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How do the lengths of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?	<text>How do the lengths of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?</text><reasoning>De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler ...
How does the structure of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?	<text>How does the structure of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?</text><reasoning>De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simp...
What is one primary source of orphan protein-coding genes?	<text>What is one primary source of orphan protein-coding genes?</text><reasoning>De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structu...
What areas were the first places colonized by the Portuguese?	<text>What areas were the first places colonized by the Portuguese?</text><reasoning>Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Gui...
When did the Portuguese first set up trading posts in Guinea-Bissau?	<text>When did the Portuguese first set up trading posts in Guinea-Bissau?</text><reasoning>Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers...
When did the Portuguese explore the interior of Guinea-Bissau?	<text>When did the Portuguese explore the interior of Guinea-Bissau?</text><reasoning>Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Gu...
Who controlled the inland trade in Guinea-Bissau during this time?	<text>Who controlled the inland trade in Guinea-Bissau during this time?</text><reasoning>Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers i...
What ports were the Portuguese restricted to?	<text>What ports were the Portuguese restricted to?</text><reasoning>Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of who...
What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication?	<text>What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication?</text><reasoning>DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3...
What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells?	<text>What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells?</text><reasoning>DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high ...
What is the highest error rate that can occur for some RNA viruses?	<text>What is the highest error rate that can occur for some RNA viruses?</text><reasoning>DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as ...
What can small mutations be caused by?	<text>What can small mutations be caused by?</text><reasoning>DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that...
What can larger mutations be caused by?	<text>What can larger mutations be caused by?</text><reasoning>DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means tha...
What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure?	<text>What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure?</text><reasoning>The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not ...
What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called?	<text>What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called?</text><reasoning>The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequenc...
How do genes typically accumulate mutations over time?	<text>How do genes typically accumulate mutations over time?</text><reasoning>The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its ...
Under what type of selection are genes constrained so they change more slowly?	<text>Under what type of selection are genes constrained so they change more slowly?</text><reasoning>The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's seq...
What type of analyses can the sequence differences between genes be used for?	<text>What type of analyses can the sequence differences between genes be used for?</text><reasoning>The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequ...
What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once part of?	<text>What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once part of?</text><reasoning>Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century...
What empire was Guinea-Bissau once part of?	<text>What empire was Guinea-Bissau once part of?</text><reasoning>Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century,...
What year was Guinea-Bissau declared independent?	<text>What year was Guinea-Bissau declared independent?</text><reasoning>Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th ce...
What country did Guinea-Bissau seek to differentiate itself from?	<text>What country did Guinea-Bissau seek to differentiate itself from?</text><reasoning>Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century...
Guinea-Bissau has a history of what since independence?	<text>Guinea-Bissau has a history of what since independence?</text><reasoning>Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 1...
What is it called when multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population?	<text>What is it called when multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population?</text><reasoning>When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to ...
What can some alleles give rise to?	<text>What can some alleles give rise to?</text><reasoning>When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is call...
What is a gene's most common allele known as?	<text>What is a gene's most common allele known as?</text><reasoning>When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common alle...
What are rare alleles called?	<text>What are rare alleles called?</text><reasoning>When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the...
What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population?	<text>What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population?</text><reasoning>When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give ris...
Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known?	<text>Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known?</text><reasoning>Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined....
What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes?	<text>What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes?</text><reasoning>Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refin...
What sort of variants did the Human Genome Project indicate that many of the measured transcripts were?	<text>What sort of variants did the Human Genome Project indicate that many of the measured transcripts were?</text><reasoning>Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detectin...
After the Human Genome Project, how many genes were encoded on the mitochondrial genome?	<text>After the Human Genome Project, how many genes were encoded on the mitochondrial genome?</text><reasoning>Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have bee...
What percentage of the human genome consists of protein coding genes?	<text>What percentage of the human genome consists of protein coding genes?</text><reasoning>Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial ...
Who controlled the country prior to 1984?	<text>Who controlled the country prior to 1984?</text><reasoning>The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999. Elections were held again in 200...
When were the first multi-party elections held?	<text>When were the first multi-party elections held?</text><reasoning>The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999. Elections were held again ...
What led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War?	<text>What led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War?</text><reasoning>The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999. Elections were held again in 2000...
When was the president ousted?	<text>When was the president ousted?</text><reasoning>The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999. Elections were held again in 2000, and Kumb...
Who was elected president in the 2000 election?	<text>Who was elected president in the 2000 election?</text><reasoning>The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999. Elections were held again ...
What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called?	<text>What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called?</text><reasoning>Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and...
What does a ribosome consist of?	<text>What does a ribosome consist of?</text><reasoning>Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino ac...