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What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of? | <text>What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of?</text><reasoning>Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of... |
What base pairs with thymine? | <text>What base pairs with thymine?</text><reasoning>Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs b... |
What base does guanine pair with? | <text>What base does guanine pair with?</text><reasoning>Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occu... |
What causes the specificity of base pairing? | <text>What causes the specificity of base pairing?</text><reasoning>Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base p... |
Due to the cause of the specificity of base pairing, what must be true of the two strands in a double helix? | <text>Due to the cause of the specificity of base pairing, what must be true of the two strands in a double helix?</text><reasoning>Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairi... |
What causes the directionality of DNA strands? | <text>What causes the directionality of DNA strands?</text><reasoning>Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains... |
What is known as the 3' end? | <text>What is known as the 3' end?</text><reasoning>Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosph... |
What is known as the 5' end? | <text>What is known as the 5' end?</text><reasoning>Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosph... |
What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'→3' direction? | <text>What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'→3' direction?</text><reasoning>Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end c... |
What are most prokaryotic genes organized into? | <text>What are most prokaryotic genes organized into?</text><reasoning>Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3</reasoning><... |
What are multiple protein coding sequences transcribed as? | <text>What are multiple protein coding sequences transcribed as?</text><reasoning>Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3</... |
What sort of functions do the products of operon genes typically have? | <text>What sort of functions do the products of operon genes typically have?</text><reasoning>Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory ne... |
What type of coding sequences do prokaryotic genes typically have? | <text>What type of coding sequences do prokaryotic genes typically have?</text><reasoning>Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory networ... |
Where was Adolf Hitler born? | <text>Where was Adolf Hitler born?</text><reasoning>Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life... |
What did Adolf Hitler have a lifelong romantic fascination with? | <text>What did Adolf Hitler have a lifelong romantic fascination with?</text><reasoning>Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong... |
Where did Adolf Hitler establish a home in the 1930s? | <text>Where did Adolf Hitler establish a home in the 1930s?</text><reasoning>Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there ... |
When was Adolf Hitlers first visit to the Alps? | <text>When was Adolf Hitlers first visit to the Alps?</text><reasoning>Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until ... |
How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin? | <text>How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin?</text><reasoning>The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil... |
What is RNA? | <text>What is RNA?</text><reasoning>The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are le... |
What base does RNA have in place of thymine? | <text>What base does RNA have in place of thymine?</text><reasoning>The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place ... |
What are codons? | <text>What are codons?</text><reasoning>The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules ar... |
What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation? | <text>What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation?</text><reasoning>The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyrib... |
What are prokaryotes? | <text>What are prokaryotes?</text><reasoning>Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with addi... |
How do prokaryotes store their genomes? | <text>How do prokaryotes store their genomes?</text><reasoning>Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their ch... |
Small circles of DNA that encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals are called what? | <text>Small circles of DNA that encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals are called what?</text><reasoning>Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a s... |
What allows genes for antibiotic resistance to be passed between individual cells? | <text>What allows genes for antibiotic resistance to be passed between individual cells?</text><reasoning>Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.... |
What do all genes contain that is required for their expression? | <text>What do all genes contain that is required for their expression?</text><reasoning>Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcript... |
How is a promoter sequence recognized? | <text>How is a promoter sequence recognized?</text><reasoning>Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polyme... |
What results when genes have more than one promoter? | <text>What results when genes have more than one promoter?</text><reasoning>Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors ... |
What does a "strong" promoter sequence do? | <text>What does a "strong" promoter sequence do?</text><reasoning>Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA po... |
How do regulatory regions act? | <text>How do regulatory regions act?</text><reasoning>Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become cl... |
What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors? | <text>What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors?</text><reasoning>Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (an... |
How do enhancers increase transcription? | <text>How do enhancers increase transcription?</text><reasoning>Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor)... |
What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein? | <text>What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein?</text><reasoning>Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound tra... |
What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase? | <text>What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase?</text><reasoning>Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound trans... |
What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence? | <text>What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence?</text><reasoning>Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the l... |
Why do some regulatory regions of a gene not have to be close to the coding sequence? | <text>Why do some regulatory regions of a gene not have to be close to the coding sequence?</text><reasoning>Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule bec... |
What part of a gene can be much larger than its exons? | <text>What part of a gene can be much larger than its exons?</text><reasoning>Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be... |
How do regulatory regions on different chromosomes operate in order to allow regions on different chromosomes to come into contact with one another? | <text>How do regulatory regions on different chromosomes operate in order to allow regions on different chromosomes to come into contact with one another?</text><reasoning>Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily hav... |
Where can regulatory regions be found? | <text>Where can regulatory regions be found?</text><reasoning>Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to b... |
By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries? | <text>By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries?</text><reasoning>By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid ... |
What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich? | <text>What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich?</text><reasoning>By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the onl... |
What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich? | <text>What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich?</text><reasoning>By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only countr... |
Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland? | <text>Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland?</text><reasoning>By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily av... |
What model did early work in molecular genetics suggest? | <text>What model did early work in molecular genetics suggest?</text><reasoning>Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short sec... |
What discovery caused the model that one gene makes one protein to be refined? | <text>What discovery caused the model that one gene makes one protein to be refined?</text><reasoning>Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequen... |
How do genes encode multiple proteins? | <text>How do genes encode multiple proteins?</text><reasoning>Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the ge... |
How are alternative splicing and coding sequences distributed? | <text>How are alternative splicing and coding sequences distributed?</text><reasoning>Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in sho... |
In order for a gene to encode multiple proteins, how must its mRNAs be arranged? | <text>In order for a gene to encode multiple proteins, how must its mRNAs be arranged?</text><reasoning>Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequ... |
Where do organisms inherit their genes from? | <text>Where do organisms inherit their genes from?</text><reasoning>Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1</reasoning><outpu... |
How much of an asexual organism's genome is inherited from its parents? | <text>How much of an asexual organism's genome is inherited from its parents?</text><reasoning>Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each ... |
How many copies of each chromosome does a sexual organism have? | <text>How many copies of each chromosome does a sexual organism have?</text><reasoning>Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:... |
What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene? | <text>What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene?</text><reasoning>Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a d... |
How can the gene nomenclature be accessed? | <text>How can the gene nomenclature be accessed?</text><reasoning>Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbol... |
How many symbols does each gene have? | <text>How many symbols does each gene have?</text><reasoning>Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are... |
With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with? | <text>With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with?</text><reasoning>Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database main... |
What type of model does the mouse play a role for? | <text>What type of model does the mouse play a role for?</text><reasoning>Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC... |
How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein? | <text>How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein?</text><reasoning>In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA... |
What step must RNA-coding genes still go through? | <text>What step must RNA-coding genes still go through?</text><reasoning>In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-co... |
What is the process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein called? | <text>What is the process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein called?</text><reasoning>In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Sec... |
What Islamic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to? | <text>What Islamic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?</text><reasoning>Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Latin Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, La Francophonie and the South Atlant... |
What Portuguese organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to? | <text>What Portuguese organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?</text><reasoning>Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Latin Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, La Francophonie and the South Atl... |
What West African organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to? | <text>What West African organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?</text><reasoning>Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Latin Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, La Francophonie and the South A... |
What South Atlantic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to? | <text>What South Atlantic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?</text><reasoning>Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Latin Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, La Francophonie and the South... |
What Latin organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to? | <text>What Latin organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?</text><reasoning>Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Latin Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, La Francophonie and the South Atlantic... |
What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein? | <text>What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein?</text><reasoning>The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a "start codon", and three "s... |
What are sets of three nucleotides known as? | <text>What are sets of three nucleotides known as?</text><reasoning>The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codo... |
What indicates the beginning and end of the protein coding region? | <text>What indicates the beginning and end of the protein coding region?</text><reasoning>The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a "start codon"... |
How many possible codons are there? | <text>How many possible codons are there?</text><reasoning>The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indic... |
What is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product? | <text>What is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product?</text><reasoning>A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as... |
In some cases, what are the actual functional products? | <text>In some cases, what are the actual functional products?</text><reasoning>A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and tra... |
What sort of synthesis occurs when the RNA molecules are the actual functional products? | <text>What sort of synthesis occurs when the RNA molecules are the actual functional products?</text><reasoning>A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the s... |
What sort of function are ribozymes capable of? | <text>What sort of function are ribozymes capable of?</text><reasoning>A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RN... |
What are the DNA sequences from which ribozymes are transcribed known as? | <text>What are the DNA sequences from which ribozymes are transcribed known as?</text><reasoning>A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of rib... |
When was Alvise Cadamosto's voyage? | <text>When was Alvise Cadamosto's voyage?</text><reasoning>Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse, and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River and t... |
When was Eustache de la Fosse's voyage? | <text>When was Eustache de la Fosse's voyage?</text><reasoning>Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse, and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River a... |
What was the name of the Portuguese explorer? | <text>What was the name of the Portuguese explorer?</text><reasoning>Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse, and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo R... |
What river did Diogo Cao reach in the 1480's? | <text>What river did Diogo Cao reach in the 1480's?</text><reasoning>Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse, and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo R... |
What country is about 4200 km from Guinea-Bissau? | <text>What country is about 4200 km from Guinea-Bissau?</text><reasoning>Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse, and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Con... |
What does transcription produce? | <text>What does transcription produce?</text><reasoning>Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's D... |
What is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA? | <text>What is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA?</text><reasoning>Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final p... |
Why does the mRNA match the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand? | <text>Why does the mRNA match the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand?</text><reasoning>Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and it... |
What is the enzyme called that performs transcription? | <text>What is the enzyme called that performs transcription?</text><reasoning>Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein... |
According to Mendelian inheritance, what is part of the cause of variations in an organism's phenotype? | <text>According to Mendelian inheritance, what is part of the cause of variations in an organism's phenotype?</text><reasoning>According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of g... |
What sort of characteristics are described by an organism's phenotype? | <text>What sort of characteristics are described by an organism's phenotype?</text><reasoning>According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a part... |
What is a genotype? | <text>What is a genotype?</text><reasoning>According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (all... |
What specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of alleles? | <text>What specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of alleles?</text><reasoning>According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a par... |
How many alleles do most eukaryotic organisms have for each trait? | <text>How many alleles do most eukaryotic organisms have for each trait?</text><reasoning>According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particul... |
Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes? | <text>Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?</text><reasoning>In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is ... |
If the transcription is very long, where on the RNA may translation begin? | <text>If the transcription is very long, where on the RNA may translation begin?</text><reasoning>In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucle... |
Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes? | <text>Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?</text><reasoning>In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is s... |
Where does a eukaryote store the cell's DNA? | <text>Where does a eukaryote store the cell's DNA?</text><reasoning>In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is st... |
What is the RNA molecule produced by the polymerase known as? | <text>What is the RNA molecule produced by the polymerase known as?</text><reasoning>In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the... |
What was reported to be entering the country prior to the election? | <text>What was reported to be entering the country prior to the election?</text><reasoning>Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some "disturbances during campaigning," including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election ... |
What type of "disturbances" were reported during the campaign? | <text>What type of "disturbances" were reported during the campaign?</text><reasoning>Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some "disturbances during campaigning," including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overa... |
How did foreign election monitors describe the election? | <text>How did foreign election monitors describe the election?</text><reasoning>Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some "disturbances during campaigning," including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as ... |
What year was the election held? | <text>What year was the election held?</text><reasoning>Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some "disturbances during campaigning," including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as "calm and organized".</r... |
Where the election monitors local, or foreign? | <text>Where the election monitors local, or foreign?</text><reasoning>Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some "disturbances during campaigning," including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as "calm and ... |
What are genes with a most recent common ancestor called? | <text>What are genes with a most recent common ancestor called?</text><reasoning>Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the res... |
What is one reason for homologs to appear? | <text>What is one reason for homologs to appear?</text><reasoning>Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergen... |
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