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At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature? | <text>At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature?</text><reasoning>For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adu... |
How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached? | <text>How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached?</text><reasoning>For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temper... |
When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest? | <text>When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest?</text><reasoning>For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human ad... |
What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults? | <text>What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults?</text><reasoning>For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult... |
What caused an increasingly literate population to develop in the Enlightenment era? | <text>What caused an increasingly literate population to develop in the Enlightenment era?</text><reasoning>One of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts ... |
Instead of paying more for food, on what did people spend their money? | <text>Instead of paying more for food, on what did people spend their money?</text><reasoning>One of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the scienc... |
Which ideal endeavoured to make information available to the greatest number of people? | <text>Which ideal endeavoured to make information available to the greatest number of people?</text><reasoning>One of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the ar... |
Who wrote the celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica? | <text>Who wrote the celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica?</text><reasoning>One of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the scienc... |
Which work of Isaac Newton was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze it in the vernacular? | <text>Which work of Isaac Newton was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze it in the vernacular?</text><reasoning>One of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its ... |
What produces a self-sustaining rhythm? | <text>What produces a self-sustaining rhythm?</text><reasoning>The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), whi... |
When do the CCA1 and LHY function? | <text>When do the CCA1 and LHY function?</text><reasoning>The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which e... |
Which loop that consists of GI and ELF4 functions? | <text>Which loop that consists of GI and ELF4 functions?</text><reasoning>The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypo... |
What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop? | <text>What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop?</text><reasoning>The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elonga... |
What researcher showed that the gene feedback loop serves as a repressor? | <text>What researcher showed that the gene feedback loop serves as a repressor?</text><reasoning>The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and ... |
What effect does jet-lag and shift-work have on the human body? | <text>What effect does jet-lag and shift-work have on the human body?</text><reasoning>Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic... |
Animals that eat during resting periods show what body increase? | <text>Animals that eat during resting periods show what body increase?</text><reasoning>Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metaboli... |
How does irregular eating during shift-work effect insulin? | <text>How does irregular eating during shift-work effect insulin?</text><reasoning>Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic gen... |
Besides insulin sensitivity, what other effect does shift-work have on the body? | <text>Besides insulin sensitivity, what other effect does shift-work have on the body?</text><reasoning>Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of cl... |
What type of work can lead to heart, hypertension and inflammation? | <text>What type of work can lead to heart, hypertension and inflammation?</text><reasoning>Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metab... |
Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate? | <text>Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate?</text><reasoning>It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communica... |
By functioning within a single, what is the system? | <text>By functioning within a single, what is the system?</text><reasoning>It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate wit... |
What section of the brain periodically releases hormones? | <text>What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?</text><reasoning>It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communica... |
What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs? | <text>What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs?</text><reasoning>It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communica... |
To what is the circadian rhythm tied? | <text>To what is the circadian rhythm tied?</text><reasoning>The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", thei... |
What conditions will produce a free-running rhythm in humans? | <text>What conditions will produce a free-running rhythm in humans?</text><reasoning>The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on w... |
What are the environmental factors that can change the rhythm? | <text>What are the environmental factors that can change the rhythm?</text><reasoning>The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on ... |
What do blind mole rats have in place of vision? | <text>What do blind mole rats have in place of vision?</text><reasoning>The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their ... |
What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system? | <text>What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system?</text><reasoning>Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Ind... |
What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system? | <text>What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system?</text><reasoning>Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from sub... |
What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes? | <text>What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes?</text><reasoning>Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from s... |
What can the disrupted circadian system cause? | <text>What can the disrupted circadian system cause?</text><reasoning>Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance ... |
What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause? | <text>What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause?</text><reasoning>Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individual... |
What chemical is absent or low during daylight? | <text>What chemical is absent or low during daylight?</text><reasoning>Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morn... |
At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva? | <text>At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva?</text><reasoning>Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured ... |
The presence of what is a circadian marker? | <text>The presence of what is a circadian marker?</text><reasoning>Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning ... |
What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing? | <text>What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing?</text><reasoning>Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be ... |
What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans? | <text>What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans?</text><reasoning>Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because ... |
What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ? | <text>What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ?</text><reasoning>Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a mo... |
How long did the suppression of time clues study last? | <text>How long did the suppression of time clues study last?</text><reasoning>Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal... |
What is this forced type of study called? | <text>What is this forced type of study called?</text><reasoning>Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people canno... |
When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period? | <text>When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period?</text><reasoning>Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a ... |
Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans? | <text>Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans?</text><reasoning>The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wa... |
Where are these cell groups found in humans? | <text>Where are these cell groups found in humans?</text><reasoning>The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm.... |
What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm? | <text>What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm?</text><reasoning>The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a re... |
What provides information to the SCN? | <text>What provides information to the SCN?</text><reasoning>The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SC... |
What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells? | <text>What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells?</text><reasoning>The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a r... |
Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period? | <text>Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?</text><reasoning>In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable o... |
Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes? | <text>Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?</text><reasoning>In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed tha... |
What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ? | <text>What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?</text><reasoning>In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capab... |
What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s? | <text>What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?</text><reasoning>In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 2... |
What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994? | <text>What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?</text><reasoning>In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activ... |
In what work did Ferguson explain how humans advanced from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without "signing" a social contract? | <text>In what work did Ferguson explain how humans advanced from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without "signing" a social contract?</text><reasoning>Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized... |
In what year did Ferguson publish An Essay on the History of Civil Society? | <text>In what year did Ferguson publish An Essay on the History of Civil Society?</text><reasoning>Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from... |
How many stages of progress did Ferguson theorize? | <text>How many stages of progress did Ferguson theorize?</text><reasoning>Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen,... |
Who, along with Adam Ferguson, criticized the idea of social contract theorists? | <text>Who, along with Adam Ferguson, criticized the idea of social contract theorists?</text><reasoning>Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived... |
What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure? | <text>What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure?</text><reasoning>Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In m... |
What do mice without the clock gene become? | <text>What do mice without the clock gene become?</text><reasoning>Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of... |
Beside obesity, how else does the lack of a circadian clock effect the mice? | <text>Beside obesity, how else does the lack of a circadian clock effect the mice?</text><reasoning>Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered gluco... |
How certain is it that these circadian clock effects are the same in humans? | <text>How certain is it that these circadian clock effects are the same in humans?</text><reasoning>Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucos... |
What gene needs to be deleted to cause obesity in mice? | <text>What gene needs to be deleted to cause obesity in mice?</text><reasoning>Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice,... |
What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm? | <text>What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm?</text><reasoning>Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic... |
What do plants need to attract to their flowering? | <text>What do plants need to attract to their flowering?</text><reasoning>Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosyntheti... |
With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync? | <text>With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync?</text><reasoning>Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, p... |
What does adaptive advantage allow for plants? | <text>What does adaptive advantage allow for plants?</text><reasoning>Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic ac... |
Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage? | <text>Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage?</text><reasoning>Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme... |
Who is the world's oldest reigning monarch? | <text>Who is the world's oldest reigning monarch?</text><reasoning>Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the ... |
Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer? | <text>Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer?</text><reasoning>Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the... |
How is Victoria related to Elizabeth? | <text>How is Victoria related to Elizabeth?</text><reasoning>Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolo... |
In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria's length of rule? | <text>In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria's length of rule?</text><reasoning>Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patri... |
In the history of what is Elizabeth the longest reigning queen? | <text>In the history of what is Elizabeth the longest reigning queen?</text><reasoning>Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian ... |
When were Elizabeth and Philip married? | <text>When were Elizabeth and Philip married?</text><reasoning>Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy th... |
At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married? | <text>At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married?</text><reasoning>Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons t... |
How many wedding gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive? | <text>How many wedding gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive?</text><reasoning>Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration ... |
Who designed Elizabeth's wedding gown? | <text>Who designed Elizabeth's wedding gown?</text><reasoning>Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the... |
What former King was not invited to the wedding? | <text>What former King was not invited to the wedding?</text><reasoning>Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons ... |
What did early research show people preferred as a day length? | <text>What did early research show people preferred as a day length?</text><reasoning>Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the p... |
What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length? | <text>What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length?</text><reasoning>Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shie... |
What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase? | <text>What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase?</text><reasoning>Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it fa... |
To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ? | <text>To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?</text><reasoning>Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shiel... |
When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day? | <text>When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day?</text><reasoning>Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed... |
During the Australian constitutional crisis, what Prime Minister was dismissed? | <text>During the Australian constitutional crisis, what Prime Minister was dismissed?</text><reasoning>A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Se... |
Who dismissed Whilam from the post of Australian Prime Minister? | <text>Who dismissed Whilam from the post of Australian Prime Minister?</text><reasoning>A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected W... |
Who appealed to Elizabeth to reverse the dismissal of Whitlam? | <text>Who appealed to Elizabeth to reverse the dismissal of Whitlam?</text><reasoning>A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whi... |
What did Whitlam have in the House of Representatives? | <text>What did Whitlam have in the House of Representatives?</text><reasoning>A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's b... |
What did Elizabeth decline to do in response to the appeal by Scholes? | <text>What did Elizabeth decline to do in response to the appeal by Scholes?</text><reasoning>A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate reje... |
When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal? | <text>When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal?</text><reasoning>The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, sh... |
When did Queen Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in London? | <text>When did Queen Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in London?</text><reasoning>The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics... |
For what event did Elizabeth appear in a film as part of the opening ceremonies? | <text>For what event did Elizabeth appear in a film as part of the opening ceremonies?</text><reasoning>The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For... |
What actor also appeared with Elizabeth in the film? | <text>What actor also appeared with Elizabeth in the film?</text><reasoning>The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she pl... |
For what activity related to the film industry did Elizabeth receive a BAFTA award? | <text>For what activity related to the film industry did Elizabeth receive a BAFTA award?</text><reasoning>The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. ... |
What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms? | <text>What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms?</text><reasoning>What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting rep... |
What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect? | <text>What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect?</text><reasoning>What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting rep... |
From what did DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells? | <text>From what did DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells?</text><reasoning>What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protectin... |
One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ? | <text>One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ?</text><reasoning>What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest ce... |
What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago? | <text>What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago?</text><reasoning>What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting repl... |
Where else beside the SCN cells are independent circadian rhythms also found? | <text>Where else beside the SCN cells are independent circadian rhythms also found?</text><reasoning>More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adren... |
What is the term for the independent clocks? | <text>What is the term for the independent clocks?</text><reasoning>More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesoph... |
What is the SCN considered to be in comparison to the peripheral oscillators? | <text>What is the SCN considered to be in comparison to the peripheral oscillators?</text><reasoning>More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adren... |
To what do oscillators in the skin respond? | <text>To what do oscillators in the skin respond?</text><reasoning>More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesopha... |
What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times? | <text>What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times?</text><reasoning>Norwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study... |
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