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As a liquid or semisolid dosage, gels are typically used where a solid form would affect the patient’s comfort. As a trade-off, conventional gels have poor retention rates. This results in unpredictable losses of the drug, as the non-solid dosage is unable to maintain its position at the site of administration. Mucoadh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The necessity of obtaining accurate thermodynamic quantities for the actinide elements and their compounds was recognized at the outset of the Manhattan Project, when a dedicated team of scientists and engineers initiated the program to exploit nuclear energy for military purposes. Since the end of World War II, both f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Key thermophysical properties of phase-change materials include: Melting point (T), Heat of fusion (ΔH), Specific heat (c) (of solid and liquid phase), Density (ρ) (of solid and liquid phase) and thermal conductivity. Values such as volume change and volumetric heat capacity can be calculated there from. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Russell demonstrated that alkaline vents created an abiogenic proton motive force chemiosmotic gradient, ideal for abiogenesis. Their microscopic compartments "provide a natural means of concentrating organic molecules," composed of iron-sulfur minerals such as mackinawite, endowed these mineral cells with the catalyti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The U.S.-based company Sedron Technologies (formerly Janicki Bioenergy) presented in 2014 a prototype using combustion. Their process is a sewage sludge treatment system that produces drinking water and electrical energy as end products from sewage sludge. Manufactured by Sedron Technologies, the proof of concept model... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with the use of dicloxacillin include: diarrhea, nausea, rash, urticaria, pain and inflammation at injection site, superinfection (including candidiasis), allergy, and transient increases in liver enzymes and bilirubin.
On rare occasions, cholestatic jaundice (also referr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Naomi Chayen is a biochemist and structural biologist. She is a professor of Biomedical Sciences at Imperial College London, where she leads the Crystallization Group in Computational and Systems Medicine. She is best known for developing the microbatch method and inventing novel nucleants for protein crystallization w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tetrasulfur tetranitride is an inorganic compound with the formula . This gold-poppy coloured solid is the most important binary sulfur nitride, which are compounds that contain only the elements sulfur and nitrogen. It is a precursor to many S-N compounds and has attracted wide interest for its unusual structure and b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbaminohemoglobin (carbaminohaemoglobin BrE) (COHb, also known as carbhemoglobin and carbohemoglobin) is a compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide, and is one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood. Twenty-three percent of carbon dioxide is carried in blood this way (70% is converted into bicarb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Curing is a chemical process employed in polymer chemistry and process engineering that produces the toughening or hardening of a polymer material by cross-linking of polymer chains. Even if it is strongly associated with the production of thermosetting polymers, the term "curing" can be used for all the processes whe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Various methods for the production of singlet oxygen exist. Irradiation of oxygen gas in the presence of an organic dye as a sensitizer, such as rose bengal, methylene blue, or porphyrins—a photochemical method—results in its production. Large steady state concentrations of singlet oxygen are reported from the reaction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The protein encoded by this gene mediates transcriptional control by interaction with the activation function 2 (AF2) region of several nuclear receptors, including the estrogen, retinoic acid, and vitamin D receptors. The protein localizes to nuclear bodies and is thought to associate with chromatin and heterochromati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Using simplifying assumptions, the spectroscopic parameters (absorption, remission, and transmission fractions) of a plane parallel layer can be built from the refractive index of the material making up the layer, the linear absorption coefficient (absorbing power) of the material, and the thickness of the layer. Whil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) is a method of microbial community analysis that provides a means of comparing differing environments or treatment impacts without the bias imposed by culture- dependent approaches. RISA involves PCR amplification of a region of the rRNA gene operon between the sma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This research, published in 2017, aimed to search for the solar neutrino effective magnetic moment. The search was completed using data from exposure from the Borexino experiment's second phase which consisted of data over 1291.5 days (3.54 years). The results yielded that the electron recoil spectrum shape was as expe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following the action potential, characteristically generated by the influx of Na through voltage gated Na channels, there is a period of repolarization in which the Na channels are inactivated while K channels are activated. Further study of K channels shows that there are four types which influence the repolarization... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The two-way shape-memory effect is the effect that the material remembers two different shapes: one at low temperatures, and one at the high temperature.
A material that shows a shape-memory effect during both heating and cooling is said to have two-way shape memory. This can also be obtained without the application of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), also known as K(lysine) acetyltransferase 2B (KAT2B), is a human gene and transcriptional coactivator associated with p53. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The head loss (or ) expresses the pressure loss due to friction in terms of the equivalent height of a column of the working fluid, so the pressure drop is
: = The head loss due to pipe friction over the given length of pipe (SI units: m);
: = The local acceleration due to gravity (m/s).
It is useful to present hea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Historically, probably the most commonly studied cases of two-phase flow are in large-scale power systems. Coal and gas-fired power stations used very large boilers to produce steam for use in turbines. In such cases, pressurised water is passed through heated pipes and it changes to steam as it moves through the pipe.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An alternative approach called Hydrothermal liquefaction employs a continuous process that subjects harvested wet algae to high temperatures and pressures— and .
Products include crude oil, which can be further refined into aviation fuel, gasoline, or diesel fuel using one or many upgrading processes. The test process ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following table lists the sensitivity of different types of ANAs for different diseases.
Some ANAs appear in several types of disease, resulting in lower specificity of the test. For example, IgM-rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) have been shown to cross-react with ANA giving falsely positive immunofluorescence. Positive ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several methods exist to measure the inclusion content in liquid aluminium. The most common methods are PoDFA, Prefil, K-Mold and LiMCA. Measuring the inclusions is of great help to understand the impact of furnace preparation, alloying practice, feedstock mix, settling time, and similar parameters on melt cleanliness. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The development of the helium–neon laser (He-Ne) in 1962 at the Bell Telephone Laboratories provided the optics community with a continuous wave electromagnetic radiation source that was highly concentrated at a wavelength of 632.8 nanometers (nm) in the red portion of the visible spectrum. It was discovered that fluid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soft laser desorption is a soft ionization technique which desorbs and ionizes molecules from surfaces with minimal fragmentation. This is useful for a broad range of small and large molecules and molecules that fragment easily. The first soft laser desorption techniques included matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioniza... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phytoremediation is the use of plant-based technologies to decontaminate an area.
Most land plants can form a symbiotic relationship with fungi which is advantageous for both organisms. This relationship is called mycorrhiza. Researchers found that phytoremediation is enhanced by mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizal fungis symbiot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ötzi is a Neolithic man who, in 1991, was found in an Alpine glacier between Austria and Italy. Ötzi is exceptionally well preserved since his body was dehydrated and encapsulated in glacial ice. Radiocarbon dating gave an age of approximately 5,200 years old. TIMS, ICP-MS and gas mass spectrometry have all been appli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In polymer physics, the coil–globule transition is the collapse of a macromolecule from an expanded coil state through an ideal coil state to a collapsed globule state, or vice versa. The coil–globule transition is of importance in biology due to the presence of coil-globule transitions in biological macromolecules su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clumped isotopes present a distinct set of challenges for isotopic reference materials. By convention the clumped isotope composition of CO liberated from CaCO (Δ) and CH (Δ/ΔCH3DCH2D2CO for carbon dioxide and CH for methane. Standard isotopic reference materials are still required in clumped isotope analysis for measu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Housed in a plastic container, the bomb has a metal partition that separates two liquid reagents. Once the partition is removed, the liquids mix and react, causing them to rapidly expand and then solidify, creating a physical barrier blocking the tunnel. The device is either set at its target by an individual or throw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zubbles were invented by Tim Kehoe, a toy creator from St. Paul, Minnesota. After an unexplained breakthrough in his kitchen, he was able to produce blue bubbles, that, unsuitably for a toy, stained clothing. After an eight-year-long delay in developing the idea further, he recommenced his investigations after forming ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a quantum-mechanical description of matter, the electrons confined to a material (such as those in individual atoms, molecules or crystals) are limited to a discrete set of energy values. The ground state of such a material system is such that the most energetic electron has its minimal energy. In photoluminescence,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phenolics are formed by three different biosynthetic pathways: (i) the shikimate/chorizmate or succinylbenzoate pathway, which produces the phenyl propanoid derivatives (C6–C3); (ii) the acetate/malonate or polyketide pathway, which produces the side-chain-elongated phenyl propanoids, including the large group of flavo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In nuclear physics, the island of stability is a predicted set of isotopes of superheavy elements that may have considerably longer half-lives than known isotopes of these elements. It is predicted to appear as an "island" in the chart of nuclides, separated from known stable and long-lived primordial radionuclides. It... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Perfusion storage methods can mechanically injury the vascular endothelium of the kidney, which leads to arterial thrombosis or fibrin deposition after reimplantation. Hill noted that, in human kidneys, fibrin deposition in the glomerulus after reimplantation and postoperative function, correlated with the length of pe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is also used in molecular biology as an oxidising agent, for example to oxidise free thiols to form disulfide bonds in proteins. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a phenomenon that occurs where electrons in a thin metal sheet become excited by light that is directed to the sheet with a particular angle of incidence, and then travel parallel to the sheet. Assuming a constant light source wavelength and that the metal sheet is thin, the angle of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several clinical studies have shown that MFGM could positively affect circulating lipids. A single-blind RCT in overweight adults has shown that the effects of milk fat on plasma lipids were modulated by the MFGM content; compared to butter oil (control diet), consumption of whipping cream (MFGM diet) for 8 weeks did n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Grignard reagents, given by RMgX, with R being a monoanionic organic substituent and X being a halide, are thought to proceed through some magnesium(I) intermediates, such as RMgMgX. It is believed that some of the transformations that occur with Grignard reagents may proceed via single electron transfer. This proceeds... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Located in the East San Francisco Bay, the neighborhood of West Oakland is home to mainly low-income African American and Latino residents who are exposed to a disproportionate amount of airborne toxins as compared to the rest of the surrounding Alameda County. West Oakland's close proximity to highways and the Port of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The touchstone method is most common by far and does not damage the item in question. A rubbing of the item is made on a special stone, treated with acids and the result is compared to the result of the same process done on a sample of gold with a known purity. Red radiolarian chert or black siliceous slate were used f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first-generation of Glycoazodyes was first reported in 2007. These Glycoazodyes use a diester linker, specifically a succinyl bridge. An ester group bonds the sugar to an n-alkane spacer, and the spacer bonds to the dye through another ester group. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Owing to the ability of nitrido ligands to serve as a bridging ligand, several metal clusters are known to contain nitride ligands at their center. Such nitrido ligands are termed interstitial. In some cases, the nitride is completely encased in the center of six or more metals and cannot undergo reactions, although ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before exploring Rietveld refinement, it is necessary to establish a greater understanding of powder diffraction data and what information is encoded therein in order to establish a notion of how to create a model of a diffraction pattern, which is of course necessary in Rietveld refinement. A typical diffraction patte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the gas phase sulfur dioxide is oxidized by reaction with the hydroxyl radical via an intermolecular reaction:
:SO + OH· → HOSO·
which is followed by:
:HOSO· + O → HO· + SO
In the presence of water, sulfur trioxide (SO) is converted rapidly to sulfuric acid:
:SO (g) + HO (l) → HSO (aq)
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with O... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many TRIM proteins are induced by interferons, which are important component of resistance to pathogens and several TRIM proteins are known to be required for the restriction of infection by lentiviruses. TRIM proteins are involved in pathogen-recognition and by regulation of transcriptional pathways in host defence. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The active ingredient in pepper spray is capsaicin, which is derived from the fruit of plants in the genus Capsicum, including chilis in the form of oleoresin capsicum (OC). Extraction of OC from peppers requires capsicum to be finely ground, from which capsaicin is then extracted using an organic solvent such as ethan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This idea, drug to metabolite switching, is an extension of the chiral switch concept. The purpose of the switching is to develop an active metabolite which will be devoid of the side-effects and have an improved therapeutic profile compared to the parent chiral drug. Some examples of chiral drug to metabolite switches... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the limiting case of no interaction, the system is an ideal gas and the structure factor is completely featureless: , because there is no correlation between the positions and of different particles (they are independent random variables), so the off-diagonal terms in Equation () average to zero: . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Ferrier rearrangement is an organic reaction that involves a nucleophilic substitution reaction combined with an allylic shift in a glycal (a 2,3-unsaturated glycoside). It was discovered by the carbohydrate chemist Robert J. Ferrier. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In most cases this decay mode is masked by other, more probable modes involving fewer particles, such as single electron capture. When all other modes are “forbidden” (strongly suppressed) double electron capture becomes the main mode of decay. There exist 34 naturally occurring nuclei that are believed to undergo doub... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During surface micromachining, stiction or adhesion between the substrate (usually silicon-based) and the microstructure occurs during the isotropic wet etching of the sacrificial layer. The capillary forces due to the surface tension of the liquid between the microstructure and substrate during drying of the wet etcha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In medicine, protein electrophoresis is a method of analysing the proteins mainly in blood serum. Before the widespread use of gel electrophoresis, protein electrophoresis was performed as free-flow electrophoresis (on paper) or as immunoelectrophoresis.
Traditionally, two classes of blood proteins are considered: ser... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FRET efficiencies can also be inferred from the photobleaching rates of the donor in the presence and absence of an acceptor. This method can be performed on most fluorescence microscopes; one simply shines the excitation light (of a frequency that will excite the donor but not the acceptor significantly) on specimens ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fatty acids from lipids are commonly used as an energy source by vertebrates as fatty acids are degraded through beta oxidation into acetate molecules. This acetate, bound to the active thiol group of coenzyme A, enters the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) where it is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide. This pathway thus al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The relationship between mean flow velocity and volumetric flow rate is
: = The volumetric flow (m/s),
: = The cross-sectional wetted area (m).
In a full-flowing, circular pipe of diameter ,
Then the Darcy–Weisbach equation in terms of is | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NMO, as an N-oxide, is an oxidant in the Upjohn dihydroxylation. It is generally used in stoichiometric amounts as a secondary oxidant (a cooxidant) to regenerate a primary (catalytic) oxidant after the latter has been reduced by the substrate. Vicinal syn-dihydroxylation reactions for example, would, in theory, requir... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere.
The atmospheric lifetime of a greenhouse gas refers to the time required to restore equilibrium following a sudden increase or decrease in its concentration in the atmosphere. Individual atoms or molecules may be lost or deposited to si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ppGpp directly inhibits transcription from ribosomal promoters. One model is ppGpp and DksA together and independently decrease the stability of the open complexes formed on DNA by RNAP. Another model is the trapping mechanism. In this model, RNAP is trapped by ppGpp in closed complexes and is unable to initiate tran... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In isotropic turbulence the Kármán–Howarth equation (after Theodore von Kármán and Leslie Howarth 1938), which is derived from the Navier–Stokes equations, is used to describe the evolution of non-dimensional longitudinal autocorrelation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The absorption of dietary iron is a variable and dynamic process. The amount of iron absorbed compared to the amount ingested is typically low, but may range from 5% to as much as 35% depending on circumstances and type of iron. The efficiency with which iron is absorbed varies depending on the source. Generally, the b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Near the end of mitosis, p130 and p107 are dephosphorylated from their hyperphosphorylated state by the phosphatase PP2a. Inhibition of PP2a activity reduced promoter binding of some of the proteins of the DREAM complex in the subsequent G1 phase and de-repression of gene expression.
Other components have been shown to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An oligoester is an ester oligomer chain containing a small number of repeating ester units (monomers). Oligoesters are short analogs of polymeric polyesters.
An example is oligo-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diols react as alcohols, by esterification and ether formation.
Diols such as ethylene glycol are used as co-monomers in polymerization reactions forming polymers including some polyesters and polyurethanes. A different monomer with two identical functional groups, such as a dioyl dichloride or dioic acid is required t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some mammals can emit foul smelling liquids from anal glands, such as the pangolin and some members of families Mephitidae and Mustelidae including skunks, weasels, and polecats. Monotremes have venomous spurs used to avoid predation and slow lorises (Primates: Nycticebus) produce venom which appears to be effective at... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Overloading peaks should not cause performance problems while continuous overloading lead to a loss of treatment capacity through too much suspended solids, sludge or fats.
Subsurface flow wetlands require the following maintenance tasks: regular checking of the pretreatment process, of pumps when they are used, of inf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An ylide () or ylid () is a neutral dipolar molecule containing a formally negatively charged atom (usually a carbanion) directly attached to a heteroatom with a formal positive charge (usually nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur), and in which both atoms have full octets of electrons. The result can be viewed as a structur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
IIR Working Groups operate on a temporary basis, bringing together specialists, to work on projects arising from current issues.
Their aim is to promote development, provide knowledge and give recommendations in these spheres. In order to achieve these objectives, they hold conferences and workshops, write publications... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Side effects of gestonorone caproate have been reported to include worsened glucose tolerance, decreased libido in men, and local injection site reactions such as irritation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A pheromone (from Greek phero "to bear" + hormone from Greek – "impetus") is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting outside the body of the secreting individual to impact the behavior of the receiving individual. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following list describes a viewpoint on the interdisciplinary relationships between molecular biology and other related fields.
* Molecular biology is the study of the molecular underpinnings of the biological phenomena, focusing on molecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms and interactions.
* Biochemistry is t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cross sections commonly calculated using Mie theory include efficiency coefficients for extinction , scattering , and Absorption cross sections. These are normalized by the geometrical cross sections of the particle as
The cross section is defined by
where is the energy flow through the surrounding surface, and i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Four broad classes of biomarkers are diagnostic biomarkers, prognostic biomarkers, predictive biomarkers and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shortly after its inauguration the society began publishing the Journal of Exploration Geochemistry in 1972. Today the societys flagship journal is Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, co-published with the Geological Society of London. The journal covers fields relating to the application of geochemistry ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The micelle velocity is defined by:
where is the electrophoretic velocity of a micelle.
The retention time of a given sample should depend on the capacity factor, :
where is the total number of moles of solute in the micelle and is the total moles in the aqueous phase. The retention time of a solute should then be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first stable carbenes to be isolated were based on an imidazole ring, with the hydrogen in carbon 2 of the ring (between the two nitrogen atoms) removed, and other hydrogens replaced by various groups. These imidazol-2-ylidenes are still the most stable and the most well studied and understood family of persistent ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Integrating the equations obtained at the second order, we find
where is an unknown at this order.
Now collecting terms of order , we find
The solvability condition of the above equation yields the governing equation for as follows | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Post-translational regulation refers to the control of the levels of active protein.
There are several forms.
It is performed either by means of reversible events (posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation or sequestration) or by means of irreversible events (proteolysis). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Papkovich–Neuber solution is a technique for generating analytic solutions to the Newtonian incompressible Stokes equations, though it was originally developed to solve the equations of linear elasticity.
It can be shown that any Stokes flow with body force can be written in the form:
where is a harmonic ve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Potential applications include herbicides and pesticides formulations, detergents, healthcare and cosmetics, pulp and paper, coal, textiles, ceramic processing and food industries, uranium ore-processing, and mechanical dewatering of peat. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With few exceptions, most chloroplasts have their entire chloroplast genome combined into a single large circular DNA molecule, typically 120,000–170,000 base pairs long. They can have a contour length of around 30–60 micrometers, and have a mass of about 80–130 million daltons.
While usually thought of as a circular m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), a committee of the Human Genome Organisation, for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chilton–Colburn J-factor analogy (also known as the modified Reynolds analogy) is a successful and widely used analogy between heat, momentum, and mass transfer. The basic mechanisms and mathematics of heat, mass, and momentum transport are essentially the same. Among many analogies (like Reynolds analogy, Prandtl–Tayl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Owing to its high reactivity and the ability to tune its endcap groups, PPA has been lately utilized in drug delivery applications. In one recent study, UV-sensitive PPA microcapsules containing different types of drugs were prepared. Once the capsules were subjected to a UV-light trigger, an unzipping reaction took pl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rust resistance of EPS-processed steel strip is superior to that of acid pickled steel strip primarily because acid pickling imposes a corrosion "penalty" on the steel which EPS processing does not. This penalty is a result of chemical reactions that occur after acid pickling and serve as a catalyst for oxidation. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nicholas J. Turro (May 18, 1938 – November 24, 2012) was an American chemist, Wm. P. Schweitzer Professor of Chemistry at Columbia University. He was a world renowned organic chemist and leading world expert on organic photochemistry. He was the recipient of the 2011 Arthur C. Cope Award in Organic Chemistry, given a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fundamental series lines for rubidium appear in the near infrared. The valence electron moves from the 4d level as the 3d is contained in an inner shell. They were observed by R von Lamb.
Relevant energy levels are 4p4d j=5/2 19,355.282 cm and j=3/2 19,355.623 cm, and the first f levels at 4p4f j=5/2 26,792.185 cm ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Garson was born in Rugby, England, the daughter of an engineer and botanist. She took her B.A with Honours from the University of Cambridge, Newnham College in 1974. Garson's focus was the natural sciences, specializing in chemistry. She obtained an MA in Natural Sciences and she took her PhD in organic chemistry from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are particulate matter of nanoscale size (less than 0.1 μm or 100 nm in diameter). Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient air pollution particles, which are far smaller than the regulated PM and PM particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health impli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hart graduated from MIT with a bachelors degree in geology in 1956 and a masters degree in geochemistry in 1957 from Caltech. In 1960 he received his doctorate in geochemistry from MIT with thesis Mineral ages and metamorphism under the supervision of Patrick M. Hurley. After a year as a Carnegie Fellow, Hart was from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Junwang Tang, MAE, FRSC and FIMMM, is the Founding Director of Industrial Catalysis Center, and Carbon Neutrality Chair Professor of Materials Chemistry and Catalysis at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University and Visiting Professor at University College London (UCL). He also served as the Director... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphorus-32 is widely used for labeling nucleic acids and phosphoproteins. It has the highest emission energy (1.7 MeV) of all common research radioisotopes. This is a major advantage in experiments for which sensitivity is a primary consideration, such as titrations of very strong interactions (i.e., very low dissoc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Moreover, because the assembly of the full-length gene product relies on the efficient and specific alignment of long single stranded oligonucleotides, critical parameters for synthesis success include extended sequence regions comprising secondary structures caused by inverted repeats, extraordinary high or low GC-con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Four of the main types of molecular biomarkers are genomic biomarkers, transcriptomic biomarkers, proteomic biomarkers and metabolic biomarkers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For membrane proteins, the situation is more complicated because the system that is being crystallized is not the membrane protein itself but the micellar system in which the membrane protein is embedded.
The size of the protein-detergent mixed micelles are affected by both additives and detergents which will strongly ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The resting potential of photocytes was found to exist in a range between 50 and 65 millivolts. It is generally accepted that the emission of light was found to occur after depolarization of the photocyte membrane although some have argued that the depolarization follows the emission of light. The depolarization of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The number of two-component systems present in a bacterial genome is highly correlated with genome size as well as ecological niche; bacteria that occupy niches with frequent environmental fluctuations possess more histidine kinases and response regulators. New two-component systems may arise by gene duplication or by ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unlike in solid mechanics where shear flow is the shear stress force per unit length, in fluid mechanics, shear flow (or shearing flow) refers to adjacent layers of fluid moving parallel to each other with different speeds. Viscous fluids resist this shearing motion. For a Newtonian fluid, the stress exerted by the flu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the Northwest Pacific, where the term for strong tropical cyclones is typhoon, the concept of typhoon engineering, which is very similar to Hurricane Engineering, is being proposed. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On 29 November 2018, Chinese authorities suspended all of Hes research activities, saying his work was "extremely abominable in nature" and a violation of Chinese law. He was sequestered in a university apartment under some sort of surveillance. On 21 January 2019, He was fired from his job at SUSTech and his teaching ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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