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What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements? | <text>What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?</text><reasoning>The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for ... |
What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge? | <text>What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?</text><reasoning>The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), fo... |
Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US? | <text>Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?</text><reasoning>Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring "bi... |
In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870? | <text>In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?</text><reasoning>Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurr... |
What natural substance was used in early road pavings? | <text>What natural substance was used in early road pavings?</text><reasoning>Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring "bituminous r... |
From what Virginia mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings? | <text>From what Virginia mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?</text><reasoning>Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occur... |
For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths? | <text>For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?</text><reasoning>Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring "bitu... |
What is the last origination of the word asphalt? | <text>What is the last origination of the word asphalt?</text><reasoning>The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", which... |
From what language does asphalt initially come? | <text>From what language does asphalt initially come?</text><reasoning>The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", which p... |
What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt? | <text>What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt?</text><reasoning>The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", wh... |
What is the French term for natural asphalt? | <text>What is the French term for natural asphalt?</text><reasoning>The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", which perh... |
To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon? | <text>To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon?</text><reasoning>The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch... |
What does mixing bitumen with water create? | <text>What does mixing bitumen with water create?</text><reasoning>A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Aspha... |
What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions? | <text>What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?</text><reasoning>A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen int... |
What are the two types of bitumen emulsions? | <text>What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?</text><reasoning>A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Asph... |
What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product? | <text>What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?</text><reasoning>A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bi... |
What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble? | <text>What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?</text><reasoning>A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into a... |
Who was the son of Sarjun? | <text>Who was the son of Sarjun?</text><reasoning>Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged u... |
Along with Rhodes, what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy? | <text>Along with Rhodes, what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy?</text><reasoning>Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of... |
Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah? | <text>Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?</text><reasoning>Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At th... |
What did Muawiyah found in North Africa? | <text>What did Muawiyah found in North Africa?</text><reasoning>Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same ti... |
Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen? | <text>Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen?</text><reasoning>Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacq... |
What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production? | <text>What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?</text><reasoning>Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known ... |
Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint? | <text>Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint?</text><reasoning>Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on... |
Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints? | <text>Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints?</text><reasoning>Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known ... |
What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant? | <text>What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant?</text><reasoning>Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especial... |
To what similar substance can asphalt be confused? | <text>To what similar substance can asphalt be confused?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with "coal tar", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was ... |
For what was coal tar used in road paving? | <text>For what was coal tar used in road paving?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with "coal tar", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readil... |
What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam? | <text>What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with "coal tar", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town ga... |
What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar? | <text>What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with "coal tar", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced,... |
Instead of tar, what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain? | <text>Instead of tar, what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with "coal tar", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal ta... |
What language originated the word bitumen? | <text>What language originated the word bitumen?</text><reasoning>The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be orig... |
What does the Sanskrit word translate as? | <text>What does the Sanskrit word translate as?</text><reasoning>The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be origi... |
To what English word does the Latin translate? | <text>To what English word does the Latin translate?</text><reasoning>The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be ... |
Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English? | <text>Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?</text><reasoning>The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by s... |
To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate? | <text>To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?</text><reasoning>The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be or... |
To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar? | <text>To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine pl... |
What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as? | <text>What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants ... |
What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen? | <text>What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from ... |
What feature originally covered Alberta? | <text>What feature originally covered Alberta?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and ... |
What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons? | <text>What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons?</text><reasoning>Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as l... |
Which of Claridge's two tar macadams was the more successful? | <text>Which of Claridge's two tar macadams was the more successful?</text><reasoning>In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the f... |
When did Claridge's company liquidate? | <text>When did Claridge's company liquidate?</text><reasoning>In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufacture... |
What world event caused the end of Claridge's company? | <text>What world event caused the end of Claridge's company?</text><reasoning>In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former b... |
What kind of money did Claridge invest in attempting to save his companies? | <text>What kind of money did Claridge invest in attempting to save his companies?</text><reasoning>In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarph... |
What is done to crude bitumen to promote its movement through pipelines? | <text>What is done to crude bitumen to promote its movement through pipelines?</text><reasoning>Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet in... |
What is the natural gas condensate used to dilute bitumen? | <text>What is the natural gas condensate used to dilute bitumen?</text><reasoning>Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international co... |
What is the synthetic crude additive to bitumen called? | <text>What is the synthetic crude additive to bitumen called?</text><reasoning>Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international compe... |
What is the usually sold standard blend of bitumen and oils named? | <text>What is the usually sold standard blend of bitumen and oils named?</text><reasoning>Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet internat... |
In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel? | <text>In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel?</text><reasoning>Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet internation... |
For what did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material? | <text>For what did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material?</text><reasoning>Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brou... |
Who was the first European trader to see asphalt? | <text>Who was the first European trader to see asphalt?</text><reasoning>Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade... |
For what trading company did Kelsey work? | <text>For what trading company did Kelsey work?</text><reasoning>Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henr... |
Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands? | <text>Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands?</text><reasoning>Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample... |
What country has the largest deposits of bitumen? | <text>What country has the largest deposits of bitumen?</text><reasoning>Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade... |
Who was considered Victoria's best and kindest advisor? | <text>Who was considered Victoria's best and kindest advisor?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that... |
Who did Victoria describe as sensible, kind, and amiable? | <text>Who did Victoria describe as sensible, kind, and amiable?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality th... |
Who introduced Albert to Victoria? | <text>Who introduced Albert to Victoria?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to ... |
What Uncle was Victoria's favorite adviser? | <text>What Uncle was Victoria's favorite adviser?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be de... |
How old was Victoria when she met Albert? | <text>How old was Victoria when she met Albert?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desi... |
Who introduced Victoria and Albert? | <text>Who introduced Victoria and Albert?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to... |
What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him? | <text>What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses ever... |
Whom did Queen Victoria consider her "best and kindest adviser"? | <text>Whom did Queen Victoria consider her "best and kindest adviser"?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every qua... |
Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17? | <text>Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be... |
What was Victoria's opinion of Albert's appearance? | <text>What was Victoria's opinion of Albert's appearance?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that cou... |
Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert? | <text>Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that... |
What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age? | <text>What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that c... |
What were Albert's best qualities? | <text>What were Albert's best qualities?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to ... |
How did Victoria find Albert's looks? | <text>How did Victoria find Albert's looks?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired ... |
How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert? | <text>How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert?</text><reasoning>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that... |
Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production? | <text>Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production?</text><reasoning>Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "Oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canad... |
How much area does Canada's natural bitumen cover? | <text>How much area does Canada's natural bitumen cover?</text><reasoning>Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "Oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/... |
Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies? | <text>Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies?</text><reasoning>Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "Oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/bit... |
What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine? | <text>What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine?</text><reasoning>Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "Oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen... |
What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta? | <text>What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta?</text><reasoning>Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "Oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of nat... |
What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably? | <text>What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?</text><reasoning>Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil,... |
What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly? | <text>What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?</text><reasoning>Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and tu... |
What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings? | <text>What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?</text><reasoning>Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish a... |
What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen? | <text>What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?</text><reasoning>Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such a... |
What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be? | <text>What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?</text><reasoning>Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish... |
What component is added to bitumen to improve it? | <text>What component is added to bitumen to improve it?</text><reasoning>Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granul... |
To what other paving material is Selenizza added? | <text>To what other paving material is Selenizza added?</text><reasoning>Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granul... |
What purpose does Selenizza have in the drilling industry? | <text>What purpose does Selenizza have in the drilling industry?</text><reasoning>Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but i... |
In what form is Selenizza offered? | <text>In what form is Selenizza offered?</text><reasoning>Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows ... |
How is Selenizza shipped? | <text>How is Selenizza shipped?</text><reasoning>Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be ... |
To what location is Selenizza bitumen native? | <text>To what location is Selenizza bitumen native?</text><reasoning>Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less hor... |
What is it about the mine that is unusual? | <text>What is it about the mine that is unusual?</text><reasoning>Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less horizo... |
In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands? | <text>In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands?</text><reasoning>Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of vein... |
What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt? | <text>What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt?</text><reasoning>Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or ... |
How is the rock asphalt mainly found? | <text>How is the rock asphalt mainly found?</text><reasoning>Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less horizontal ... |
Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier? | <text>Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?</text><reasoning>The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportatio... |
What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen? | <text>What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?</text><reasoning>The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs... |
When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta? | <text>When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?</text><reasoning>The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too hi... |
Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant? | <text>Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?</text><reasoning>The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to s... |
For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing? | <text>For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?</text><reasoning>The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transport... |
What was the main city of Tokharistan? | <text>What was the main city of Tokharistan?</text><reasoning>Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern... |
What was the central part of Transoxiana called? | <text>What was the central part of Transoxiana called?</text><reasoning>Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult... |
In what year did the Day of Thirst occur? | <text>In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?</text><reasoning>Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to gov... |
Who was the leader of the revolt of 734? | <text>Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?</text><reasoning>Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to gove... |
What notable battle occurred in 731? | <text>What notable battle occurred in 731?</text><reasoning>Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. ... |
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