><reasoning>The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipien... |
What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines? | <text>What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines?</text><reasoning>Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to th... |
What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing? | <text>What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing?</text><reasoning>Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through... |
Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil? | <text>Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil?</text><reasoning>Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refin... |
How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015? | <text>How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015?</text><reasoning>Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery. M... |
When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement? | <text>When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?</text><reasoning>The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalt... |
When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen? | <text>When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?</text><reasoning>The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement,... |
Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement? | <text>Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?</text><reasoning>The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte paveme... |
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