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Friedrich Otto Schott (1851–1935) was a German chemist, glass technologist, and the inventor of borosilicate glass. Schott systematically investigated the relationship between the chemical composition of the glass and its properties. In this way, he solved fundamental problems in glass properties, identifying compositi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Older gamma-ray detectors use the Geiger-Mueller counter principle, but have been mostly replaced thallium-doped sodium-iodide (NaI) scintillation detector, which has a higher efficiency. NaI detectors are usually composed of a NaI crystal coupled with a photomultiplier. When gamma ray from formation enters the crystal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The imidazol-2-ylidenes are strong bases, having pK ≈ 24 for the conjugate acid in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO):
However, further work showed that diaminocarbenes will deprotonate the DMSO solvent, with the resulting anion reacting with the resulting amidinium salt.
Reaction of imidazol-2-ylidenes with 1-bromohexane gave ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Brian Halton (9 March 1941 – 23 February 2019) was a New Zealand organic chemist. He is noted for his investigation of highly strained and fused aromatic compounds, and was also active as an historian of chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reoviridae are currently classified into nine genera. The genomes of these viruses consist of 10 to 12 segments of dsRNA, each generally encoding one protein. The mature virions are non-enveloped. Their capsids, formed by multiple proteins, have icosahedral symmetry and are arranged generally in concentric layers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ambergris has been mostly known for its use in creating perfume and fragrance much like musk. Perfumes based on ambergris still exist.
Ambergris has historically been used in food and drink. A serving of eggs and ambergris was reportedly King Charles II of Englands favorite dish. A recipe for Rum Shrub liqueur from the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The North Atlantic Gyre is located in the northern hemisphere in the Atlantic Ocean, between the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the south and Iceland in the north. The North Equatorial Current brings warm waters west towards the Caribbean and defines the southern edge of the North Atlantic Gyre. Once these wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mieli is now considered one of the founders of the discipline of the history of science, as one of the first to consider it a discipline it its own right.
His history of science career began whilst a chemistry lecturer in Rome, building on interest stimulated in his studies in Germany.
In 1912, he founded, and briefly ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Based on STANDARD ANSI/ISA S5.1 and ISO 14617-6, the P&ID is used for the identification of measurements within the process. The identifications consist of up to 5 letters. The first identification letter is for the measured value, the second is a modifier, 3rd indicates passive/readout function, 4th - active/output fu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Past studies suggest that repeats are a common feature of eukaryotes unlike the prokaryotes and archaea. Other reports suggest that irrespective of the comparative shortage of repeat elements in prokaryotic genomes, they nevertheless contain hundreds or even thousands of large repeats. Current genomic analysis seem t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In case of a sudden reduction of pipe diameter, without streamlining, the flow is not able to follow the sharp bend into the narrower pipe. As a result, there is flow separation, creating recirculating separation zones at the entrance of the narrower pipe. The main flow is contracted between the separated flow areas, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Professor Mukherjee proposed the idea of making the Indian Agricultural Research Institute,(IARI) a regular University. In 1958, on the recommendation of
the Indo-American Team on Agricultural Research and Education and with the generous aid of the Rockefeller Foundation, the Post-Graduate School was established
at t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Natural isotopes must be either stable, have a half-life exceeding about 7 years (there are 35 isotopes in this category, see stable isotope for more details) or are generated in large amounts cosmogenically (such as C, which has a half-life of only 6000 years but is made by cosmic rays colliding with N). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Memorial Lecture Award was established in the year 1979 in the honour of Professor Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao by the students of Prof. K.Rangadhama Rao and Indian National Science Academy, formerly National Institute of Sciences of India, Calcutta. The lecture is awarded for outstanding contributions in the field... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because of the way ESTs are sequenced, many distinct expressed sequence tags are often partial sequences that correspond to the same mRNA of an organism. In an effort to reduce the number of expressed sequence tags for downstream gene discovery analyses, several groups assembled expressed sequence tags into EST contigs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since there is no single experimental feature which identifies a material as a spin liquid, several experiments have to be conducted to gain information on different properties which characterize a spin liquid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The publication of the NAPAP-fIIa crystal structure triggered many researches on thrombin inhibitors. NAPAP is an active site thrombin inhibitor. It fills the S3 and S2 pockets with its naphthalene and piperidine groups. AstraZeneca used the information to develop melagatran. The compound was poorly orally available, b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phenomenon of predissociation occurs when an electronic transition results in dissociation of the molecule at an excitation energy less than the normal dissociation limit of the upper state. This can occur when the potential energy curve of the upper state crosses the curve for a repulsive state, so that the two st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thousands of residents assembled to pay respects to Tom at his funeral filling the south end of Stockton High Street and the entire length of Bridge Road. His funeral procession, was four deep and numbered about two thousand people – an unusual turnout for a 40 year old industrialist and engineer. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pH of the extracellular fluid, including the blood plasma, is normally tightly regulated between 7.32 and 7.42 by the chemical buffers, the respiratory system, and the renal system. The normal pH in the fetus differs from that in the adult. In the fetus, the pH in the umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45 and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is a modification of the method of oxidative tethering to a para-methoxybenzyl ether. The difference here is that the para-alkoxybenzyl group is attached to a solid support; the β-mannoside product is released into the solution phase in the last step, while the by-products remain attached to the solid phase. This ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology (GIFT POSTECH) is an institute for graduate-level education and research in the field of iron and steel technology at Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea. It has nine specialized laboratories covering all sides of metallurgy. However, the Institute now h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alternative non-helical models were briefly considered in the late 1970s as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in plasmids and chromatin. However, the models were set aside in favor of the double-helical model due to subsequent experimental advances such as X-ray crystallography of DNA duplexes and lat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Historically, two conventions for sign for the electrode potential have formed:
# convention "Nernst–Lewis–Latimer" (sometimes referred to as "American"),
# convention "Gibbs–Ostwald–Stockholm" (sometimes referred to as "European").
In 1953 in Stockholm IUPAC recognized that either of the conventions is permissible; ho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1984 "Physics Award" of the German Physical Society (together with Gottfried Münzenberg, Willibrord Reisdorf and Karl-Heinz Schmidt)
* 1996 Otto Hahn Prize of the City of Frankfurt am Main (together with Gottfried Münzenberg)
* 1996 "Doctor honoris causa" of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Comenius University... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Artificial photosynthesis was first anticipated by the Italian chemist Giacomo Ciamician during 1912. In a lecture that was later published in Science he proposed a switch from the use of fossil fuels to radiant energy provided by the sun and captured by technical photochemistry devices. In this switch he saw a possibi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is important to recognize that while iron production had great influence over Africa both culturally in trade and expansion (Martinelli, 1993, 1996, 2004), as well as socially in beliefs and rituals, there is great regional variation. Much of the evidence for cultural significance comes from the practises still carr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unlike alkyl halide refrigerants that contain bromine or chlorine, R-410A (which contains only fluorine) does not contribute to ozone depletion and is therefore becoming more widely used as ozone-depleting refrigerants like R-22 are phased out. However, like methane, its global warming potential (GWP) is appreciably wo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Furthermore, the method showed consistent performance in cancer identification, classification, and treatment effect problems like NSCLC and DLBCL identification, histological classification of subtypes of NSCLC, molecular classification of subtypes of DLBCL, DLBCL COO detection, programmed death-ligand 1 immune-checkp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typically plugs are made from a soft material, such as rubber, or have a soft outer rim, so that they can be fitted to holes slightly smaller than their diameter; this ensures a tight seal. They are often connected by a ball chain which ensures the plug may be pulled from the drain with relative ease. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular biology, a hybridization probe (HP) is a fragment of DNA or RNA, usually 15–10000 nucleotides long, which can be radioactively or fluorescently labeled. HPs can be used to detect the presence of nucleotide sequences in analyzed RNA or DNA that are complementary to the sequence in the probe. The labeled pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Greg N. Stephanopoulos (born 1950) is an American chemical engineer and the Willard Henry Dow Professor in the department of chemical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has worked at MIT, Caltech, and the University of Minnesota in the areas of biotechnology, bioinformatics, and metabolic eng... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This system is the best understood of the plasmid partition system.
It is composed of an actin-like ATPAse, ParM, and a CBP called ParR. The centromere like site, parC contains two sets of five 11 base pair direct repeats separated by the parMR promoter.
The amino-acid sequence identity can go down to 15% between ParM ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some other methods to produce LAGP materials have been reported in literature works, including liquid-based techniques, spark plasma sintering, and co-precipitation.
In the following table, some ionic conductivity values are reported for LAGP materials produced with different synthesis routes, in the case of optimized ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of molten CaCl is important because this molten salt can dissolve and transport the "O" ions to the anode to be discharged. The anode reaction depends on the material of the anode. Depending on the system it is possible to produce either CO or CO or a mixture at the carbon anode:
However, if an inert anode is u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Curtin–Hammett principle can explain the observed dynamics in transformations employing dynamic kinetic resolution, such as the Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation and enantioselective lithiation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Frémys work included investigations of osmic acid, the ferrates, stannates, plumbates, and other oxometallates, as well as ozone; attempts to obtain free fluorine by the electrolysis of fused fluorides; and the discovery of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid and a series of acides sulphazotés, the precise nature of which long... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The order of ligands which possess cis-labilizing effects are as follows:
CO, AuPPh, H, SnPh, GePh, SO, NCH CO , NCO
Anionic ligands such as F, Cl, OH, and SH have particularly strong CO labilizing effects in complexes. This is because these ligands will stabilize the 16 e intermediate by electron donation from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Three key points are taken into consideration regarding MRL values in the EU regulation:
1) the amounts of residues found in food must be safe for consumers and must be as low as possible,
2) the European Commission fixes MRLs for all food and animal feed, and 3) the MRLs for all crops and all pesticides can be found i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recovery is sometimes impossible in subsonic aircraft; however, as an aircraft descends into lower, warmer, denser air, control authority (meaning the ability to control the aircraft) may return because drag tends to slow the aircraft while the speed of sound and control authority both increase.
To prevent Mach stall f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tides in marginal seas are tides affected by their location in semi-enclosed areas along the margins of continents and differ from tides in the open oceans. Tides are water level variations caused by the gravitational interaction between the Moon, the Sun and the Earth. The resulting tidal force is a secondary effect ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A sand rammer is a piece of equipment used in foundry sand testing to make test specimen of molding sand by compacting bulk material by free fixed height drop of fixed weight for 3 times. It is also used to determine compactibility of sands by using special specimen tubes and a linear scale. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to understand how life arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible prebiotic conditions. Nam et al. demonstrated the direct condensation of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in aqueous microd... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wild Fermentation: The Flavor, Nutrition, and Craft of Live-Culture Foods is a 2003 book by Sandor Katz that discusses the ancient practice of fermentation. While most of the conventional literature assumes the use of modern technology, Wild Fermentation focuses more on the practice and culture of fermenting food.
The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surfactants play an important role in droplet-based microfluidics in the stabilization of the droplets, and the prevention of the fusion of droplets during incubation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Karl Norris pioneered the field of near-infrared spectroscopy. He began by using log(1/R) as a metric of absorption. While often the samples examined were “infinitely thick”, partially transparent samples were analyzed (especially later) in cells that had a rear reflecting surface (reflector) in a mode called "transfl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protein phosphatases remove phosphates from proteins, usually on Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine residues, reversing the action of protein kinases. The PTP family of protein phosphatases is tyrosine-specific, and several other families (PPPL, PPM, HAD) appear to be serine/threonine specific, while other families are un... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anti-anti-sigma factors allow for the dissociation of the matching anti-sigma factor from its sigma factors, thought binding to the anti-sigma factor, forcing its release from the sigma factor. This allows for tighter regulation of the transcription of genes as a response to environmental conditions. Anti-anti-sigma fa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In cold weather the blood flow to the limbs of birds and mammals is reduced on exposure to cold environmental conditions, and returned to the trunk via the deep veins which lie alongside the arteries (forming venae comitantes). This acts as a counter-current exchange system which short-circuits the warmth from the arte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The AFM-IR technique based on a pulsed infrared laser source was commercialized by Anasys Instruments, a company founded by Reading, Hammiche and Pollock in the United Kingdom in 2004; a sister, United States corporation was founded a year later. Anasys Instruments developed its product with support from the National I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Salbutamol is sold as a racemic mixture. The (R)-(−)-enantiomer (CIP nomenclature) is shown in the image at right (top), and is responsible for the pharmacologic activity; the (S)-(+)-enantiomer (bottom) blocks metabolic pathways associated with elimination of itself and of the pharmacologically active enantiomer (R). ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Argatroban is a small univalent DTI formed from P1 residue from arginine. It binds to the active site on thrombin. The X-ray crystal structure shows that the piperidine ring binds in the S2 pocket and the guanidine group binds with hydrogen bonds with Asp189 into the S1 pocket. It’s given as an intravenous bolus becaus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scintillation properties of organic-inorganic methylamonium (MA) lead halide perovskites under proton irradiation were first reported by Shibuya et al. in 2002 and the first γ-ray pulse height spectrum, although still with poor energy resolution, was reported on () by van Eijk et al. in 2008 . Birowosuto at al. studi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sir James Whyte Black (1924–2010) held the Chair of Pharmacology from 1973 to 1978.
Jim Black and Heinz Schild knew each other well because Schild had acted as a consultant to the then Smith, Kline & French company during the time when Black was leading the team that developed the histamine receptor antagonists, H ant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the propargyl group is a functional group of 2-propynyl with the structure . It is an alkyl group derived from propyne ().
The term propargylic refers to a saturated position (sp-hybridized) on a molecular framework next to an alkynyl group. The name comes from mix of propene and argentum, which r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In metallurgy, alpha case is the oxygen-enriched surface phase that occurs when titanium and its alloys are exposed to heated air or oxygen. Alpha case is hard and brittle, and tends to create a series of microcracks that will reduce the metal's performance and its fatigue properties. Alpha case can be minimized or avo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Once Wöhler became a professor at the University of Göttingen, students traveled from around the world to be instructed by him. Wöhler saw particular success in his students after giving them hands-on experience in the lab. This practice was later adopted around the world, becoming the chemistry lab co-requisite that i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Suess effect is a change in the ratio of the atmospheric concentrations of heavy isotopes of carbon (C and C) by the admixture of large amounts of fossil-fuel derived CO, which contains no CO and is depleted in CO relative to CO in the atmosphere and carbon in the upper ocean and the terrestrial biosphere . It was ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CGC complexes feature a pi-bonded moiety (e.g. cyclopentadienyl) linked to one of the other ligands on the same metal centre in such a way that the angle at this metal between the centroid of the pi-system and the additional ligand is smaller than in comparable unbridged complexes. More specifically, the term CGC was ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following equation can be used to correct a measured pollutant concentration in an emitted gas (containing a measured CO content) to an equivalent pollutant concentration in an emitted gas containing a specified reference amount of CO:
As an example, a measured particulates concentration of 200 mg/m in a dry gas th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vibronic spectroscopy is a branch of molecular spectroscopy concerned with vibronic transitions: the simultaneous changes in electronic and vibrational energy levels of a molecule due to the absorption or emission of a photon of the appropriate energy. In the gas phase, vibronic transitions are accompanied by changes i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following example deals with a beam of light scattering off a circle with radius and a perfectly reflecting boundary. The beam consists of a uniform density of parallel rays, and the beam-circle interaction is modeled within the framework of geometric optics. Because the problem is genuinely two-dimensional, the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In radiation physics, kerma is an acronym for "kinetic energy released per unit mass" (alternately, "kinetic energy released in matter", "kinetic energy released in material", or "kinetic energy released in materials"), defined as the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the dimensions of the individual channels are small, a micro process engineering device ("microstructured reactor") can contain many thousands of such channels, and the overall size of a microstructured reactor can be on the scale of meters. The objective of micro process engineering is not primarily to miniaturi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In toxicology, the lowest published toxic dose (Toxic Dose Low, TD) is the lowest dosage per unit of bodyweight (typically stated in milligrams per kilogram) of a substance known to have produced signs of toxicity in a particular animal species. When quoting a TD, the particular species and method of administration (e.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nuclear weapons use fission as either the partial or the main energy source. Depending on the weapon design and where it is exploded, the relative importance of the fission product radioactivity will vary compared to the activation product radioactivity in the total fallout radioactivity.
The immediate fission product... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Strontium-90 is a "bone seeker" that exhibits biochemical behavior similar to calcium, the next lighter group 2 element. After entering the organism, most often by ingestion with contaminated food or water, about 70–80% of the dose gets excreted. Virtually all remaining strontium-90 is deposited in bones and bone marro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Chromatography column is a device used in chromatography for the separation of chemical compounds. A chromatography column contains the stationary phase, allowing the mobile phase to pass through it. Chromatography columns of different types are used in both gas and liquid chromatography. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many photosynthetic life forms (plants, algae, phototrophic and chemoautotrophic bacteria, and archaea) require a way to utilize carbon into their metabolic pathways. This usually occurs in pathways that fix carbon from carbon dioxide (CO). In the 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle, photosynthetic organisms like Chloroflexus ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It has been known since the early 1930s that the salts of certain lanthanides are fluorescent. The reaction of lanthanide salts with nucleic acids was discussed in a number of publications during the 1930s and the 1940s where lanthanum-containing reagents were employed for the fixation of nucleic acid structures. In 19... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UV-sensitive syndrome is a cutaneous condition inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, characterized by photosensitivity and solar lentigines. Recent research identified that mutations of the KIAA1530 (UVSSA) gene as cause for the development of UV-sensitive syndrome. Furthermore, this protein was identified as a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recently, it has been shown that trabectedin blocks DNA binding of the oncogenic transcription factor FUS-CHOP and reverses the transcriptional program in myxoid liposarcoma. By reversing the genetic program created by this transcription factor, trabectedin promotes differentiation and reverses the oncogenic phenotype ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For an infinite two-dimensional lattice, defined by its primitive vectors , its reciprocal lattice can be determined by generating its two reciprocal primitive vectors, through the following formulae,
where is an integer and
Here represents a 90 degree rotation matrix, i.e. a quarter turn. The anti-clockwise rotation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protein crystallization is the process of formation of a regular array of individual protein molecules stabilized by crystal contacts. If the crystal is sufficiently ordered, it will diffract. Some proteins naturally form crystalline arrays, like aquaporin in the lens of the eye.
In the process of protein crystallizat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like many other databases that store protein association knowledge, STRING imports data from experimentally derived protein–protein interactions through literature curation. Furthermore, STRING also store computationally predicted interactions from: (i) text mining of scientific texts, (ii) interactions computed from ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dalton's law expresses the fact that the total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture. This equality arises from the fact that in an ideal gas, the molecules are so far apart that they do not interact with each other. Most actual real-wor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
(LAP-A), a product of the octadecanoid pathway in some solanaceous plants, has been shown by Fowler et al. to have a regulatory role in the late wound response of tomato. Experiments were conducted using three genotypes of tomato plants: wildtype (WT), (LapA-SI) plants that were silenced for LAP-A, and LapA-OX that con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Classical analysis methods involve basic analytical methods widely used in laboratories. Gravimetric analysis measures the weight of the sample. Titrimetry is a family of techniques used to determine the concentration of an analyte. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dividing () by and substituting into () gives:
In this context, is the force field acting on the particles in the fluid, and is the mass of the particles. The term on the right hand side is added to describe the effect of collisions between particles; if it is zero then the particles do not collide. The collisionles... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanofluidics is the study of the behavior, manipulation, and control of fluids that are confined to structures of nanometer (typically 1–100 nm) characteristic dimensions (1 nm = 10 m). Fluids confined in these structures exhibit physical behaviors not observed in larger structures, such as those of micrometer dimensio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Littrow expansion and its counterpart Littrow compression are optical effects associated with slitless imaging spectrographs. These effects are named after austrian physicist Otto von Littrow.
In a slitless imaging spectrograph, light is focused with a conventional optical system, which includes a transmission or refle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Space is a substance that accommodates the living souls, the matter, the principle of motion, the principle of rest and time. It is all-pervading, infinite and made of infinite space-points. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For each uniform structure, there also exists a related but different structure, called a line-slip arrangement.
The differences between uniform and line-slip structures are marginal and difficult to spot from images of the sphere packings. However, by comparing their rolled-out contact networks, one can spot that cert... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Generally, the role of the arginine finger in catalysis is to function in transition state stabilization to allow water to perform a nucleophilic attack to cleave off a number of phosphate groups. However, there are exceptions, and arginine fingers can assist in other roles. Additionally, arginine fingers may be attach... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For vitamin A labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was set at 5,000 IU, but it was revised to 900 μg RAE on 27 May 2016. A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at Refer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the United States, eszopiclone is a schedule IV controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. Use of eszopiclone may lead to physical and psychological dependence. The risk of non-medical use and dependence increases with the dose and duration of usage and concomitant use of other psychoactive substances... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most drains have a single large exit at their point of discharge (often covered by a grating) into a canal, river, lake, reservoir, sea or ocean. Other than catchbasins, typically there are no treatment facilities in the piping system. Small storm drains may discharge into individual dry wells. Storm drains may be inte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a protein folds, the titratable amino acids in the protein are transferred from a solution-like environment to an environment determined by the 3-dimensional structure of the protein. For example, in an unfolded protein, an aspartic acid typically is in an environment which exposes the titratable side chain to wat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1942 Harder and Von Witsch were the first to propose that microalgae be grown as a source of lipids for food or fuel. Following World War II, research began in the US, Germany, Japan, England, and Israel on culturing techniques and engineering systems for growing microalgae on larger scales, particularly species in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The amount of calcium in blood (more specifically, in blood plasma) can be measured as total calcium, which includes both protein-bound and free calcium. In contrast, ionized calcium is a measure of free calcium. An abnormally high level of calcium in plasma is termed hypercalcemia and an abnormally low level is termed... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compounds that obey the 18-electron rule are typically "exchange inert". Examples include [[Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride|[Co(NH)]Cl]], Mo(CO), and [[Ferrocyanide|[Fe(CN)]]]. In such cases, in general ligand exchange occurs via dissociative substitution mechanisms, wherein the rate of reaction is determined by the rat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term organic herbicide has come to mean herbicides intended for organic farming. Few natural herbicides rival the effectiveness of synthetics. Some plants also produce their own herbicides, such as the genus Juglans (walnuts), or the tree of heaven; such actions of natural herbicides, and other related chemical int... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rapid equilibration between enantiomeric conformers and irreversible hydrogenation place the reaction under Curtin–Hammett control. The use of a chiral catalyst results in a higher-energy and a lower-energy transition state for hydrogenation of the two enantiomers. The transformation occurs via the lower-energy transit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A bilayer is a double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules.
The properties of bilayers are often studied in condensed matter physics, particularly in the context of semiconductor devices, where two distinct materials are united to form junctions, such as p–n junctions, Schottky junctions, etc. Layered materials, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Traditionally, the Cohn process incorporating cold ethanol fractionation has been used for albumin purification. However, chromatographic methods for separation started being adopted in the early 1980s. Developments were ongoing in the time period between when Cohn fractionation started being used, in 1946, and when ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Luciferase can function in two different pathways: a bioluminescence pathway and a CoA-ligase pathway. In both pathways, luciferase initially catalyzes an adenylation reaction with MgATP. However, in the CoA-ligase pathway, CoA can displace AMP to form luciferyl CoA.
Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase similarly activates fatty ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A concept that began in Prince George's County, Maryland in 1990, LID began as an alternative to traditional stormwater best management practices (BMPs) installed at construction projects. Officials found that the traditional practices such as detention ponds and retention basins were not cost-effective and the results... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One major advantage of the Stöber process is that it can produce silica particles that are nearly monodisperse, and thus provides an ideal model for use in studying colloidal phenomena. It was a pioneering discovery when first published, allowing synthesis of spherical monodisperse silica particles of controlled sizes,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kinesin-13 MCAK (Mitotic Centromere-Associated Kinesin) is a KRP that is involved in resolving errors during mitosis involving kinetochore-microtubules. This process is associated with Aurora B Protein Kinase. When Aurora Bs function is disrupted, MCAK ability to locate centromeres, which play a critical role in separa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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