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Keene P. Dimick Award in Chromatography, Third International Symposium on Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Award for Pioneering Work in the Development of SFC; Marcel J.E. Golay Award and Medal, International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography; American Chemical Society Award in Separation Science and Technology;... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Difluoroethane is an intoxicant with abuse potential. It appears to act primarily through GABA and glutamate receptors. Fatalities linked to difluoroethane abuse include actress Skye McCole Bartusiak, singer Aaron Carter and wrestler Mike Bell. Bitterants, added voluntarily to some brands to deter purposeful inhalation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fine chemicals are used as starting materials for specialty chemicals. The latter are obtained either by direct formulation or after chemical/biochemical transformation of intermediates to active substances. Life sciences, primarily pharmaceutical, agrochemical and food and feed industries are the main consumers of fin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Boric acid, more specifically orthoboric acid, is a compound of boron, oxygen, and hydrogen with formula . It may also be called hydrogen orthoborate, trihydroxidoboron or boracic acid. It is usually encountered as colorless crystals or a white powder, that dissolves in water, and occurs in nature as the mineral sassol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Foldit's developers wanted to attract as many people as possible to the cause of protein folding. So, rather than only building a useful science tool, they used gamification (the inclusion of gaming elements) to make Foldit appealing and engaging to the general public.
As a protein structure is modified, a score is cal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chiral amide bases may be used in catalytic amounts to isomerize meso epoxides to chiral allylic alcohols with high enantioselectivity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A primary alcohol is an alcohol in which the hydroxy group is bonded to a primary carbon atom. It can also be defined as a molecule containing a “–CHOH” group.
In contrast, a secondary alcohol has a formula “–CHROH” and a tertiary alcohol has a formula “–CROH”, where “R” indicates a carbon-containing group.
Examples of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PBMCs were separated from blood on Ficoll-Paque by differential centrifugation and were suspended in 24-well tissue culture plates culture medium. Different dilutions of PBMCs were incubated at 37 °C with 5% . Culture supernatants were collected at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after incubation and the supernatants were test a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A dienone is a class of organic compounds that are formally "derived from diene compounds by conversion of a –CH2– groups into –C(=O)– group .", resulting in "a conjugated structure". The class includes some heterocyclic compounds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the early 1940s, Seaborg moved to Chicago to work on the Manhattan Project. He invited Ghiorso to join him, and for the next four years Ghiorso developed sensitive instruments for detecting the radiation associated with nuclear decay, including spontaneous fission. One of Ghiorso's breakthrough instruments was a 48-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the future, radioligand therapy may expand to include more α-emitter based treatments. Currently, β radioligand therapies are more commonly used in oncology. Clinical trials of α-emitters are underway due to their higher potency and ability to induce double-strand DNA breaks. There are multiple Actinium-225 based PS... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Via the process of hydrogenation, unsaturated N-containing functional groups are reduced to amines using hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst. Suitable groups include nitriles, azides, imines including oximes, amides, and nitro. In the case of nitriles, reactions are sensitive to acidic or alkaline conditions,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diglycerides, generally in a mix with monoglycerides (E471), are common food additives largely used as emulsifiers. The values given in the nutritional labels for total fat, saturated fat, and trans fat do not include those present in mono- and diglycerides. They often are included in bakery products, beverages, ice cr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum.
It is usually measured as a liquid surface elevation, expressed in units of length, at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer. In an aquifer, it can be calculated from the depth to water in a piezometric well (a sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Applications of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation extend beyond its original context of flame propagation and reaction–diffusion systems. These additional applications include flows in pipes and at interfaces, plasmas, chemical reaction dynamics, and models of ion-sputtered surfaces. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In monometallic complexes, aldehydes and ketones can bind to metals in either of two modes, η-O-bonded and η-C,O-bonded. These bonding modes are sometimes referred to sigma- and pi-bonded. These forms may sometimes interconvert.
The sigma bonding mode is more common for higher valence, Lewis-acidic metal centers (e.g.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Elasticities coefficient can also be computed numerically, something that is often done in simulation software.
For example, a small change (say 5%) can be made to the chosen reactant concentration, and the change in the reaction rate recorded. To illustrate this, assume that the reference reaction rate is , and the re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA can have mutations that cause a base in the DNA strand to be damaged. To ensure genetic integrity of the DNA, enzymes need to repair any damage. There are many types of DNA repair. Base excision repair utilizes base flipping to flip the damaged base out of the double helix and into the specificity pocket of a gl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An internal wave can readily be observed in the kitchen by slowly tilting back and forth a bottle of salad dressing - the waves exist at the interface between oil and vinegar.
Atmospheric internal waves can be visualized by wave clouds: at the wave crests air rises and cools in the relatively lower pressure, which can ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MCD can be used as an optical technique for the detection of electronic structure of both the ground states and excited states. It is also a strong addition to the more commonly used absorption spectroscopy, and there are two reasons that explain this. First, a transition buried under a stronger transition can appear i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. After invading a host cells cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The theory presents simple mechanistic rules that describe the uptake and allocation of energy (and nutrients) and the consequences for physiological organization throughout an organism's life cycle, including the relationships of energetics with aging and effects of toxicants. Assumptions of the DEB theory are deline... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a photon is the incident particle, there is an inelastic scattering process called Raman scattering. In this scattering process, the incident photon interacts with matter (gas, liquid, and solid) and the frequency of the photon is shifted towards red or blue. A red shift can be observed when part of the energy of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If homopolymer repeats of the same nucleotide (e.g. ) are present on the template strand (strand to be sequenced) then multiple introduced nucleotides are incorporated and more hydrogen ions are released in a single cycle. This results in a greater pH change and a proportionally greater electronic signal. This is a lim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AFPs work through an interaction with small ice crystals that is similar to an enzyme-ligand binding mechanism which inhibits recrystallization of ice. This explanation of the interruption of the ice crystal structure by the AFP has come to be known as the adsorption-inhibition hypothesis.
According to this hypothesis,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following assumptions are made in order to simplify the Rankine–Hugoniot equations. The mixture is assumed to obey the ideal gas law, so that relation between the downstream and upstream equation of state can be written as
where is the universal gas constant and the mean molecular weight is assumed to be constant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One potential application of ARS involves the rapid and nondestructive identification of drug tablet verification. Currently, there are no unfailing methods to eliminate contaminated or mislabeled products, a process which sometimes results in millions of pills having to be recalled. More studies need to be completed t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Pneumatic Quasiturbine engine is a compressed-air pistonless rotary engine using a rhomboidal-shaped rotor whose sides are hinged at the vertices.
The Quasiturbine has demonstrated as a pneumatic engine using stored compressed air.
It can also take advantage of the energy amplification possible from using available... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quantum logic spectroscopy (QLS) is an ion control scheme that maps quantum information between two co-trapped ion species. Quantum logic operations allow desirable properties of each ion species to be utilized simultaneously. This enables work with ions and molecular ions that have complex internal energy level struct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adverse effects are typically mild to moderate. However, severe, disabling, and potentially irreversible adverse effects sometimes occur, and for this reason it is recommended that use of fluoroquinolones be limited.
Prominent among these are adverse effects that became the subject of a black box warning by the FDA in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pall rings are the most common form of random packing. They are similar to Lessing rings and were developed from the Raschig ring. Pall rings have similar cylindrical dimensions but has rows of windows which increase performance by increasing the surface area. They are suited for low pressure drop and high capacity app... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lecoq de Boisbaudran's early investigations focused on understanding the phenomenon of supersaturation, in which substances can exist in solution in higher concentrations than is possible under normal conditions. He showed that contact of supersaturated solutions with crystals of an isomorphous salt causes the substanc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify linkages between alleles and observable traits such as phenotypes and diseases. Most of the associations are between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the trait being examined and most of these SNPs are located in non-functional DNA. The association establishes a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Effector triggered immunity (ETI) is activated by the presence of pathogen effectors. The ETI response is reliant on R genes, and is activated by specific pathogen strains. Plant ETI often causes an apoptotic hypersensitive response. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecular dynamics methods of calculating pK values make it possible to include full flexibility of the titrated molecule.
Molecular dynamics based methods are typically much more computationally expensive, and not necessarily more accurate, ways to predict pK values than approaches based on the Poisson–Boltzmann equat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is not the usual form in which the equation is used. Instead, the equation is set to zero, meaning , indicating we are at equilibrium and the concentrations and are now equilibrium concentrations, hence:
Rearranging this gives the so-called Haldane relationship:
The advantage of this is that one of the four cons... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reihlen and Flohr demonstrated that Wolffram’s salt could be prepared directly by mixing aqueous solutions of the colorless [[Pt(etn)4Cl2|[Pt(etn)]Cl]] and its yellow analogue, [Pt(etn)Cl]Cl, where etn = NHCHCH, leading to the most probable conclusion of the double salt formula, [Pt(CHNH)Cl] [Pt(CHNH)]Cl·4HO, compared ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term gerontoplast was first introduced in 1977 to define the unique features of the plastid formed during leaf senescence. The process of senescence brings about regulated dismantling of cellular organelles involved in photosynthesis. Chloroplasts responsible for gas exchange in stomata are the last organelles to d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EPS is found in the matrix of other microbial biofilms such as microalgal biofilms. The formation of biofilm and structure of EPS share a lot of similarities with bacterial ones. The formation of biofilm starts with reversible absorption of floating cells to the surface. Followed by production of EPS, the adsorption wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a dental restorative material used in dentistry as a filling material and luting cement, including for orthodontic bracket attachment. Glass-ionomer cements are based on the reaction of silicate glass-powder (calciumaluminofluorosilicate glass) and polyacrylic acid, an ionomer. Occasiona... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical potential was first described by the American engineer, chemist and mathematical physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. He defined it as follows:
Gibbs later noted also that for the purposes of this definition, any chemical element or combination of elements in given proportions may be considered a substance, whether... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A nominal oxidation state is a general term with two different definitions:
* Electrochemical oxidation state represents a molecule or ion in the Latimer diagram or Frost diagram for its redox-active element. An example is the Latimer diagram for sulfur at pH 0 where the electrochemical oxidation state +2 for sulfur pu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transcriptomics studies generate large amounts of data that have potential applications far beyond the original aims of an experiment. As such, raw or processed data may be deposited in public databases to ensure their utility for the broader scientific community. For example, as of 2018, the Gene Expression Omnibus co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tailings do not have to be stored in ponds or sent as slurries into oceans, rivers or streams. There is a growing use of the practice of dewatering tailings using vacuum or pressure filters so the tailings can then be stacked. This saves water which potentially reduces the impacts on the environment in terms of a reduc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*1972–1975 – Associate Member, Viking Lander Science Team, NASA
*1979–1982 – – Member, Committee on Response Strategies to Unusual Chemical Hazards, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council
*1982 – U.S. Coordinator, U.S.-Japan Joint Seminar on “Microcolumn Separation Methods and their Ancillary Techniques,”... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These increasing nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient inputs exert eutrophication pressures on coastal zones. These pressures vary geographically depending on the catchment activities and associated nutrient load. The geographical setting of the coastal zone is another important factor as it controls dilution of the nutrie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKA) is a family of serine-threonine kinase whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). PKA is also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (). PKA has several functions in the cell, including regulation of glycogen, sugar, and lipid metabolism. It should not b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sensor-based sorting is a coarse particle separation technology applied in mining for the dry separation of bulk materials. The functional principle does not limit the technology to any kind of segment or mineral application but makes the technical viability mainly depend on the liberation characteristics at the size r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Willard Libby's discovery of radiocarbon dating at the University of Chicago.
* Merck & Co.'s research on The Vitamin B Complex
* The discovery of Ivermectin | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In these cases, a plasmid is constructed in which the genes to be transferred are flanked by viral sequences that are used by viral proteins to recognize and package the viral genome into viral particles. This plasmid is inserted (usually by transfection) into a producer cell together with other plasmids (DNA construct... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the special case where one hydrogen is replaced by deuterium (D) and another hydrogen by tritium (T), the methyl substituent becomes chiral. Methods exist to produce optically pure methyl compounds, e.g., chiral acetic acid (deuterotritoacetic acid ). Through the use of chiral methyl groups, the stereochemical cours... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The remaining CGN codons are rare in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and absent in Candida glabrata.
* The AUA codon is common in the gene var1 coding for the single mitochondrial ribosomal protein, but rare in genes encoding the enzymes.
* The coding assignments of the AUA (Met or Ile) and CUU (possibly Leu, not Thr) are ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews focusses on photochemistry literature reviews. It is the official journal of the Japanese Photochemistry Association and is published quarterly. The editor-in-chief is Noboru Kitamura. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Martin Albrecht (born December 12, 1971) is a Swiss chemist. He is Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy at the University of Bern. He is known for his contribution to carbene chemistry, particularly with his work on 1,2,3-triazolylidene mesoionic carbene. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many stationary phases are porous to provide greater surface area. Small pores provide greater surface area while larger pore size has better kinetics, especially for larger analytes. For example, a protein which is only slightly smaller than a pore might enter the pore but does not easily leave once inside. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In cellular biology, inclusions are diverse intracellular non-living substances (ergastic substances) that are not bound by membranes. Inclusions are stored nutrients/deutoplasmic substances, secretory products, and pigment granules. Examples of inclusions are glycogen granules in the liver and muscle cells, lipid drop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The drinking bird has been used in many fictional contexts to automatically press buttons. In The Simpsons episode "King-Size Homer", Homer used one to repeatedly press a key on a computer keyboard. Herb Powell also showed one to Homer as part of a demonstration regarding inventions in the episode "Brother, Can You Spa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Throughout the years, Alvero-Al Mahdi has been recognized in various awards from both the Philippines; as well as, the UAE.
* Adamson University Most Outstanding Alumna 2008 (Dubai Chapter)
* Emirates Businesswoman Awardee Professional Category 2008 (UAE)
* Adamson University Most Outstanding Alumna 2009
* Woman of Sub... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Swedish Lancashire hearth consisted of a rectangular closed furnace with a chimney (8 metres high) at one end and a working arch in front of the hearth proper at the other. Pig iron was charged through a door at the foot of the chimney and stacked on an iron-clad bridge so that it could be heated by the waste gase... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The practice of cut-and-fill was widely utilized to construct tracks along rolling terrain across the British Isles. It was later applied in the construction of new dwellings for returning veterans in Ireland at the end of World War II. This application was developed by Irish railway engineer Lachlan J. Boland, who saw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To correctly solve the -phase momentum equation, a feasible set of closure relations must be considered to include all the possible interactions between the phases, expressed as a momentum transfer per unit volume at the phase interface. Interfacial momentum forces are added as a source term in the momentum equation an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Certain constituents of volcanic gases may show very early signs of changing conditions at depth, making them a powerful tool to predict imminent unrest. Used in conjunction with monitoring data on seismicity and deformation, correlative monitoring gains great efficiency. Volcanic gas monitoring is a standard tool of a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy or Helmholtz free energy is essentially the energy of a chemical reaction "free" or available to do external work. Historically, the "free energy" is a more advanced and accurate replacement for the thermochemistry term “affinity” used by chemists of olden days to describe the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Observed values of viscosity vary over several orders of magnitude, even for common substances (see the order of magnitude table below). For instance, a 70% sucrose (sugar) solution has a viscosity over 400 times that of water, and 26,000 times that of air. More dramatically, pitch has been estimated to have a viscosit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, cell parameters a = 3.400 Å, b = 5.156 Å, c = 9.055 Å, β = 95.60°, Z = 4.
Lithium oxalate decomposes when heated at : | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism of the Boekelheide reaction begins by an acyl transfer from the trifluoroacetic anhydride to the N-oxide oxygen. The α-methyl carbon is then deprotonated by the trifluoroacetate anion. This sets the molecule up for a [3.3]-sigmatropic rearrangement which furnishes the trifluoroacetylated methylpyridine. H... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although it is estimated that about 35 primordial nuclides are radioactive (list below), it becomes very difficult to determine the exact total number of radioactive primordials, because the total number of stable nuclides is uncertain. There exist many extremely long-lived nuclides whose half-lives are still unknown, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following on from ferrocene—the first sandwich compound with a central Fe atom coordinated to two parallel cyclopentadienyl rings—names for compounds with similar structures such as osmocene and vanadocene are in common usage. The recommendation is that the name-ending ocene should be restricted to compounds where ther... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vanillin is an organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a phenolic aldehyde. Its functional groups include aldehyde, hydroxyl, and ether. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin is now used more often than natural vanilla extract as a flavoring in foods, beverag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The analysis of ratios of carbon-13 to carbon-12 along the length of a single elephant hair led Cerling and his crew to understand the elephants' diet. During the wet season, after the grass had grown long enough for elephants to grab with their trunks, their tail hair showed the presence of different form of carbon, i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thomas Anderson (2 July 1819 – 2 November 1874) was a 19th-century Scottish chemist. In 1853 his work on alkaloids led him to discover the correct formula/composition for codeine. In 1868 he discovered pyridine and related organic compounds such as picoline through studies on the distillation of bone oil and oth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In spatial scanning, each two-dimensional (2-D) sensor output represents a full slit spectrum (x, λ). Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) devices for spatial scanning obtain slit spectra by projecting a strip of the scene onto a slit and dispersing the slit image with a prism or a grating. These systems have the drawback of ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By the early 1950s it was known from metabolic labeling studies using radioactive phosphate that phosphate groups attached to phosphoproteins inside cells can sometimes undergo rapid exchange of new phosphate for old. In order to perform experiments that would allow isolation and characterization of the enzymes involve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main parts of the most usual type of valve are the body and the bonnet. These two parts form the casing that holds the fluid going through the valve. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Galvanization or galvanizing (also spelled galvanisation or galvanising) is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, in which the parts are coated by submerging them in a bath of hot, molten zinc. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Henry Cavendish, despite not being the first to replace water in the trough with mercury, was among the first to observe that fixed air was insoluble over mercury and therefore could be collected more efficiently using the adapted instrument. He also characterized fixed air (CO) and inflammable air (H). Inflammable air... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The images above give an indication of the compositions and scale (dimensions) associated with MAs, though these just begin to touch on the complexity of the structures; in principle, each living cell is composed of MAs, but is itself an MA as well. In the examples and other such complexes and assemblies, MAs are each ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, and more generally in solution chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, E–pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, is a plot of possible thermodynamically stable phases (i.e., at chemical equilibrium) of an aqueous electrochemical system. Boundaries (50 %/50 %) between the predomi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most obvious way to maintain the ecosystem services that peatland provides is conservation of intact peatlands. This is even more true given the limited success of restoration projects especially in tropical peatlands. The conserved peatland still holds value for humans and hence provides a number of ecosystem serv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning force microscopy (SFM) is a very-high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compounds with disphenoidal (see-saw) geometry have two types of ligands: axial and equatorial. The axial pair lie along a common bond axis so that are related by a bond angle of 180°. The equatorial pair of ligands is situated in a plane orthogonal to the axis of the axial pair. Typically the bond distance to the axia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The formulation of a coating depends primarily on the function required of the coating and also on aesthetics required such as color and gloss. The four primary ingredients are the resin (or binder), solvent which maybe water (or solventless), pigment(s) and additives. Research is ongoing to remove heavy metals from co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Caesium-137 has a half-life of about 30.05 years.
About 94.6% decays by beta emission to a metastable nuclear isomer of barium: barium-137m (Ba, Ba-137m). The remainder directly populates the ground state of Ba, which is stable. Barium-137m has a half-life of about 153 seconds, and is responsible for all of the gamma r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sun has a large , of order 10. Dissipative affects are generally small, and there is no difficulty in maintaining a magnetic field against diffusion.
For the Earth, is estimated to be of order 10
Dissipation is more significant, but a magnetic field is supported by motion in the liquid iron outer core. There are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In many magnetic ferrous alloys, the Curie point, the temperature at which magnetic materials cease to behave magnetically, occurs at nearly the same temperature as the austenite transformation. This behavior is attributed to the paramagnetic nature of austenite, while both martensite and ferrite are strongly ferromagn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mass absorption coefficient is equal to the molar absorption coefficient divided by the molar mass of the absorbing species.
where
* = Mass absorption coefficient
* = Molar absorption coefficient
* = Molar mass of the absorbing species | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
STAT2 has been shown to interact with:
* CREB-binding protein,
* IFNAR1
* IFNAR2,
* IRF9,
* MED14,
* SMARCA4, and
* STAT1. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sticking coefficient is the term used in surface physics to describe the ratio of the number of adsorbate atoms (or molecules) that adsorb, or "stick", to a surface to the total number of atoms that impinge upon that surface during the same period of time. Sometimes the symbol S is used to denote this coefficient, and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Even though enamines are more nucleophilic than their enol counterparts, they can still react selectively, rendering them useful for alkylation reactions. The enamine nucleophile can attack haloalkanes to form the alkylated iminium salt intermediate which then hydrolyzes to regenerate a ketone (a starting material in e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liquefaction of gases is physical conversion of a gas into a liquid state (condensation). The liquefaction of gases is a complicated process that uses various compressions and expansions to achieve high pressures and very low temperatures, using, for example, turboexpanders. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The burning of long-buried fossil fuels releases containing carbon of different isotopic ratios to those of living plants, enabling distinction between natural and human-caused contributions to concentration.
* There are higher atmospheric concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere, where most of the world's popula... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Piperacillin irreversibly binds to the enzyme penicillin-binding proteins, inhibiting the biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The way bacteriorhodopsin generates a proton gradient in Archaea is through a proton pump. The proton pump relies on proton carriers to drive protons from the side of the membrane with a low H concentration to the side of the membrane with a high H concentration. In bacteriorhodopsin, the proton pump is activated by ab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the transition involves more than one charged particle, the transition dipole moment is defined in an analogous way to an electric dipole moment: The sum of the positions, weighted by charge. If the ith particle has charge q and position operator r, then the transition dipole moment is: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal carbonyls are used in several industrial processes. Perhaps the earliest application was the extraction and purification of nickel via nickel tetracarbonyl by the Mond process (see also carbonyl metallurgy).
By a similar process carbonyl iron, a highly pure metal powder, is prepared by thermal decomposition of ir... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Boiling systems are those in which liquid coolant absorbs energy from a heated solid surface and undergoes a change in phase. In flow boiling systems, the saturated fluid progresses through a series of flow regimes as vapor quality is increased. In systems that utilize boiling, the heat transfer rate is significantly h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Moissan contributed to the development of the electric arc furnace, which opened several paths to developing and preparing new compounds, and attempted to use pressure to produce synthetic diamonds from the more common form of carbon. He also used the furnace to synthesize the borides and carbides of numerous elements.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For efficient ridged mirrors, both estimates above should predict high reflectivity. This implies reduction of both, width, of the ridges and the period, . The width of the ridges cannot be smaller than the size of an atom; this sets the limit of performance of the ridged mirrors. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The secular dipolar coupling Hamiltonian of two spins, and is given by:
where
* is the reduced Planck constant.
* and are the gyromagnetic ratios of spin and spin respectively.
* is the inter-spin distance.
* is the angle between the inter-spin vector and the external magnetic field.
* and are vectors of spin ope... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exposure to MAM before birth increases susceptibility to epileptic seizures caused by flurothyl. Prenatal MAM exposure in rats results in a model of brain malformation. In some MAM animals, video-EEG monitoring has documented the presence of spontaneous electrographic seizure activity In some epilepsy rat models, MAM... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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