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Cotransporters are found in all organisms and fall under the broader category of transport proteins, a diverse group of transmembrane proteins that includes uniporters, symporters, and antiporters. Each of them are responsible for providing a means of movement for water-soluble molecules that otherwise would not be abl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He then joined the Eveready Battery Co as a chemist where he was frustrated that his work to make longer lasting batteries was not well received by the marketing department. He then returned to teaching but now in tertiary education. During World War II he was a Gas Officer as the civil defence forces were very conce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Survivin is a member of the IAP family of antiapoptotic proteins. It is shown to be conserved in function across evolution as homologues of the protein are found both in vertebrates and invertebrates. The first members of the IAPs identified were from the baculovirus IAPs, Cp-IAP and Op-IAP, which bind to and inhibit c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl are responsible for the waterscape on Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. Water was central to Renzo Piano and Christoph Kohlbecker's original design, but it was Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl that conceived and developed the scheme for rainwater recycling and created the many opportunities for public engagem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Classical variables that time reversal negates include:
:, the time when an event occurs
:, velocity of a particle
:, linear momentum of a particle
:, angular momentum of a particle (both orbital and spin)
:, electromagnetic vector potential
:, magnetic field
:, magnetic auxiliary field
:, density of electric current
:... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anomerism is an identity for single bonded ring structures where "cis" or "Z" and "trans" or "E" (geometric isomerism) needs to name the substitutions on a carbon atom that also displays the identity of chirality; so anomers have carbon atoms that have geometric isomerism and optical isomerism (enantiomerism) on one or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Opacity broadening is an example of a non-local broadening mechanism. Electromagnetic radiation emitted at a particular point in space can be reabsorbed as it travels through space. This absorption depends on wavelength. The line is broadened because the photons at the line center have a greater reabsorption probabilit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rate of sequencing or imaging is dependent on the mechanical movement speed of the magnetic beads, which is limited by drag force. Currently, it is possible to measure 10 hairpin open-close cycle per second. Additional complications include the existence of a secondary hairpin structure in the DNA of interest. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
is synonymous to "the relative abundance of elements" in any object, either in weight ratio or in atomic (number of atoms) ratio, regardless of how "Earth's crust" is defined, and denotation is not restricted to percents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compacted oxide layer glaze describes the often shiny, wear-protective layer of oxide formed when two metals (or a metal and ceramic) are slid against each other at high temperature in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. The layer forms on either or both of the surfaces in contact and can protect against wear. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Applications of thermal desorption were originally restricted to occupational health monitoring, but have since extended to cover a much wider range. Some of the most important are mentioned below – where available, examples of early reports, and more recent citations (including those of widely used standard methods) h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Friction loss takes place as a gas, say air, flows through duct work.
The difference in the character of the flow from the case of water in a pipe stems from the differing Reynolds number Re and the roughness of the duct.
The friction loss is customarily given as pressure loss for a given duct length, Δp / L, in units ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most methods for nucleic acid secondary structure prediction rely on a nearest neighbor thermodynamic model. A common method to determine the most probable structures given a sequence of nucleotides makes use of a dynamic programming algorithm that seeks to find structures with low free energy. Dynamic programming algo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A sample is continuously extracted from the gas stream being monitored using a titanium probe, which is water-cooled to below 70 °C. The sample flow rate is automatically adjusted to ensure isokinetic sampling (the velocity of gas entering the sampling system is equal to the velocity of the gas in the system under test... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inexact differentials show up explicitly in the first law of thermodynamics,
where is the energy, is the differential change in heat and is the differential change in work. Based on the constants of the thermodynamic system, we are able to parameterize the average energy in several different ways. E.g., in the first... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This phenomenon describes damage to the metal (nearly always iron or steel) at low temperature by diffusible hydrogen.
Hydrogen can embrittle a number of metals and steel is one of them. It tends to happen to harder and higher tensile steels. Hydrogen cam also embrittle aluminum at high temperatures.). Titanium metal a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The closest competing method to IMHR is radical cyclization. Radical cyclizations are often reductive, which can cause undesired side reactions to occur if sensitive substrates are employed. The IMHR, on the other hand, can be run under reductive conditions if desired. Unlike the IMHR, radical cyclization does not requ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rachid Idrissi died on October 18, 1971, in Salé in a car accident after being hit by a truck on National Road 15 while crossing a bridge on Bou Regreg from Rabat on his way to his hometown of Outat El Haj. His sudden death immediately raised suspicion of a political assassination from his entourage. He was buried in t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
BMR is a flexible trait (it can be reversibly adjusted within individuals), with, for example, lower temperatures generally resulting in higher basal metabolic rates for both birds and rodents. There are two models to explain how BMR changes in response to temperature: the variable maximum model (VMM) and variable frac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a box of radiation, ignoring quantum mechanics, the energy of a classical field in thermal equilibrium is infinite, since equipartition demands that each field mode has an equal energy on average, and there are infinitely many modes. This is physically ridiculous, since it means that all energy leaks into high-freq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (28 December 1907 – 16 September 2001) was a Malagasy physician, biochemist and diplomat. Born into a disgraced royal family; Ratsimamanga trained as a doctor of exotic medicine in French Madagascar and France, where he pioneered modern nutraceuticals. Ratsimamanga returned to Madagascar and,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Michael Faraday reported that the mass () of a substance deposited or liberated at an electrode is directly proportional to the charge (; SI units are ampere seconds or coulombs).
Here, the constant of proportionality, , is called the electro-chemical equivalent (ECE) of the substance. Thus, the ECE can be defined as t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metallurgists throughout medieval Europe were generally free to move within different regions. For instance, German metallurgists in search of rich precious metal ores took the lead in mining and influenced the course of metal production, not only in East and South Germany but also in almost all of Central Europe and t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For all but the simplest of velocity profiles , numerical or asymptotic methods are required to calculate solutions. Some typical flow profiles are discussed below. In general, the spectrum of the equation is discrete and infinite for a bounded flow, while for unbounded flows (such as boundary-layer flow), the spectr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One way that Zero Carbon World aims to meet its objectives is the donation of Electric Vehicle Charging stations to various organisations around the UK. Sites that install donated chargers get added to the charity's ZeroNet EV charger map. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solar cells degrade over time and lose their efficiency. Solar cells in extreme climates, such as desert or polar, are more prone to degradation due to exposure to harsh UV light and snow loads respectively. Usually, solar panels are given a lifespan of 25–30 years before they get decommissioned.
The International Rene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Primary and secondary antibodies are two groups of antibodies that are classified based on whether they bind to antigens or proteins directly or target another (primary) antibody that, in turn, is bound to an antigen or protein. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adenine and guanine are the two nucleotides classified as purines. In purine synthesis, PRPP is turned into inosine monophosphate, or IMP. Production of IMP from PRPP requires glutamine, glycine, aspartate, and 6 ATP, among other things. IMP is then converted to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) using GTP and aspartate, wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mutai grew up in Kericho, Kenya. She has stated that her love of science was stimulated by her love of nature and the serene natural environment she experienced in childhood. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A light-induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) is a device to remotely measure chlorophyll fluorescence in plants in a fast and non-destructive way. By using a series of excitation light pulses, LIFT combines chlorophyll fluorescence data with spectral and RGB information to provide insights into various photosynthetic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An icosahedral twin is a nanostructure appearing in atomic clusters and also nanoparticles with some thousands of atoms. These clusters are twenty-faced, with twenty interlinked tetrahedral crystals joined along triangular (e.g. cubic-(111)) faces having three-fold symmetry. A related, more common structure has five un... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enzymatic browning affects the color, flavor, and nutritional value of foods, causing huge economic loss when not sold to consumers on time. It is estimated that more than 50% of produce is lost as a result of enzymatic browning. The increase in human population and consequential depletion in natural resources has prom... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In UV-Vis absorption SEC, depending on the configuration of the light beam respect to the electrode/solution interface, two types of optical arrangements can be distinguished: normal and parallel configuration. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CO absorbs the ground's thermal radiation mainly at wavelengths between 13 and 17 micron. At this wavelength range, it is almost solely responsible for the attenuation of radiation from the ground. The amount of ground radiation that is transmitted through the atmosphere in each wavelength is related to the optical dep... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Over the years, for example in his 1879 thesis, but particularly in 1926, Planck advocated regarding the generation of heat by rubbing as the most specific way to define heat. Planck criticised Carathéodory for not attending to this. Carathéodory was a mathematician who liked to think in terms of adiabatic processes, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The drag coefficient is a dimensionless quantity which quantifies the resistance of the water surface. Due to the fact that the drag coefficient depends on the past of the wind, the drag coefficient is expressed differently for different time and spatial scales. A general expression for the drag coefficient does not ye... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At this time, physician and scientific writer Thomas Beddoes and geologist John Hailstone were engaged in a geological controversy on the rival merits of the Plutonian and Neptunist hypotheses. They travelled together to examine the Cornish coast accompanied by Giddy—an intimate friend of Beddoes—and made Davys acquain... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pictets experiment is the demonstration of the reflection of heat and the apparent reflection of cold in a series of experiments performed in 1790 (reported in English in 1791 in An Essay on Fire') by Marc-Auguste Pictet—ten years before the discovery of infrared heating of the Earth by the Sun. The apparatus for most ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A compressed fluid (also called a compressed or unsaturated liquid, subcooled fluid or liquid) is a fluid under mechanical or thermodynamic conditions that force it to be a liquid.
At a given pressure, a fluid is a compressed fluid if it is at a temperature lower than the saturation temperature. This is the case, for e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first step of SELEX involves the synthesis of fully or partially randomized oligonucleotide sequences of some length flanked by defined regions which allow PCR amplification of those randomized regions and, in the case of RNA SELEX, in vitro transcription of the randomized sequence. While Ellington and Szostak demo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During nuclear magnetic resonance observations, spin–lattice relaxation is the mechanism by which the longitudinal component of the total nuclear magnetic moment vector (parallel to the constant magnetic field) exponentially relaxes from a higher energy, non-equilibrium state to thermodynamic equilibrium with its surro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
N NMR is used in a wide array of areas from biological to inorganic techniques. A famous application in organic synthesis is to utilize N to monitor tautomerization equilibria in heteroaromatics because of the dramatic change in N shifts between tautomers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pressure–volume conjugate pair is concerned with the transfer of mechanical energy as the result of work.
* An isobaric process occurs at constant pressure. An example would be to have a movable piston in a cylinder, so that the pressure inside the cylinder is always at atmospheric pressure, although it is separate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its various inner-working physical processes. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study of atmospheric changes (both long and short-term) that define average climat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Abū Bakr ibn Zakariyā’ al-Rāzī (Latin: Rhazes), born around 865 in Rayy, was mainly known as a Persian physician. He wrote a number of alchemical works, including the Sirr al-asrār (Latin: Secretum secretorum; English: Secret of Secrets.) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pressure drop is related inversely to pipe diameter to the fifth power. For example, halving a pipe's diameter would increase the pressure drop by a factor of (e.g. from 2 psi to 64 psi), assuming no change in flow.
Pressure drop in piping is directly proportional to the length of the piping—for example, a pipe with t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kinetic binding experiments differ from saturation and competition experiments in that they are not done at equilibrium. Instead, they measure the course of binding of the radioligand during the experiment as well as the dissociation to determine calculation of the Kd, and rate constants of binding and dissociation. Ki... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photographic film responds to ultraviolet radiation but the glass lenses of cameras usually block radiation shorter than 350 nm. Slightly yellow UV-blocking filters are often used for outdoor photography to prevent unwanted bluing and overexposure by UV rays. For photography in the near UV, special filters may be used.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the summer of 1981 the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first reported. Two years later the etiological link to AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was identified. Since the identification of HIV the development of effective antiretroviral drugs and the scientific achievements in HIV research h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two distinct uniform colorings of a trihexagonal tiling. Naming the colors by indices on the 4 faces around a vertex (3.6.3.6): 1212, 1232. The second is called a cantic hexagonal tiling, h{6,3}, with two colors of triangles, existing in p3m1 (*333) symmetry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The above standard treatment of a macroscopic Bose gas is straightforward, but the inclusion of the ground state is somewhat inelegant. Another approach is to include the ground state explicitly (contributing a term in the grand potential, as in the section below), this gives rise to an unrealistic fluctuation catastro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Commonly three types of silicate paints are distinguished: Pure silicate paint consisting of two components, a color powder in dry or water-paste form and the liquid binder water glass. (DIN 18363 Painting and coating work Section 2.4.1). The processing of pure silicate paints require great experience and know-how. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1983 — Member of the National Academy of Sciences
* 1985–1987 — President of the Geochemical Society
* 1992 — V. M. Goldschmidt Award, Geochemical Society
* 1997 — Harry Hess Medal, American Geophysical Union
* 2005 — Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
* 2008 — Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship
* 2... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the first substances that was reported to produce an oxygen diffusion-enhancing effect was crocetin, a carotenoid that occurs naturally in plants such as crocus sativus, and is related to another carotenoid, saffron. Saffron has been used culturally (e.g., as a dye) and medicinally since ancient times.
Trans so... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dielectric constant is the most important factor in determining the occurrence of ion association. A table of some typical values can be found under dielectric constant.
Water has a relatively high dielectric constant value of 78.7 at 298K (25 °C), so in aqueous solutions at ambient temperatures 1:1 electrolytes such a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Addition (or removal) of CO to a solution does not change its alkalinity, since the net reaction produces the same number of equivalents of positively contributing species (H) as negative contributing species ( and/or ). Adding CO to the solution lowers its pH, but does not affect alkalinity.
At all pH values:
:CO + HO... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
YAC (yeast artificial chromosome) - Ycf9 protein domain - YchF-GTPase C terminal protein domain - Ydc2 protein domain - YDG SRA protein domain - YecM bacterial protein domain - YjeF N terminal protein domain - YopH, N-terminal - YopR bacterial protein domain - Y Y Y - | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A number of related compounds are known, with a similar structure but having the indole core flipped and/or replaced with related cores such as indoline, indazole, benzothiophene, or benzofuran. These similarly are primarily active as agonists at the 5-HT family of serotonin receptors, with applications in the treatmen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider nuclei with a spin of one-half, like , or . Each nucleus has two linearly independent spin states, with m = or m = − (also referred to as spin-up and spin-down, or sometimes α and β spin states, respectively) for the z-component of spin. In the absence of a magnetic field, these states are degenerate; that i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Besides the oxygen ligand, which binds to hemoglobin in a cooperative manner, hemoglobin ligands also include competitive inhibitors such as carbon monoxide (CO) and allosteric ligands such as carbon dioxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO). The carbon dioxide is bound to amino groups of the globin proteins to form carbamino... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The high electronegativity of fluorine (4.0 for fluorine vs. 2.5 for carbon) gives the carbon–fluorine bond a significant polarity or dipole moment. The electron density is concentrated around the fluorine, leaving the carbon relatively electron poor. This introduces ionic character to the bond through partial charges ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The du Noüy Padday rod consists of a rod usually on the order of a few millimeters square making a small ring. The rod is often made from a composite metal material that may be roughened to ensure complete wetting at the interface. The rod is cleaned with water, alcohol and a flame or with strong acid to ensure complet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A western blot is used for the detection of specific proteins in complex samples. Proteins are first separated by size using electrophoresis before being transferred to an appropriate blotting matrix (usually polyvinylidene fluoride or nitrocellulose) and subsequent detection with antibodies. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gene expression in mammals is regulated by many cis-regulatory elements, including core promoters and promoter-proximal elements that are located near the transcription start sites of genes. Core promoters are sufficient to direct transcription
initiation, but generally have low basal activity. Other important cis-reg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Through research done on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors it has been determined that the channels are activated through allosteric interactions between the binding and gating domains. Once the agonist binds it brings about conformational changes (including moving a beta sheet of the amino-terminal domain, and outwar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The material derivative is defined for any tensor field y that is macroscopic, with the sense that it depends only on position and time coordinates, :
where is the covariant derivative of the tensor, and is the flow velocity. Generally the convective derivative of the field , the one that contains the covariant deriv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The operating costs are typically much greater for aerobic digestion than for anaerobic digestion because of energy used by the blowers, pumps and motors needed to add oxygen to the process. However, recent technological advances include non-electrically aerated filter systems that use natural air currents for the aera... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The majority of prostaglandin signaling occurs via GPCRs (see above) although certain prostaglandins activate nuclear receptors in the PPAR family. (See article eicosanoid receptors for more information). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the first half of 1926, building on de Broglie's hypothesis, Erwin Schrödinger developed the equation that describes the behavior of a quantum-mechanical wave. The mathematical model, called the Schrödinger equation after its creator, is central to quantum mechanics, defines the permitted stationary states of a quan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After a cell has established a resting potential, that cell has the capacity to undergo depolarization. Depolarization is the process by which the membrane potential becomes less negative, facilitating the generation of an action potential. For this rapid change to take place within the interior of the cell, several ev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The microprocessor complex consists minimally of two proteins: Drosha, a ribonuclease III enzyme; and DGCR8, a double-stranded RNA binding protein. (DGCR8 is the name used in mammalian genetics, abbreviated from "DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8"; the homologous protein in model organisms such as flies and worms is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The kappa and lambda light chains undergo rearrangements of the V and J gene segments. In this process, a functional Vlambda can combine with four functional Jλ –Cλ combinations. On the other hands, Vk gene segments can join with either one of the Jk functional gene segments. The overall rearrangements result in a gen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A collision between reactant molecules may or may not result in a successful reaction.
The outcome depends on factors such as the relative kinetic energy, relative orientation and internal energy of the molecules.
Even if the collision partners form an activated complex they are not bound to go on and form
products, an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox (PBX) refers to a family of transcription factors.
Types include:
* PBX1
* PBX2
* PBX3
* PBX4 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gustavo R. Paz-Pujalt (born 1954) is a Peruvian American scientist and inventor. He holds 45 US patents and 59 international patents mainly in the areas of remote sensing, thin films, sensors, and upconversion materials. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
N-Bromosuccinimide or NBS is a chemical reagent used in radical substitution, electrophilic addition, and electrophilic substitution reactions in organic chemistry. NBS can be a convenient source of Br, the bromine radical. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A "refractory" gold ore is an ore that has ultra-fine gold particles disseminated throughout its gold occluded minerals. These ores are naturally resistant to recovery by standard cyanidation and carbon adsorption processes. These refractory ores require pre-treatment in order for cyanidation to be effective in recove... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ethyl 3-bromopropionate is the organobromine compound with the formula BrCHCHCOCH. It is a colorless liquid and an alkylating agent. It is prepared by the esterification of 3-bromopropionic acid. Alternatively, it can be prepared by hydrobromination of ethyl acrylate, a reaction that proceeds in an anti-Markovnikov ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In surface vibrational spectroscopy, the surface selection rule is applied to identify the peaks observed in vibrational spectra. When a molecule is adsorbed on a substrate, the molecule induces opposite image charges in the substrate. The dipole moment of the molecule and the image charges perpendicular to the surface... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hill's spherical vortex with a swirling motion is provided by Keith Moffatt in 1969. Earlier discussion of similar problems are provided by William Mitchinson Hicks in 1899. The solution was also discovered by Kelvin H. Pendergast in 1956, in the context of plasma physics, as there exists a direct connection betwee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following is a list of human hepatocyte nuclear factors (see also boxes to the right for additional information about these proteins): | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* The spectral centroid of a signal is the midpoint of its spectral density function, i.e. the frequency that divides the distribution into two equal parts.
* The spectral edge frequency (SEF), usually expressed as "SEF x", represents the frequency below which x percent of the total power of a given signal are located... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid is an organic acid most widely known as an intermediate in the synthesis of serine. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The three oxygen atoms form a trigonal planar geometry around the boron. The B-O bond length is 136 pm and the O-H is 97 pm. The molecular point group is C.
Two crystalline forms of orthoboric acid are known: triclinic and hexagonal. The former is the most common; the second, which is a bit more stable thermodynamicall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a face-centered cubic unit cell, the number of atoms is four. A line can be drawn from the top corner of a cube diagonally to the bottom corner on the same side of the cube, which is equal to 4r. Using geometry, and the side length, a can be related to r as:
Knowing this and the formula for the volume of a sphere,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogenolysis in the presence of a variety of palladium-based catalysts is the usual method for deprotection. Palladium on charcoal is typical.
Alternatively, HBr and strong Lewis acids have been used, provided that a trap is provided for the released benzyl carbocation.
When the protected amine is treated by either ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arusi is a member of the American Association of Corrosion Engineers and a member of the British Institute of Corrosion. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 1920s there was an outbreak of a mysterious haemorrhagic cattle disease in Canada and the northern United States. The disease was named sweet clover disease because the cattle had grazed on sweet clover hay. It wasnt until ten years after the outbreak, that a local investigator, Karl P. Link and his student Wilh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many universities and seats of learning honored Heyrovský. He was elected Fellow of University College, London, in 1927, and received honorary doctorates from the Technical University, Dresden in 1955, the University of Warsaw in 1956, the University Aix-Marseille in 1959, and the University of Paris in 1960. He was gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, shear flow is the flow induced by a force in a fluid. In solid mechanics, shear flow is the shear stress over a distance in a thin-walled structure. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cold water pitting of copper tube occurs in only a minority of installations. Copper water tubes are usually guaranteed by the manufacturer against manufacturing defects for a period of 50 years. The vast majority of copper systems far exceed this time period but a small minority may fail after a comparatively short t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), which are found in many vegetables, are short chains of fructose molecules. They differ from fructans such as inulin, which as polysaccharides have a much higher degree of polymerization than FOS and other oligosaccharides, but like inulin and other fructans, they are considered soluble d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Among children and adolescents, the most common health effect post-flooding was lower respiratory tract symptoms, though there was a lack of association with measurements of total fungi. Another study found that these respiratory symptoms were positively associated with exposure to water damaged homes, exposure include... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An ideal Bose gas is a quantum-mechanical phase of matter, analogous to a classical ideal gas. It is composed of bosons, which have an integer value of spin and abide by Bose–Einstein statistics. The statistical mechanics of bosons were developed by Satyendra Nath Bose for a photon gas and extended to massive particles... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diphenylchlorarsine was used as a chemical weapon on the Western front during the trench warfare of World War I. It belongs to the class of chemicals classified as vomiting agents. Other such agents are diphenylcyanoarsine (DC) and diphenylaminechlorarsine (DM, Adamsite). Diphenylchlorarsine was sometimes believed to p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A relaxase is a single-strand DNA transesterase enzyme produced by some prokaryotes and viruses. Relaxases are responsible for site- and strand-specific nicks in unwound double-stranded DNA . Known relaxases belong to the rolling circle replication (RCR) initiator superfamily of enzymes and fall into two broad classes:... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Only a small fraction of the light incident on the ocean will be reflected and received by the satellite. The probability for a photon to reflect and exit the ocean decreases exponentially with length of its path through the water because the ocean is an absorbing medium. The more ocean a photon must travel through, th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Settling basins are designed to retain water long enough so that suspended solids can settle to obtain a high purity water in the outlet and to provide the opportunity for pH adjustment. Other processes that could be used: thickeners, clarifiers, hydro cyclones and membrane filtration are highly used techniques in the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Froth flotation is applied to a wide range of separations. An estimated 1B tons of materials are processed in this manner annually. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two systems exist for the asymmetric hydrogenation of 2-substituted quinolines with isolated yields generally greater than 80% and ee values generally greater than 90%. The first is an iridium(I)/chiral phosphine/I system, first reported by Zhou et al.. While the first chiral phosphine used in this system was MeOBiPhep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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