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What Mozart piece did Rose Rosengard Subotnik conclude is "an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment"?	<text>What Mozart piece did Rose Rosengard Subotnik conclude is "an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment"?</text><reasoning>The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 17...
Which two perspectives did Rose Rosengard Subotnik use to compare Mozart's Die Cauberflote?	<text>Which two perspectives did Rose Rosengard Subotnik use to compare Mozart's Die Cauberflote?</text><reasoning>The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a lea...
The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts?	<text>The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts?</text><reasoning>Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merg...
Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution?	<text>Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution?</text><reasoning>Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robert...
Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts?	<text>Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts?</text><reasoning>Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how...
Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?	<text>Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?</text><reasoning>Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason...
For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?	<text>For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?</text><reasoning>Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thou...
In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?	<text>In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?</text><reasoning>Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to sh...
Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?	<text>Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?</text><reasoning>Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape ...
Who drafted the first technical dictionary?	<text>Who drafted the first technical dictionary?</text><reasoning>The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technol...
What was the first technical dictionary drafted by John Harris titled?	<text>What was the first technical dictionary drafted by John Harris titled?</text><reasoning>The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentr...
Did the Lexicon Technicum focus on theological and biographical entries or science and technology?	<text>Did the Lexicon Technicum focus on theological and biographical entries or science and technology?</text><reasoning>The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical ...
What year was the Lexicon Technicum published?	<text>What year was the Lexicon Technicum published?</text><reasoning>The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and tech...
In what language was the Lexicon Technicum written?	<text>In what language was the Lexicon Technicum written?</text><reasoning>The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and...
Leaders of the Enlightenment that helped design laws and programs to reform the court system are called what by historians?	<text>Leaders of the Enlightenment that helped design laws and programs to reform the court system are called what by historians?</text><reasoning>In several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger n...
Which enlightened despot was so over-enthusiastic that revolts broke out and nearly all of his programs were reversed?	<text>Which enlightened despot was so over-enthusiastic that revolts broke out and nearly all of his programs were reversed?</text><reasoning>In several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger nation...
In what country was the model constitution of 1791 in effect for only one year?	<text>In what country was the model constitution of 1791 in effect for only one year?</text><reasoning>In several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called "enl...
From what country was Enlightenment leader Catherine the Great?	<text>From what country was Enlightenment leader Catherine the Great?</text><reasoning>In several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called "enlightened despots...
Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?	<text>Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?</text><reasoning>The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one ...
For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?	<text>For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?</text><reasoning>The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only source...
Which two influential periodicals were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714?	<text>Which two influential periodicals were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714?</text><reasoning>The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuri...
What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?	<text>What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?</text><reasoning>The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were ope...
Trying to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance became known as what?	<text>Trying to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance became known as what?</text><reasoning>The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, a...
Which two Americans travelled to Europe during the Enlightenment and actively contributed to the scienific and political debate?	<text>Which two Americans travelled to Europe during the Enlightenment and actively contributed to the scienific and political debate?</text><reasoning>The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Fr...
The ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into which two United States documents?	<text>The ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into which two United States documents?</text><reasoning>The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spin...
Did the scientific revolution precede or follow the Age of Enlightenment?	<text>Did the scientific revolution precede or follow the Age of Enlightenment?</text><reasoning>The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major f...
Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what?	<text>Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what?</text><reasoning>Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers ...
Who discovered carbon dioxide or fixed air?	<text>Who discovered carbon dioxide or fixed air?</text><reasoning>Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour ...
Who created the argument for deep time?	<text>Who created the argument for deep time?</text><reasoning>Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of t...
Who invented the steam engine?	<text>Who invented the steam engine?</text><reasoning>Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the develo...
Who launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon in November 1783?	<text>Who launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon in November 1783?</text><reasoning>Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and ...
By what century in France had the men of letters fused with the elites?	<text>By what century in France had the men of letters fused with the elites?</text><reasoning>In France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domai...
What was the term for the oppositional literary sphere of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be-authors"?	<text>What was the term for the oppositional literary sphere of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be-authors"?</text><reasoning>In France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional lit...
Could the London market support the large numbers of writers that were emerging?	<text>Could the London market support the large numbers of writers that were emerging?</text><reasoning>In France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, ...
Were men travelling to London to become authors paid well or poorly by the publishing-bookselling guilds?	<text>Were men travelling to London to become authors paid well or poorly by the publishing-bookselling guilds?</text><reasoning>In France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional liter...
Who did Voltaire say that France looked to for ideas of civilization?	<text>Who did Voltaire say that France looked to for ideas of civilization?</text><reasoning>In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The ...
What was the profession of James Anderson?	<text>What was the profession of James Anderson?</text><reasoning>In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was "predo...
Who was the first modern geologist?	<text>Who was the first modern geologist?</text><reasoning>In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was "predominantl...
William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations?	<text>William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations?</text><reasoning>In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish ...
Where was the Cafe Procope established in 1686?	<text>Where was the Cafe Procope established in 1686?</text><reasoning>The Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where...