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Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann (20 January 1765 – 1 September 1846) was a German chemist who helped discover cadmium in 1817.
Cadmium was discovered in 1817 by a physician, Friedrich Stromeyer (1776–1835). The element was first found in the condensation of vapors (mixed with soot and zinc oxide) that rose out of a furn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A scleroscope is a device used to measure rebound hardness. It consists of a steel ball dropped from a fixed height. The device was invented in 1907. As an improvement on this rough method, the Leeb Rebound Hardness Test, invented in the 1970s, uses the ratio of impact and rebound velocities (as measured by a magnet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although geopolymerization does not rely on toxic organic solvents but only on water, it needs chemical ingredients that may be dangerous and therefore requires some safety procedures. Material Safety rules classify the alkaline products in two categories: corrosive products (named here: hostile) and irritant products ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Z-factor (Z-prime factor) is defined in terms of four parameters: the means () and standard deviations () of both the positive (p) and negative (n) controls (, , and , ). Given these values, the Z-factor is defined as:
The Z'-factor is a characteristic parameter of the assay itself, without intervention of samples. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In terms of its coordination properties, phenanthroline is similar to 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) with the advantage that the two nitrogen donors are preorganized for chelation. Phenanthroline is a stronger base than bipy. According to one ligand ranking scale, phen is a weaker donor than bipy.
Several homoleptic complexes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On 2 October 1798, Davy joined the Pneumatic Institution at Bristol. It had been established to investigate the medical powers of factitious airs and gases (gases produced experimentally or artificially), and Davy was to superintend the various experiments. The arrangement agreed between Dr Beddoes and Davy was generou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP) is an open-source software tool used in atmospheric chemistry. Taking a set of chemical reactions and their rate coefficients as input, KPP generates Fortran 90, FORTRAN 77, C, or Matlab code
of the resulting ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Solving the ODEs allows the temporal in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the end of Feynmans paper, he states that, "Van der Waals forces can also be interpreted as arising from charge distributions with higher concentration between the nuclei. The Schrödinger perturbation theory for two interacting atoms at a separation , large compared to the radii of the atoms, leads to the result tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It once was a popular solvent in organic chemistry, but because of its adverse health effects, it is rarely used today. It is sometimes useful as a solvent for infrared spectroscopy, because there are no significant absorption bands above 1600 cm. Because carbon tetrachloride does not have any hydrogen atoms, it was hi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A thermometric titration is one of a number of instrumental titration techniques where endpoints can be located accurately and precisely without a subjective interpretation on the part of the analyst as to their location. Enthalpy change is arguably the most fundamental and universal property of chemical reactions, so ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* hydrocarbonate
**Water gas prepared by passing steam over charcoal/coke. Alternatively prepared from unspecified alcohol and sulphuric acid.
**Hydrocarbonate was recognized to brighten venous blood and compete with oxygen around 1796, although credit is widely awarded to Claude Bernard's work in the mid-1850s.
*hyd... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A typical amount of 32 ng of cfDNA was utilized for library preparation. DNA input was adjusted to mitigate the effects of high molecular-weight DNA contamination. The library preparation process encompassed end repair, A-tailing, and adapter ligation, which also incorporated molecular barcodes into each read. These pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Union Carbide (UCC) process, also known as low-pressure oxo process (LPO), relies on a rhodium catalyst dissolved in high-boiling thick oil, a higher molecular weight condensation product of the primary aldehydes, for the hydroformylation of propene. The reaction mixture is separated in a falling film evaporator fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multiomics, multi-omics, integrative omics, "panomics" or "pan-omics" is a biological analysis approach in which the data sets are multiple "omes", such as the genome, proteome, transcriptome, epigenome, metabolome, and microbiome (i.e., a meta-genome and/or meta-transcriptome, depending upon how it is sequenced); in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photoreceptor proteins typically consist of a protein attached to a non-protein chromophore (sometimes referred as photopigment, even so photopigment may also refer to the photoreceptor as a whole). The chromophore reacts to light via photoisomerization or photoreduction, thus initiating a change of the receptor protei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Drospirenone has been found to stimulate the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells in preclinical research, similarly to certain other progestins. However, some evidence suggests that drospirenone may do this more weakly than certain other progestins, like medroxyprogesterone acetate. The combination of es... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because cycling probe technology does not involve the amplification of target DNA, CPT has a lower risk of cross contamination than PCR. In addition, CPT is faster than PCR and doesn't require a specialized thermocycler. CPT also does not require running CPT products on a gel. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As stated previously, two diastereomers will not have identical chemical properties. This knowledge is harnessed in chiral synthesis to separate a mixture of enantiomers. This is the principle behind chiral resolution. After preparing the diastereomers, they are separated by chromatography or recrystallization. Note al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most important reaction types involving free radicals are:
* Free-radical substitution, for instance free-radical halogenation and autoxidation.
* Free-radical addition reactions
* Intramolecular free radical reactions (substitution or addition) such as the Hofmann–Löffler reaction or the Barton reaction
* Free rad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Gaussian line shape has the standardized form,
The subsidiary variable, x, is defined in the same way as for a Lorentzian shape. Both this function and the Lorentzian have a maximum value of 1 at x = 0 and a value of 1/2 at x=±1. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Robinson, an African American, started his college education at LeMoyne-Owen College and graduated from Memphis State University now the University of Memphis, in 1979 with summa cum laude honors and a B.S. degree in chemistry. He received a Ph.D. in nuclear chemistry from Washington University in St. Louis in 1984. In... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycomics is the study of the carbohydrate components of cells. Though not exclusive to glycoproteins, it can reveal more information about different glycoproteins and their structure. One of the purposes of this field of study is to determine which proteins are glycosylated and where in the amino acid sequence the gly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2009, Zurek et al. predicted that the alloy would be a stable metal at only one quarter of the pressure required to metallize hydrogen, and that similar effects should hold for alloys of type LiH and possibly "other alkali high-hydride systems", i.e. alloys of type XH, where X is an alkali metal. This was later ver... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Infrared radiation can pass through dry, clear air in the wavelength range of 8–13 µm. Materials that can absorb energy and radiate it in those wavelengths exhibit a strong cooling effect. Materials that can also reflect 95% or more of sunlight in the 200 nanometres to 2.5 µm range can exhibit cooling even in direct su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the particle in question is not spherical, the rotational motion must be considered as well because the scattering of the light will be different depending on orientation. According to Pecora, rotational Brownian motion will affect the scattering when a particle fulfills two conditions; they must be both optically a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The objectives of the European Coil Coating Association are described in the association's statutes and rules of procedure:
* Setting quality performance standards and developing test methods
* Spreading the benefits of coil and/or sheet coated metal with particular emphasis on environmental, cost and quality benefits
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A geoporphyrin, also known as a petroporphyrin, is a porphyrin of geologic origin. They can occur in crude oil, oil shale, coal, or sedimentary rocks. Abelsonite is possibly the only geoporphyrin mineral, as it is rare for porphyrins to occur in isolation and form crystals.
The field of organic geochemistry had its ori... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because the ligaments of these materials are essentially small metallic samples, they are themselves expected to be quite ductile; although, the entire nano-porous material is often observed to be brittle in tension. Dislocation behavior is extensive within the ligaments (just as would be expected in a metal): a high d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dispersants can be delivered in aerosolized form by an aircraft or boat. Sufficient dispersant with droplets in the proper size are necessary; this can be achieved with an appropriate pumping rate. Droplets larger than 1,000 µm are preferred, to ensure they are not blown away by the wind. The ratio of dispersant to oil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During the development of B cells, the immunoglobulin gene undergoes sequences of rearrangements that lead to formation of the antibody repertoire. For example, in the lymphoid cell, a partial rearrangement of the heavy-chain gene occurs which is followed by complete rearrangement of heavy-chain gene. Here at this stag... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process of depolarization is entirely dependent upon the intrinsic electrical nature of most cells. When a cell is at rest, the cell maintains what is known as a resting potential. The resting potential generated by nearly all cells results in the interior of the cell having a negative charge compared to the exteri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since wave-making resistance is based on the energy required to push the water out of the way of the hull, there are a number of ways that this can be minimized. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acid rain can damage buildings, historic monuments, and statues, especially those made of rocks, such as limestone and marble, that contain large amounts of calcium carbonate. Acids in the rain react with the calcium compounds in the stones to create gypsum, which then flakes off.
:CaCO (s) + HSO (aq) CaSO (s) + CO (g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Within a homogeneous medium such as a solution, there is no scattering. For this case, researched extensively by August Beer, the concentration of the absorbing species follows the same linear contribution to absorbance as the path-length. Additionally, the contributions of individual absorbing species are additive. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arginylation is a post-translational modification in which proteins are modified by the addition of arginine (Arg) at the N-terminal amino group or side chains of reactive amino acids by the enzyme, arginyltransferase (ATE1). Recent studies have also revealed that hundreds of proteins in vivo are arginylated, proteins ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The IL-10 family is a family of interleukins.
In addition to IL-10, it includes IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26.
Some sources also include the interferons IL-28 and IL-29.
The IL-10 family are helical cytokines categorized based on their specific similarities and can be classified as class 2 cytokines. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Field effects can arise from the electric dipole field of a bond containing an electronegative atom or electron-withdrawing substituent, as well as from an atom or substituent bearing a formal charge. The directionality of a dipole, and concentration of charge, can both define the shape of a molecule's electric field w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organisms survival. This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organisms genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250–400 genes are essential for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If we deal with a non-peptide organic libraries library it is not as simple to determine the identity of the content of a bead as in the case of a peptide one. In order to circumvent this difficulty methods had been developed to attach to the beads, in parallel with the synthesis of the library, molecules that encode t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Planck held that all "natural processes" (meaning, in present-day terminology, a thermodynamic operation followed by a thermodynamic process) are irreversible and proceed in the sense of increase of entropy sum. In these terms, it would be by thermodynamic operations that, if he could exist, Maxwells demon would conduc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first contribution to van der Waals forces is due to electrostatic interactions between rotating permanent dipoles, quadrupoles (all molecules with symmetry lower than cubic), and multipoles. It is termed the Keesom interaction, named after Willem Hendrik Keesom. These forces originate from the attraction between... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For this purpose an optical fiber tip of an optical fiber temperature sensor is equipped with a gallium arsenide crystal. Starting at a light wavelength of 850 nm GaAs becomes optically translucent. Since the spectral position of the band gap is temperature dependent, it shifts about 0.4 nm/K. The measurement device co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The exact origin of the term cantarella is unknown. It may have been derived from kantharos (), a type of ancient Greek cup used for drinking, or the Neo-Latin word ("small cup"), in reference to the cups in which the poison would have been served. The word may also be related to kantharis (), referring to the Spanish... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hall–Petch relation predicts that as the grain size decreases the yield strength increases. The Hall–Petch relation was experimentally found to be an effective model for materials with grain sizes ranging from 1 millimeter to 1 micrometer. Consequently, it was believed that if average grain size could be decreased ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Marrow's research focuses on the degradation of structural materials, the role of microstructure, and the mechanisms of materials ageing. A key aspect is the investigation of fundamental mechanisms of damage accumulation - including irradiation - using novel materials characterisation techniques. This has concentrated ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to the FDA, the stereoisomeric composition of a chiral drug should be known, and its effects should be well-characterized from pharmacologic, toxicologic, and clinical standpoints. In order to profile the different stereoisomers of enantiopure drugs, manufacturers are urged to develop quantitative assays for ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Milos Vratislav Novotny (born 19 April 1942) is an American chemist, currently the Distinguished Professor Emeritus and Director of the Novotny Glycoscience Laboratory and the Institute for Pheromone Research at Indiana University, and also a published author. Milos Novotny received his Bachelor of Science from the Uni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Olfaction: In terrestrial vertebrates, olfaction occurs in the nose. Volatile chemical stimuli enter the nose and eventually reach the olfactory epithelium which houses the chemoreceptor cells known as olfactory sensory neurons often referred to as OSNs. Embedded in the olfactory epithelium are three types of cells: s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both free and protein-bound flavins are photoreducible, that is, able to be reduced by light, in a mechanism mediated by several organic compounds, such as some amino acids, carboxylic acids and amines. This property of flavins is exploited by various light-sensitive proteins. For example, the LOV domain, found in many... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15–20 copies in older leaves. They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast.
Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histone... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Looking back to the beginning of the CERN heavy ion program one sees de facto announcements of quark–gluon plasma discoveries. The CERN-NA35 and CERN-WA85 experimental collaborations announced formation in heavy ion reactions in May 1990 at the Quark Matter Conference, Menton, France. The data indicates a significant ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Elementoid clusters are ligand-stabilized clusters of metal atoms that possess more direct element-element than element-ligand contacts. Examples of structurally characterized clusters feature ligand stabilized cores of Al, Ga, and Pd. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ceramography is the art and science of preparation, examination and evaluation of ceramic microstructures. Ceramography can be thought of as the metallography of ceramics. The microstructure is the structure level of approximately 0.1 to 100 µm, between the minimum wavelength of visible light and the resolution limit o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most settlements in human history were placed along rivers, developing into riverine cities and traceable by their considerable environmental footprint. The human influence on rivers can be divided into six chronological stages: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring, usually an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as phenyl and naphthyl. "Aryl" is used for the sake of abbreviation or generalization, and "Ar" is used as a placeholder for the aryl group in chemical structure diagrams, analogous ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biosolids are solid organic matter recovered from a sewage treatment process and used as fertilizer. In the past, it was common for farmers to use animal manure to improve their soil fertility. In the 1920s, the farming community began also to use sewage sludge from local wastewater treatment plants. Scientific researc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The majority of third generation cephalosporins have the aminothiazole group at position C-7. Different groups are found at the 7-α-position like 7-α-iminohydroxy and 7-α-iminomethoxy groups. Ceftibuten however possesses a 7-α-ethylidene group. This group gives ceftibuten higher resistance to enhanced spectrum β-lactam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first frozen zoo was established at the San Diego Zoo by pathologist Kurt Benirschke in 1972. At the time there was no technology available to make use of the collection, but Benirschke believed such technology would be developed in the future. The frozen zoo idea was later supported in Gregory Benford's 1992 paper... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The key outputs of the marine carbon system are particulate organic matter (POC) and calcium carbonate (PIC) preservation as well as reverse weathering. While there are regions with local loss of CO to the atmosphere and hydrothermal processes, a net loss in the cycle does not occur. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Standard codes are followed when designing (or manufacturing) a piping system. Organizations which promulgate piping standards include:
* ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
** A112.19.1 Enameled cast-iron and steel plumbing fixtures standards
** A112.19.2 Ceramic plumbing fixtures standard
* ASTM Internatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cobalt is essential to the metabolism of all animals. It is a key constituent of cobalamin, also known as vitamin B, the primary biological reservoir of cobalt as an ultratrace element. Bacteria in the stomachs of ruminant animals convert cobalt salts into vitamin B, a compound which can only be produced by bacteria or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main durations of embryo culture are until cleavage stage (day two to four after co-incubation) or the blastocyst stage (day five or six after co-incubation). Embryo culture until the blastocyst stage confers a significant increase in live birth rate per embryo transfer, but also confers a decreased number of embry... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ioliomics (from a portmanteau of ions and liquids) is the study of ions in liquids (or liquid phases) and stipulated with fundamental differences of ionic interactions. Ioliomics covers a broad research area concerning structure, properties and applications of ions involved in various biological and chemical systems. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term macrocycle is used for compounds having a rings of 8 or more atoms. Macrocycles may be fully carbocyclic (rings containing only carbon atoms, e.g. cyclooctane), heterocyclic containing both carbon and non-carbon atoms (e.g. lactones and lactams containing rings of 8 or more atoms), or non-carbon (containing on... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liebig–Pasteur dispute is the dispute between Justus von Liebig and Louis Pasteur on the processes and causes of fermentation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 1900 – Max Planck suggests that light may be emitted in discrete frequencies, giving his law of black-body radiation
* 1905 – Albert Einstein, in the first of his miracle year papers, argues that the reality of quanta would explain the photoelectric effect
* 1905 – Einstein mathematically analyzes Brownian motion as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The purpose of both the (primary) bioluminescence (from aequorins action on luciferin) and the (secondary) fluorescence of GFP in jellyfish is unknown. GFP is co-expressed with aequorin in small granules around the rim of the jellyfish bell. The secondary excitation peak (480 nm) of GFP does absorb some of the blue emi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reflections, or mirror isometries, can be combined to produce any isometry. Thus isometries are an example of a reflection group. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The working principle involves the acceleration of an electrically conductive fluid (which can be a liquid or an ionized gas called a plasma) by the Lorentz force, resulting from the cross product of an electric current (motion of charge carriers accelerated by an electric field applied between two electrodes) with a p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The MOSE project is estimated to cost €5.496 billion, up €1.3 billion from initial cost projections. On 30 January 2019, the last of the 78 gates was put in place. In November 2019, the project was 94% completed and was expected to be ready by the end of 2021, and later moved to 2025. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sealants are an alternative to solder where additional strength is not required. In most cases, sealants should not be necessary with a properly designed copper installation. They are at best a relatively short-term solution requiring frequent maintenance. Regardless, sealant-filled joints have been used successfully a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The BCA assay is largely incompatible with reducing agents and metal chelators, although trace quantities may be tolerated. The BCA assay also reportedly responds to common membrane lipids and phospholipids. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Similar to natural bases, x-nucleotides selectively assemble into a duplex-structure resembling B-DNA. xDNA was originally synthesized by incorporating a benzene ring into the nitrogenous base. However, other expanded bases have been able to incorporate thiophene and [[Benzothiophene|benzo[b]thiophene]] as well. xDNA a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mitochondrial shuttles are biochemical transport systems used to transport reducing agents across the inner mitochondrial membrane. NADH as well as NAD+ cannot cross the membrane, but it can reduce another molecule like FAD and [QH] that can cross the membrane, so that its electrons can reach the electron transport... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SSCP used to be a way to discover new DNA polymorphisms apart from DNA sequencing but is now being supplanted by sequencing techniques on account of efficiency and accuracy. These days, SSCP is most applicable as a diagnostic tool in molecular biology. It can be used in genotyping to detect homozygous individuals of di... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Jorge Eduardo Allende Rivera, (born 11 November 1934) is a Chilean biochemist and biophysicist known for his contributions to the understanding of proteic biosynthesis and how transfer RNA is generated, and the regulation of maturation of amphibian eggs. He has been a foreign associate of the United States National Ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flap endonuclease (FEN) is an endonuclease that catalyzes structure-specific cleavage. This cleavage is highly sensitive to mismatches and can be used to interrogate SNPs with a high degree of specificity
In the basic Invader assay, a FEN called cleavase is combined with two specific oligonucleotide probes, that toget... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most aliphatic compounds are flammable, allowing the use of hydrocarbons as fuel, such as methane in natural gas for stoves or heating; butane in torches and lighters; various aliphatic (as well as aromatic) hydrocarbons in liquid transportation fuels like petrol/gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel; and other uses such as e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compound is used in high-end electric and semiconductor products, and as a raw material to produce phosphor. Also it is used as a magnetic material and sputtering target material. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After cycling several times and being removed from the calcium loop, the waste sorbent will have attrited, sulfated and become mixed with the ash from any fuel used. The amount of ash in the waste sorbent will depend on the fraction of the sorbent being removed and the ash and calorific content of the fuel. The size fr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A monolithic HPLC column, or monolithic column, is a column used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The internal structure of the monolithic column is created in such a way that many channels form inside the column. The material inside the column which separates the channels can be porous and functiona... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are other omega-3 fish-oil based drugs on the market that have similar uses and mechanisms of action:
* Omega-3-acid ethyl esters (brand names Omacor [renamed Lovaza in the U.S. to avoid confusion with Amicar and Omtryg]), and as of March 2016, four generic versions
* Omega-3 carboxylic acids (Epanova); the Epano... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By modeling reactions as Langevin motion along a one dimensional reaction coordinate, Hendrik Kramers was able to derive a relationship between the shape of the potential energy surface along the reaction coordinate and the transition rates of the system. The formulation relies on approximating the potential energy lan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The friction head can be related to the pressure loss due to friction by dividing the pressure loss by the product of the acceleration due to gravity and the density of the fluid. Accordingly, the relationship between the friction head and the Fanning friction factor is:
where:
* is the friction loss (in head) of the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
N-Oleoylsarcosine is a mild surfactant which irritates skin and eyes comparatively little and is therefore used in personal care products such as skin cleansing agents because of its antimicrobial and virucidal properties.
The sarcosine head group of the long-chain amphiphilic N-acylamino acid is responsible for the fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1989 and 1993, Yamada and co-workers reported the first enantioselective total synthesis of both the enantiomers of ptaquilosin, the aglycone of ptaquiloside. In the first step, the menthyl ester of cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 1 was partially hydrolyzed to afford the monomenthyl ester, which was later alkylat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dosage form for a pharmaceutical contains the active pharmaceutical ingredient, which is the drug substance itself, and excipients, which are the ingredients of the tablet, or the liquid in which the active agent is suspended, or other material that is pharmaceutically inert. Drugs are chosen primarily for their ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via the intermediary nitrite. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil. The process of complete nitrification may occur through separate organisms or entirely within one organism, as in comammox bacteria. The transformation of ammon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cationic detergents are similar to anionic ones, but quaternary ammonium replaces the hydrophilic anionic sulfonate group. The ammonium sulfate center is positively charged. Cationic surfactants generally have poor detergency. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A flow process is a type of thermodynamic process, where matter flows in and out of an open system called the control volume. Such a process may be steady, meaning that the matter and energy flowing into and out of the system are constant through time. It can also be unsteady, or transient, meaning that the flows may c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A novel input representation has been developed consisting of a combination of sparse encoding, Blosum encoding, and input derived from hidden Markov models. this method predicts T-cell epitopes for the genome of hepatitis C virus and discuss possible applications of the prediction method to guide the process of ration... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
William Christopher Zeise (15 October 1789 – 12 November 1847) was a Danish organic chemist. He is best known for synthesising one of the first organometallic compounds, named Zeise's salt in his honour. He also performed pioneering studies in organosulfur chemistry, discovering the xanthates in 1823. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As of March 2024, 11 U.S. states and two territories have passed statewide legislation to explicitly ban polystyrene foam:
* In 2019, Maryland was the first state to enact a ban, which went into effect on October 1, 2020. Bans were also passed that year in Maine and Vermont, with both states' laws taking effect on Jul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Process analytical chemistry involves the following sub-disciplines of analytical chemistry: microanalytical systems, nanotechnology, chemical detection, electrochemistry or electrophoresis, chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, process chemometrics, process control, flow injection analysis, ultrasound, and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The FRET efficiency () is the quantum yield of the energy-transfer transition, i.e. the probability of energy-transfer event occurring per donor excitation event:
where the radiative decay rate of the donor, is the rate of energy transfer, and the rates of any other de-excitation pathways excluding energy transfers ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Normal phase elution is achieved by pumping the non-aqueous or phase of a biphasic solvent system through the column as the mobile phase, with a more polar stationary phase being retained in the column. The cause of original nomenclature of is relevant. As original stationary phases of paper chromatography were superse... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many analogues have been prepared from primary, secondary, and even tertiary amines:
* Borane tert-butylamine ()
* Borane trimethylamine ()
* Borane isopropylamine ()
The first amine adduct of borane was derived from trimethylamine. Borane tert-butylamine complex is prepared by the reaction of sodium borohydride with t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Viscosity is measured with various types of viscometers and rheometers. Close temperature control of the fluid is essential to obtain accurate measurements, particularly in materials like lubricants, whose viscosity can double with a change of only 5 °C. A rheometer is used for fluids that cannot be defined by a single... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Lamb vector is the cross product of vorticity vector and velocity vector of the flow field, named after the physicist Horace Lamb. The Lamb vector is defined as
where is the velocity field and is the vorticity field of the flow. It appears in the Navier–Stokes equations through the material derivat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* ) and Bürgi-Dunitz () concepts. -->
* and concepts. -->
* and results are summarized. -->
* concept, and the article in which it is named.' --> | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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