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A further step beyond superstructures and aperiodic materials is what is called diffuse scattering in electron diffraction patterns due to disorder, which is also known for x-ray or neutron scattering. This can occur from inelastic processes, for instance, in bulk silicon the atomic vibrations (phonons) are more preval... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The polymolybdates and polytungstates are derived, formally at least, from the dianionic [MO] precursors. The most common units for polymolybdates and polyoxotungstates are the octahedral {MO} centers, sometimes slightly distorted. Some polymolybdates contain pentagonal bipyramidal units. These building blocks are foun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the case of a translating ribosome, a frameshift can either result in Nonsense mutation, a premature stop codon after the frameshift, or the creation of a completely new protein after the frameshift. In the case where a frameshift results in nonsense, the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway may destroy the mR... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The glutathione peroxidase family of enzymes (abbreviated GSH-Px) catalyze reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides:
:2GSH + HO → GSSG + 2 HO
The two H atoms are donated by thiols in a process that begins with oxidation of a selenol side chain in GSH-Px. The organoselenium compound ebselen is a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Letting , the mass of the particle, the integrated Boltzmann equation becomes the conservation of mass equation:
where is the mass density, and is the average fluid velocity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All diatomic molecules are linear and characterized by a single parameter which is the bond length or distance between the two atoms. Diatomic nitrogen has a triple bond, diatomic oxygen has a double bond, and diatomic hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, and bromine all have single bonds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another type of motion of a diatomic molecule is for each atom to oscillate—or vibrate—along the line connecting the two atoms. The vibrational energy is approximately that of a quantum harmonic oscillator:
:where
:: is an integer
:: is the reduced Planck constant and
:: is the angular frequency of the vibration. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
De Silva and McClenaghan designed a proof-of-principle arithmetic device based on molecular logic gates. As depicted in Figure 10 A, Compound A is a push-pull olefin with the top receptor containing four carboxylic acid anion groups (and non-disclosed counter cations) capable of binding to calcium. The bottom part is a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diffusion-trapping methods utilizes diffusion techniques to get the substrates into the crystal and thereafter different trapping techniques are applied to get the intermediate of interest to accumulate in the crystal prior to collection of the diffraction pattern. These trapping methods could involve changes in pH, us... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
John Alexander Reina Newlands (26 November 1837 – 29 July 1898) was a British chemist who worked concerning the periodicity of elements. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a mixture of chemical species labelled by indices the equation for species is
where , and the collision term is
where , the magnitude of the relative momenta is
and is the differential cross-section, as before, between particles i and j. The integration is over the momentum components in the integrand (which are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Starpharma, an Australian pharmaceutical company, has multiple products that have either already been approved for use or are in the clinical trial phase. SPL7013, also known as astodrimer sodium, is a hyperbranched polymer used in Starpharma’s VivaGel line of pharmaceuticals that is currently approved to treat bacteri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the name suggests, the prerequisite of a successful RDRP is fast and reversible activation/deactivation of propagating chains. There are three types of RDRP; namely deactivation by catalyzed reversible coupling, deactivation by spontaneous reversible coupling and deactivation by degenerative transfer (DT). A mixture... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early research in the 19th and 20th centuries on osmosis and diffusion provided the foundation for understanding the passive movement of molecules across cell membranes.
In 1855, the physiologist Adolf Fick was the first to define osmosis and simple diffusion as the tendency for solutes to move from a region of higher ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Historically, in traditional medicine of Europe, Lobaria pulmonaria was collected in large quantities as "lungwort", due to its lung-like appearance (the "doctrine of signatures" suggesting that herbs can treat body parts that they physically resemble). Similarly, Peltigera leucophlebia ("ruffled freckled pelt") was us... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hubel majored in mechanical engineering at Iowa State University, graduating in 1983. She continued her studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where she earned a master's degree in 1989 and completed her Ph.D. in the same year.
She worked as a research fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital from ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two promising methods for the description of the acid–base properties of metal oxides are Calorimetric measurements of adsorption enthalpies and Temperature Programmed desorption. The measurement of the heat of adsorption of basic or acidic probe molecules can give a description of acidic and basic sites on metal oxide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Grain growth has long been studied primarily by the examination of sectioned, polished and etched samples under the optical microscope. Although such methods enabled the collection of a great deal of empirical evidence, particularly with regard to factors such as temperature or composition, the lack of crystallographic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After receiving his PhD in 1942, Smith began teaching in the Chemistry Department at the Missouri School of Mines in Rolla. While teaching at Missouri, Smith became a mentor to a brilliant 15-year old high student and future National Medal of Science winner named M. Frederick Hawthorne who would eventually follow him t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inert-gas condensation is frequently used to produce metallic nanoparticles. The metal is evaporated in a vacuum chamber containing a reduced atmosphere of an inert gas. Condensation of the supersaturated metal vapor results in creation of nanometer-size particles, which can be entrained in the inert gas stream and dep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The search for new ways to improve treatment of patients infected with HIV is constant. Considering the experience that has been gathered since the 1980s of ARV drug development arrival of INSTIs as a new potent class of ARV signals a new era in the treatment of HIV. Development of a successful INSTI treatment was acco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protein Data Bank in Europe – Knowledge Base (PDBe-KB) is a community-driven, open-access, integrated resource whose mission is to place macromolecular structure data in their biological context and to make them accessible to the scientific community in order to support fundamental and translational research and educat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
John Garton and his two brothers, Robert and Thomas, were in business with their father, Peter, in Golborne and Newton-le-Willows in Lancashire, England, as corn and agricultural merchants.
As a young man, John Garton (1863–1922), was the first to understand that whilst some agricultural plants were self-pollinating, o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Coulomb crystal (also Ion Coulomb crystal) is a collection of trapped ions confined in a crystal-like structure at low temperature. The structures represent an equilibrium between the repulsive Coulomb interaction between ions and the electric and magnetic fields used to confine the ions. Depending on the confinement... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using the dynamic partitioning capabilities employed in dPCR, improved NGS sequencing can be achieved by partitioning of complex PCR reactions prior to amplification to give more uniform amplification across many distinct amplicons for NGS analysis. Additionally, the improved specificity of complex PCR amplification re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To compare the shape of the velocity profile, it can be assumed that
where
is the shape function.
It is important to notice that this formulation ignores the inertial effects. The velocity profile approximates a parabolic profile or a plug profile, for low or high Womersley numbers, respectively. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SH3BP2 (SH3 domain-binding protein 2) is a protein that comes from a gene located on Chromosome 4. SH3BP2 binds differentially to the SH3 domains of certain proteins of signal transduction pathways. It binds to phosphatidylinositols linking the hemopoietic tyrosine kinase fes to the cytoplasmic membrane in a phosphoryl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In metallurgy, the Bower–Barff process is a method of coating iron or steel with magnetic iron oxide, such as FeO, in order to minimize atmospheric corrosion.
The articles to be treated are put into a closed retort and a current of superheated steam passed through for twenty minutes followed by a current of produ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several TILLING centers exist over the world that focus on agriculturally important species:
*Rice – UC Davis (USA)
*Maize – Purdue University (USA)
*Brassica napus – University of British Columbia (CA)
*Brassica rapa – John Innes Centre (UK)
*Arabidopsis – Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research
*Soybean – Southern Illinois U... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Karrer was married to Helena Froelich in 1914 and had three sons, one of whom died in infancy. He died on 18 June 1971, at the age of 82 in Zürich. His wife died in 1972. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ionic mechanism of oxidative addition is similar to the S2 type in that it involves the stepwise addition of two distinct ligand fragments. The key difference being that ionic mechanisms involve substrates which are dissociated in solution prior to any interactions with the metal center. An example of ionic oxidati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fission chain reactions occur because of interactions between neutrons and fissile isotopes (such as U). The chain reaction requires both the release of neutrons from fissile isotopes undergoing nuclear fission and the subsequent absorption of some of these neutrons in fissile isotopes. When an atom undergoes nuclear f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Koschevnikov gland is a gland of the honeybee located near the sting shaft. The gland produces an alarm pheromone that is released when a bee stings. The pheromone contains more than 40 different compounds, including pentylacetate, butyl acetate, 1-hexanol, n-butanol, 1-octanol, hexylacetate, octylacetate, and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This approach is based on first-principles physics alone and is not limited to vortex tubes only, but applies to moving gas in general. It shows that temperature separation in a moving gas is due only to enthalpy conservation in a moving frame of reference.
The thermal process in the vortex tube can be estimated in the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acetogenesis is a process through which acetate is produced by prokaryote microorganisms either by the reduction of CO or by the reduction of organic acids, rather than by the oxidative breakdown of carbohydrates or ethanol, as with acetic acid bacteria.
The different bacterial species capable of acetogenesis are colle... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A plain tube can be used as a siphon. An external pump has to be applied to start the liquid flowing and prime the siphon (in home use this is often done by a person inhaling through the tube until enough of it has filled with liquid; this may pose danger to the user, depending on the liquid that is being siphoned). Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Tulkun is a whale-like creature native to Pandoras ocean. They are similar to Earths whales and possess a form of sentience with their own language, laws, and philosophy which makes them capable of bonding with Navi in a more spiritual way than other animals. Each member of the Metkayina Clan forms a life-long bond... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polyatomic and molecular ions are often formed by the gaining or losing of elemental ions such as a proton, , in neutral molecules. For example, when ammonia, , accepts a proton, —a process called protonation—it forms the ammonium ion, . Ammonia and ammonium have the same number of electrons in essentially the same ele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In pharmaceutics, hairstyling, personal hygiene, and cosmetics, emulsions are frequently used. These are usually oil and water emulsions but dispersed, and which is continuous depends in many cases on the pharmaceutical formulation. These emulsions may be called creams, ointments, liniments (balms), pastes, films, or l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For black body emitters or imperfect selective emitters, filters reflect non-ideal wavelengths back to the emitter. These filters are imperfect. Any light that is absorbed or scattered and not redirected to the emitter or the converter is lost, generally as heat. Conversely, practical filters often reflect a small perc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, polyvalency (or polyvalence, multivalency) is the property of chemical species (generally atoms or molecules) that exhibit more than one valence by forming multiple chemical bonds (Fig. 1). A bivalent species can form two bonds; a trivalent species can form three bonds; and so on.
The principle of polyva... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the first law of thermodynamics emerges:
where power is interpreted as
and the heat current .
Additional conditions have to be imposed on the dissipator to be consistent with thermodynamics.
First the invariant should become an equilibrium Gibbs state.
This implies that the dissipator should commute with the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A human artificial chromosome (HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells. That is, instead of 46 chromosomes, the cell could have 47 with the 47th being very small, roughly 6–10megabases (Mb) in size instead of 50–250Mb for natural chromosomes, and able to carry new genes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A wide variety of agroindustrial waste products can be fermented to use as food for animals, especially ruminants. Fungi have been employed to break down cellulosic wastes to increase protein content and improve in vitro digestibility. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The absorbance pattern responsible for the red color of anthocyanins may be complementary to that of green chlorophyll in photosynthetically active tissues such as young Quercus coccifera leaves. It may protect the leaves from attacks by herbivores that may be attracted by green color. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In metallurgy, the Darken equations are used to describe the solid-state diffusion of materials in binary solutions. They were first described by Lawrence Stamper Darken in 1948. The equations apply to cases where a solid solution's two components do not have the same coefficient of diffusion. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cyclopentadienyl cation is another textbook example of an antiaromatic compound. It is conventionally understood to be planar, cyclic, and have 4 π electrons (4n for n=1) in a conjugated system.
However, it has long been questioned if the cyclopentadienyl cation is genuinely antiaromatic and recent discoveries have... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The River Restoration Centre, based at Cranfield University, is responsible for the National River Restoration Inventory, which is used to document best practice in river watercourse and floodplain restoration, enhancement and management efforts in the United Kingdom. Other established sources for information on stream... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
C and C plants have different signatures, allowing the abundance of C grasses to be detected through time in the δC record. Whereas plants have a δC of −16 to −10‰, plants have a δC of −33 to −24‰.
Mass extinctions are often marked by a negative δC anomaly thought to represent a decrease in primary productivity and r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many lichens produce secondary compounds, including pigments that reduce harmful amounts of sunlight and powerful toxins that deter herbivores or kill bacteria. These compounds are very useful for lichen identification, and have had economic importance as dyes such as cudbear or primitive antibiotics.
A pH indicator (w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atmospheric nitrogen is inaccessible to most organisms, because its triple covalent bond is very strong. Most take up fixed nitrogen from various sources. For every 100 atoms of carbon, roughly 2 to 20 atoms of nitrogen are assimilated. The atomic ratio of carbon (C) : nitrogen (N) : phosphorus (P) observed on average ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although ISO 13943 defines flashover as "transition to a state of total surface involvement in a fire of combustible materials within an enclosure", a broad definition that embraces several different scenarios, including backdrafts, there is nevertheless considerable disagreement regarding whether or not backdrafts sho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary fire code writing organization is the private National Fire Protection Association or NFPA. NFPA sets the standards for technical aspects of sprinklers installed in the USA. Building codes, which specify which buildings require sprinklers are generally left to local jurisdictions. However, there are some... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The probe to be detected is labeled with some biotin-molecules. After incubation with a gold-coupled anti-biotin conjugate, silver nitrate and a reducing agent are added. The reaction starts whereas the gold particle serves as a starting point for the silver precipitation.
The reaction needs to be stopped after a spec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before Frank-Kamenetskii, his doctoral advisor Nikolay Semyonov (or Semenov) proposed a thermal explosion theory with a simpler model with which he assumed a linear function for the heat conduction process instead of the Laplacian operator. Semenov's equation reads as
in which the exponential term will tend to increas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photoluminescence excitation (abbreviated PLE) is a specific type of photoluminescence and concerns the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It is used in spectroscopic measurements where the frequency of the excitation light is varied, and the luminescence is monitored at the typical emission freq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1831, British vinegar merchant Peregrine Phillips patented the contact process, which was a far more economical process for producing sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid. Today, nearly all of the world's sulfuric acid is produced using this method. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The northern blot is used to study the presence of specific RNA molecules as relative comparison among a set of different samples of RNA. It is essentially a combination of denaturing RNA gel electrophoresis, and a blot. In this process RNA is separated based on size and is then transferred to a membrane that is then p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Second sound has been observed in solid He and He,
and in some dielectric solids such as Bi in the temperature
range of 1.2 to 4.0 K with a velocity of 780 ± 50 m/s,
or solid sodium fluoride (NaF) around 10 to 20 K. In 2021 this effect was observed in a BKT superfluid as well as in a germanium semiconductor | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In surface chemistry, disjoining pressure (symbol ) according to an IUPAC definition arises from an attractive interaction between two surfaces. For two flat and parallel surfaces, the value of the disjoining pressure (i.e., the force per unit area) can be calculated as the derivative of the Gibbs energy of interaction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bis(pyridine)iodonium(I) tetrafluoroborate or Barluenga's reagent, named after José Barluenga, is a mild iodinating reagent. Commercially available, it may be prepared by reacting iodine with pyridine in the presence of silver tetrafluoroborate supported on silica gel. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pan evaporation is used to estimate the evaporation from lakes. There is a correlation between lake evaporation and pan evaporation. Evaporation from a natural body of water is usually at a lower rate because the body of water does not have metal sides that get hot with the sun, and while light penetration in a pan is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the kinetic theory of gases, kinetic energy is assumed to purely consist of linear translations according to a speed distribution of particles in the system. However, in real gases and other real substances, the motions which define the kinetic energy of a system (which collectively determine the temperature), are m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The prevailing view that single ion activities are unmeasurable, or perhaps even physically meaningless, has its roots in the work of Edward A. Guggenheim in the late 1920s. However, chemists have not given up the idea of single ion activities. For example, pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The second strategy attempts to deploy multiple NLR genes simultaneously, a breeding strategy known as stacking. Cultivars generated by either DNA-assisted molecular breeding or gene transfer will likely display more durable resistance, because pathogens would have to mutate multiple effector genes. DNA sequencing allo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A cloning vector need not contain suitable elements for the expression of a cloned target gene, such as a promoter and ribosomal binding site (RBS), many however do, and may then work as an expression vector. The target DNA may be inserted into a site that is under the control of a particular promoter necessary for t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the United Kingdom, Green Infrastructure planning is increasingly recognised as a valuable approach for spatial planning and is now seen in national, regional and local planning and policy documents and strategies, for example in the Milton Keynes and South Midlands Growth area.
In 2009, guidance on green infrastruc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Numerous desorber types are available today. Some of the more common types are listed below.
* Indirect fired rotary
* Direct fired rotary
* Heated screw (hot oil, molten salt, electric)
* Infrared
* Microwave
Most indirect fired rotary systems use an inclined rotating metallic cylinder to heat the feed material. The h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iodobenzene dichloride is hydrolyzed by basic solutions to give iodosobenzene (PhIO) and is oxidized by sodium hypochlorite to give iodoxybenzene (PhIO).
In organic synthesis, iodobenzene dichloride is used as a reagent for the selective chlorination of alkenes. and alkynes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monomeric aquo complexes of Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, and Os in oxidation states +4 to +7 have not been reported. For example, is unknown: the hydrolyzed species is the principal species in dilute solutions. With the higher oxidation states the effective electrical charge on the cation is further reduced by the form... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The pump is very reliable. The very simple principle is a clear advantage. Only air with a higher pressure than the liquid is required.
* The liquid is not in contact with any mechanical elements. Therefore, neither the pump can be abraded (which is important for sandwater wells), nor the contents in the pipe (which ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Few episodes of euxinia are evident in the sedimentary record during the Cenozoic. Since the end of the Cretaceous OAEs, it is most likely that the oceanic bottom waters have stayed oxic. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Legislation has been implemented by Japan, Singapore, and Australia that offers subsidies and other incentives to encourage the development of drugs that treat orphan diseases. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photoprotection of the human skin is achieved by extremely efficient internal conversion of DNA, proteins and melanin. Internal conversion is a photochemical process that converts the energy of the UV photon into small, harmless amounts of heat. If the energy of the UV photon were not transformed into heat, then it wou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ASBMB has hosted a yearly meeting each year since 1956. It has also coordinated the joint ComBio meeting with societies in related research fields since 1999. It also supports smaller special interest group meetings, symposia, workshops, conferences, and school science competitions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metals can also be affixed with bioactive glass using a Sol-Gel Process, in which the bioactive glass is sintered onto metals at a controlled temperature that is high enough to perform the sintering, but low enough to avoid phase-shifts and other unwanted side effects. Experimentation has been done with sintering doubl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Originally discovered by Frost and co-workers, the meta selective sulfonation of 2-phenylpyridine using a sulfonyl chloride coupling partner, utilising a ruthenium(II) catalyst. This reaction has been proposed to proceed via a similar method to that of the meta alkylation reported by Frost and Ackermann which involves ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The core of an aquasome can be made from either ceramic or polymeric materials. Examples of such polymers include acrylates and gelatin. However, because ceramic materials are more ordered due to their naturally occurring crystalline structure, they are more often preferred as the material type for the core. Some of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium hydroxide was first prepared by soap makers. A procedure for making sodium hydroxide appeared as part of a recipe for making soap in an Arab book of the late 13th century: (Inventions from the Various Industrial Arts), which was compiled by al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn Umar ibn Ali ibn Rasul (d. 1295), a king of Yemen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The prototypical super leaving group is triflate, and the term has come to mean any leaving group of comparable ability. Compounds where loss of a super leaving group can generate a stable carbocation are usually highly reactive and unstable. Thus, the most commonly encountered organic triflates are methyl triflate and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sir William Crookes (; 17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919) was a British chemist and physicist who attended the Royal College of Chemistry, now part of Imperial College London, and worked on spectroscopy. He was a pioneer of vacuum tubes, inventing the Crookes tube which was made in 1875. This was a foundational discovery th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order for seawater mineral and element extractions to take place while taking close consideration of sustainable practices, it is necessary for monitored management systems to be put in place. This requires management of ocean areas and their conditions, environmental planning, structured guidelines to ensure that e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxidative phosphorylation works by using energy-releasing chemical reactions to drive energy-requiring reactions. The two sets of reactions are said to be coupled. This means one cannot occur without the other. The chain of redox reactions driving the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain, from electro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The influence of dead zones on fisheries and other marine commercial activities varies by the length of occurrence and location. Dead zones are often accompanied by a decrease in biodiversity and collapse in benthic populations, lowering the diversity of yield in commercial fishing operations, but in cases of eutrophic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The society holds an annual meeting in March, every year.
* The 102nd CSJ Annual Meeting is held on March 23 to March 26, 2022 at the Nishinomiya Uegahara campus of Kwansei Gakuin University.
* The 101st CSJ Annual Meeting was virtually held on March 19 to March 21, 2021. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular biology, complementarity describes a relationship between two structures each following the lock-and-key principle. In nature complementarity is the base principle of DNA replication and transcription as it is a property shared between two DNA or RNA sequences, such that when they are aligned antiparallel ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cells were first seen in 17th-century Europe with the invention of the compound microscope. In 1665, Robert Hooke referred to the building blocks of all living organisms as "cells" (published in Micrographia) after looking at a piece of cork and observing a cell-like structure; however, the cells were dead. They gave n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Freshwater environmental quality parameters are those chemical, physical or biological parameters that can be used to characterise a freshwater body. Because almost all water bodies are dynamic in their composition, the relevant quality parameters are typically expressed as a range of expected concentrations.
They incl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In bipolar disorder, one commonly identified endophenotype is a deficit in face emotion labeling, which is found in both individuals with bipolar disorder and in individuals who are "at risk" (i.e., have a first degree relative with bipolar disorder). Using fMRI, this endophenotype has been linked to dysfunction in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*O'Callaghan, Amy; van Sinderen, Douwe (2016). Bifidobacteria and Their Role as Members of the Human Gut Microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7,
*Paul György; Robert F. Norris; Catharine S. Rose (1954). Bifidus factor. I. A variant of Lactobacillus bifidus requiring a special growth factor, 48 (1), 193–201. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Wenzel model (Robert N. Wenzel, 1936) describes the homogeneous wetting regime, as seen in Figure 7, and is defined by the following equation for the contact angle on a rough surface:
where is the apparent contact angle which corresponds to the stable equilibrium state (i.e. minimum free energy state for the syst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In speleology, a siphon or a sump is that part of a cave passage that lies under water and through which cavers have to dive to progress further into the cave system, but it is not an actual siphon. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diethanolamides are common ingredients used in cosmetics to act as a foaming agents or as emulsifiers. Chemically, they are amides formed from diethanolamine and carboxylic acids, typically fatty acids.
Examples include:
* Cocamide diethanolamine
* Lauramide diethanolamine
* Oleamide diethanolamine | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For ammonia, NH, the symmetric bending vibration is observed as two branches near 930 cm and 965 cm. This so-called inversion doubling arises because the symmetric bending vibration is actually a large-amplitude motion known as inversion, in which the nitrogen atom passes through the plane of the three hydrogen atoms, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the ecosystem, different substrates are attacked at different rates by consortia of organisms from different kingdoms. Aspergillus and other moulds play an important role in these consortia because they are adept at recycling starches, hemicelluloses, celluloses, pectins and other sugar polymers. Some aspergilli are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Assay offices did and do exist in the U.S., but they are affiliated with the governments coinage mints and serve only the governments purposes in that field. They are not involved in hallmarking, as there has never been a hallmarking scheme in the U.S.
In the 1800s, the functions of assay offices in the U.S. included r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The conjugate base of hydroxamic acids forms is called a hydroxamate. Deprotonation occurs at the group, with the hydrogen atom being removed, resulting in a hydroxamate anion . The resulting conjugate base presents the metal with an anionic, conjugated O,O chelating ligand. Many hydroxamic acids and many iron hydroxa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Energetic polymers (e.g. nitro or azido derivates of polymers) can be used as a binder to increase the explosive power in comparison with inert binders. Energetic plasticizers can be also used. The addition of a plasticizer lowers the sensitivity of the explosive and improves its processibility. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Light crude oils have higher API gravity figures, due to having fewer impurities. It is more commonly used to produce diesel and gasoline than heavier oils are. Due to its lower viscosity, it is easier to extract and to transport. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bromatometry is a titration process in which the bromination of a chemical indicator is observed.
Potassium bromate alone can be used for the analysis of organoarsenicals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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