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When did the government of Aragon degree the establishment of a language regulator? | <text>When did the government of Aragon degree the establishment of a language regulator?</text><reasoning>In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia... |
What language is the regulator meant to standardize? | <text>What language is the regulator meant to standardize?</text><reasoning>In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall all... |
Where is the language to be regulated located? | <text>Where is the language to be regulated located?</text><reasoning>In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a f... |
What is common in Romance languages? | <text>What is common in Romance languages?</text><reasoning>The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example e... |
What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages? | <text>What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?</text><reasoning>The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternat... |
What word additive is usually added to verbs? | <text>What word additive is usually added to verbs?</text><reasoning>The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for ... |
What other word changes can occur in derivations? | <text>What other word changes can occur in derivations?</text><reasoning>The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, ... |
What word supplement can be put on an already existing word base? | <text>What word supplement can be put on an already existing word base?</text><reasoning>The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alterna... |
What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia? | <text>What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?</text><reasoning>The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Eston... |
What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages? | <text>What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?</text><reasoning>The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different wav... |
What is the usual way to make a plural? | <text>What is the usual way to make a plural?</text><reasoning>As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before cert... |
What can the addition of the suffix -s produce? | <text>What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?</text><reasoning>As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- bef... |
To what are these morphological changes similar? | <text>To what are these morphological changes similar?</text><reasoning>As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- be... |
What is an important plural alternation? | <text>What is an important plural alternation?</text><reasoning>As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before cer... |
What can use words from different dialects? | <text>What can use words from different dialects?</text><reasoning>Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there ... |
What kind of words are excepted from literary use? | <text>What kind of words are excepted from literary use?</text><reasoning>Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays... |
When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin? | <text>When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?</text><reasoning>Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, e... |
What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects? | <text>What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?</text><reasoning>Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of othe... |
What kind of choice is now available in word choice? | <text>What kind of choice is now available in word choice?</text><reasoning>Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowada... |
What is this distinction similar to? | <text>What is this distinction similar to?</text><reasoning>Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.</reasoning><output>all other Romance lang... |
What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction? | <text>What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?</text><reasoning>Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.</reasoning><output>Engli... |
What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for? | <text>What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?</text><reasoning>Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.</reasoning><outpu... |
What Uralic language branch contains Estonian? | <text>What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?</text><reasoning>Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami lan... |
What are two other languages in the Finnic branch? | <text>What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?</text><reasoning>Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami... |
What language group is Estonian not a part of? | <text>What language group is Estonian not a part of?</text><reasoning>Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami lan... |
What languages are related to Estonian but not closely? | <text>What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?</text><reasoning>Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the... |
When did the Northern Crusades happen? | <text>When did the Northern Crusades happen?</text><reasoning>The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]</reasoning><output>13th century to 1918</output> |
Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades? | <text>Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?</text><reasoning>The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]</reasoning><output>Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia</output... |
Following the crusades which country was dominated? | <text>Following the crusades which country was dominated?</text><reasoning>The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]</reasoning><output>Estonia</output> |
What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia? | <text>What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?</text><reasoning>The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]</reasoning><output>indigenous literacy</output> |
What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives? | <text>What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?</text><reasoning>There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/... |
What is ab example of a gender marked adjective? | <text>What is ab example of a gender marked adjective?</text><reasoning>There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.</reasoning>... |
What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective? | <text>What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective?</text><reasoning>There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/... |
What system is common to Western Romance? | <text>What system is common to Western Romance?</text><reasoning>The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.</reasoning><output>Catalan verbal system</output> |
What have many dialects replaced? | <text>What have many dialects replaced?</text><reasoning>The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.</reasoning><output>synthetic indicative perfect</output> |
What is the Catalan verbal system common to? | <text>What is the Catalan verbal system common to?</text><reasoning>The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.</reasoning><output>all Western Romance</output> |
What kind of harmony has Estonian lost? | <text>What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?</text><reasoning>Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognize... |
What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share? | <text>What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share?</text><reasoning>Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmo... |
In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language? | <text>In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?</text><reasoning>Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel har... |
What was the first Estonian language book to be published? | <text>What was the first Estonian language book to be published?</text><reasoning>The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never... |
When were the Kallamaa prayers written? | <text>When were the Kallamaa prayers written?</text><reasoning>The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader... |
What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525? | <text>What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?</text><reasoning>The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which ne... |
At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed? | <text>At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?</text><reasoning>The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, ... |
Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia? | <text>Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?</text><reasoning>Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Balti... |
Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian? | <text>Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?</text><reasoning>Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher com... |
What happened to Estonia during WWII? | <text>What happened to Estonia during WWII?</text><reasoning>When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragem... |
Who invaded Estonia? | <text>Who invaded Estonia?</text><reasoning>When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the secon... |
After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language? | <text>After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language?</text><reasoning>When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia m... |
What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia? | <text>What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia?</text><reasoning>When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immig... |
What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia? | <text>What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia?</text><reasoning>When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Sovi... |
How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go? | <text>How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?</text><reasoning>The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.</reasoning><o... |
Where can records of Estonian place names be found? | <text>Where can records of Estonian place names be found?</text><reasoning>The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.</reasoning><output>Originates Livonia... |
Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae? | <text>Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?</text><reasoning>The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.</reasoning><output>Chronicle of Henry o... |
Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia? | <text>Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?</text><reasoning>The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian pl... |
Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words? | <text>Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?</text><reasoning>Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-L... |
When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin? | <text>When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?</text><reasoning>Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a ... |
In whose work can you find examples of acquired words? | <text>In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?</text><reasoning>Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Gre... |
When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages? | <text>When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?</text><reasoning>Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth ce... |
Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan? | <text>Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?</text><reasoning>Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a numbe... |
How many groups of Estonian dialects are there? | <text>How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?</text><reasoning>The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern ... |
What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups? | <text>What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?</text><reasoning>The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeaste... |
What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated? | <text>What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated?</text><reasoning>The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, th... |
Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken? | <text>Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?</text><reasoning>The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast ... |
What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken? | <text>What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken?</text><reasoning>The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that... |
What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? | <text>What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan?</text><reasoning>This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui... |
What do you not need to use in Catalan? | <text>What do you not need to use in Catalan?</text><reasoning>This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaro... |
What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan? | <text>What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan?</text><reasoning>This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanis... |
What method does Spanish use to identify the object? | <text>What method does Spanish use to identify the object?</text><reasoning>This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish m... |
How many surnames does everyone in Spain have? | <text>How many surnames does everyone in Spain have?</text><reasoning>In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").</reasoni... |
Which one of one's father's surnames is used? | <text>Which one of one's father's surnames is used?</text><reasoning>In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").</reasonin... |
What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames? | <text>What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?</text><reasoning>In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").</r... |
In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed? | <text>In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?</text><reasoning>From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]</reasoning><output>23,868</output> |
In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed? | <text>In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?</text><reasoning>From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]</reasoning><output>14,503</output> |
In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918? | <text>In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?</text><reasoning>From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]</reasoning><output>Estonian</output> |
What historical event once again freed Estonia? | <text>What historical event once again freed Estonia?</text><reasoning>During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state languag... |
Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language? | <text>Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language?</text><reasoning>During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back ... |
What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages? | <text>What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages?</text><reasoning>During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to bei... |
What came into being in January 1989? | <text>What came into being in January 1989?</text><reasoning>During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Eston... |
In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe? | <text>In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?</text><reasoning>Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of B... |
Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from? | <text>Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from?</text><reasoning>Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Bagh... |
What name did the process take on in Baghdad? | <text>What name did the process take on in Baghdad?</text><reasoning>Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called... |
In which century did the process become much cheaper than before? | <text>In which century did the process become much cheaper than before?</text><reasoning>Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad,... |
Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process? | <text>Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?</text><reasoning>Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of B... |
Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect? | <text>Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?</text><reasoning>In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/... |
What definite article is found rather than el? | <text>What definite article is found rather than el?</text><reasoning>In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her')... |
What is -v- used for? | <text>What is -v- used for?</text><reasoning>In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours')... |
What dialect employs many archaic words? | <text>What dialect employs many archaic words?</text><reasoning>In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo t... |
What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted? | <text>What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?</text><reasoning>In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), ... |
Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length? | <text>Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?</text><reasoning>One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality,... |
What are the phonemic length's three degrees? | <text>What are the phonemic length's three degrees?</text><reasoning>One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the di... |
What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction? | <text>What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?</text><reasoning>One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are disti... |
What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance? | <text>What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance?</text><reasoning>Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future o... |
Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians? | <text>Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?</text><reasoning>Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonia... |
Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture? | <text>Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture?</text><reasoning>Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians ... |
Who conquered the ancient Estonians? | <text>Who conquered the ancient Estonians?</text><reasoning>Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusio... |
When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end? | <text>When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end?</text><reasoning>Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Es... |
Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820? | <text>Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?</text><reasoning>The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to ackn... |
What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on? | <text>What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?</text><reasoning>The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge ... |
When was Peterson born? | <text>When was Peterson born?</text><reasoning>The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is comm... |
What is another name given for Peterson's birthday? | <text>What is another name given for Peterson's birthday?</text><reasoning>The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge ... |
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