Split (1)

train · 517k rows

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.

text stringlengths 1 717	output stringlengths 116 17.8k
From where did Tocqueville believe the illusory power of the men of letters came from?	<text>From where did Tocqueville believe the illusory power of the men of letters came from?</text><reasoning>Alexis de Tocqueville described the French Revolution as the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment. These men o...
What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment?	<text>What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment?</text><reasoning>In Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theatre, public museum, and independent pre...
From whom did Catherine the Great receive assistance in her Enlightenment ideals via correspondence?	<text>From whom did Catherine the Great receive assistance in her Enlightenment ideals via correspondence?</text><reasoning>In Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theatre, public museu...
What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century?	<text>What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century?</text><reasoning>Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products...
What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s?	<text>What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s?</text><reasoning>Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history o...
Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations?	<text>Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations?</text><reasoning>Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He ...
What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on?	<text>What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on?</text><reasoning>Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period fro...
What signals plants to synchronize their internal clocks?	<text>What signals plants to synchronize their internal clocks?</text><reasoning>Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, ...
What do plants use to sense light?	<text>What do plants use to sense light?</text><reasoning>Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phyto...
What receptors absorb red and blue light in plants?	<text>What receptors absorb red and blue light in plants?</text><reasoning>Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, ...
Which phytochrome found in seedlings deteriorates with light and growth?	<text>Which phytochrome found in seedlings deteriorates with light and growth?</text><reasoning>Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. On...
What is the main phytochrome found in seedling grown in light?	<text>What is the main phytochrome found in seedling grown in light?</text><reasoning>Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochr...
Anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology are all studies of which subject?	<text>Anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology are all studies of which subject?</text><reasoning>Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natura...
Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier?	<text>Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier?</text><reasoning>Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the h...
Who replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development during the Enlightenment?	<text>Who replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development during the Enlightenment?</text><reasoning>Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the ...
Which century is considered by some as a "drab" period, however saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics, the development of biological taxonomy, a new understanding of magnetism, and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline?	<text>Which century is considered by some as a "drab" period, however saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics, the development of biological taxonomy, a new understanding of magnetism, and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline?</text><reasoning>Broadly speaking, Enlighte...
Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet populatized which scientific philosophy?	<text>Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet populatized which scientific philosophy?</text><reasoning>Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy...
Who helped The Encyclopedie find its way into print using the French censorship law creatively?	<text>Who helped The Encyclopedie find its way into print using the French censorship law creatively?</text><reasoning>A healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclopédie, for example, condemned not onl...
The King and Clement XII condemned which literary work?	<text>The King and Clement XII condemned which literary work?</text><reasoning>A healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclopédie, for example, condemned not only by the King but also by Clement XII, n...
What percentage of books borrowed in England, Germany, and Norath America were novels?	<text>What percentage of books borrowed in England, Germany, and Norath America were novels?</text><reasoning>A healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclopédie, for example, condemned not only by the ...
What percentage of books borrowed were of a religious nature in England, Germany, and North America?	<text>What percentage of books borrowed were of a religious nature in England, Germany, and North America?</text><reasoning>A healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclopédie, for example, condemned no...
How was the public sphere defined?	<text>How was the public sphere defined?</text><reasoning>One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a "realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture,"...
During what centuries was the rise of the public sphere?	<text>During what centuries was the rise of the public sphere?</text><reasoning>One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a "realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explos...
What term did Habermas give to describe the areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously exlusive territory of the state and religious authorities?	<text>What term did Habermas give to describe the areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously exlusive territory of the state and religious authorities?</text><reasoning>One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a "realm of communicati...
The argument of the public sphere was founded on what?	<text>The argument of the public sphere was founded on what?</text><reasoning>One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a "realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosio...
The values of the bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to the supreme, considering everything open to criticism, and the opposition of what?	<text>The values of the bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to the supreme, considering everything open to criticism, and the opposition of what?</text><reasoning>One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a "realm of communication marked by new arenas...
What did the Republic of Letters support?	<text>What did the Republic of Letters support?</text><reasoning>The Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported "free public examination of questions regar...
Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened?	<text>Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened?</text><reasoning>The Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that su...
Who were two of the figures that participated in the Republic of Letters?	<text>Who were two of the figures that participated in the Republic of Letters?</text><reasoning>The Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported "free publi...
What did Immanuel Kant consider essential to his conception of the public sphere?	<text>What did Immanuel Kant consider essential to his conception of the public sphere?</text><reasoning>The Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported "fr...
Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revoled around what subject?	<text>Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revoled around what subject?</text><reasoning>The debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around "confessional" – that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican ...
Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues were called what?	<text>Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues were called what?</text><reasoning>The debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around "confessional" – that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican is...
During what time period did a "general process of rationalization and secularization set in"?	<text>During what time period did a "general process of rationalization and secularization set in"?</text><reasoning>The debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around "confessional" – that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist),...
The aim of confessional debates was to establish which bloc of faith should have what?	<text>The aim of confessional debates was to establish which bloc of faith should have what?</text><reasoning>The debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around "confessional" – that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Ang...
Which Jewish philosopher referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason?	<text>Which Jewish philosopher referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason?</text><reasoning>Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's Pre...
How did Immanuel Kant describe the Enlightenment?	<text>How did Immanuel Kant describe the Enlightenment?</text><reasoning>Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie provides a history of the...
For whom was Enlightenment mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance?"	<text>For whom was Enlightenment mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance?"</text><reasoning>Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle...
According to historian Roy Porter, what was the Age of Enlightenment trying to capture?	<text>According to historian Roy Porter, what was the Age of Enlightenment trying to capture?</text><reasoning>Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'...
Who called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture?	<text>Who called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture?</text><reasoning>Jonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture. They shifted the attention of the "cultivated public" away from established authorities...
To what did the journals shift attention of the cultivated public away from and towards novelty and innovation?	<text>To what did the journals shift attention of the cultivated public away from and towards novelty and innovation?</text><reasoning>Jonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture. They shifted the attention of the "cultivated public" away from establishe...