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LaSSI is similar to LSA in that it involves the construction of an occurrence matrix from a corpus of items and the application of singular value decomposition to that matrix to derive latent features. What differs is that the occurrence matrix represents the frequency of two- and three-dimensional chemical descriptor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Specialized UV gas-discharge lamps containing different gases produce UV radiation at particular spectral lines for scientific purposes. Argon and deuterium arc lamps are often used as stable sources, either windowless or with various windows such as magnesium fluoride. These are often the emitting sources in UV spectr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most notable classes of biological macromolecules used in the fundamental processes of living organisms include:
* Proteins, which are the building blocks from which the structures of living organisms are constructed (this includes almost all enzymes, which catalyse organic chemical reactions).
* Amino acid, make u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Louis Lémery (25 January 1677 – 9 June 1743) was a French botanist and chemist.
The son of scientist Nicolas Lemery, Louis was appointed physician at the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris in 1710, and became demonstrator of chemistry at the Jardin du Roi in 1731. He was the author of a Traité des aliments (1702), and of a Dissertati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nickel-63 is a radioisotope of nickel that can be used as an energy source in Radioisotope Piezoelectric Generators. It has a half-life of 100.1 years. It can be created by irradiating nickel-62 with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many common addition polymers are formed from unsaturated monomers (usually having a C=C double bond). The most prevalent addition polymers are polyolefins, i.e. polymers derived by the conversion of olefins (alkenes) to long-chain alkanes. The stoichiometry is simple:
:n RCH=CH → [RCH-CH]
This conversion can be in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The saprobic system is a tool to measure water quality, and specifically it deals with the capacity of a water body to self-regulate and degrade organic matter. The saprobic system derives from so-called saprobes — organisms that thrive through degradation of organic matter, which is called saprotrophic nutrition.
The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors) are enzyme inhibitors that inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). They are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inhibition of the DPP-4 enzyme prolongs and enhances the activity of incretins that play an important role in insulin secretion a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cyclic molecules often exist in much more rigid conformations than their linear counterparts. Even very large macrocycles like erythromycin exist in defined geometries despite having many degrees of freedom. Because of these properties, it is often easier to achieve asymmetric induction with macrocyclic substrates rath... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Seawater desalination plants have produced potable water for many years. However, until recently desalination had been used only in special circumstances because of the high energy consumption of the process.
Early designs for desalination plants made use of various evaporation technologies. The most advanced are the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heat transfer fluids are integral to various industrial applications, enabling precise temperature control in manufacturing processes. In the food industry, they are vital for processing meats and snacks. Chemical processes often rely on them for batch reactors and continuous operations. The plastics, rubber, and compo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A widely used British Standard (BS) for marking equipment is:
* BS 1710:2019 Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs
The Standard stipulates the colours to be used. These are as follows:
In addition to the basic colours, certain safety colours are used:
The arrangement of markings ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* [http://www.science.uottawa.ca/~eih/ch1/ch1.htm Environmental Isotopes] (University of Ottawa)
* [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/itchch2.html Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry] (C. Kendall & E.A. Caldwell, chap.2 in Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology [edited by C. Kendall & J.J. McDonnell], 1998... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The tailings contain mainly decay products from the decay chain involving Uranium-238. Uranium tailings contain over a dozen radioactive nuclides, which are the primary hazard posed by the tailings. The most important of these are thorium-230, radium-226, radon-222 (radon gas) and the daughter isotopes of radon decay, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Additional, mathematically equivalent forms of the Colebrook equation are:
::where:
:::1.7384... = 2 log (2 × 3.7) = 2 log (7.4)
:::18.574 = 2.51 × 3.7 × 2
and
:or
::where:
:::1.1364... = 1.7384... − 2 log (2) = 2 log (7.4) − 2 log (2) = 2 log (3.7)
:::9.287 = 18.574 / 2 = 2.51 × 3.7... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is possible to create IBIs for use by minimally trained monitoring personnel, however the precision obtainable is lower than that conducted by trained professionals. Safeguards to assure robustness in spite of potential misidentifications or protocol variations require careful testing. Ongoing quality control by est... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
F NMR chemical shifts are more difficult to predict than H NMR shifts. Specifically, F NMR shifts are strongly affected by contributions from electronic excited states whereas H NMR shifts are dominated by diamagnetic contributions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By the time Loewi began his experiments there was much discussion among scientists whether communication between nerves and muscles was chemical or electrical by nature. Experiments by Luigi Galvani in the 18th century had demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the frog sciatic nerve resulted in twitching of the l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 1780s for the French Academy of Sciences, Lavoisier, Laplace, and Seguin investigated and published relationships between direct calorimetry and respiratory gas exchanges from mammalian subjects. 100 years later in the 19th century for the Connecticut-based Wesleyan University, Professors Atwater and Rosa provid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alchermes (, ; from the , from ) is a type of Italian liqueur (especially in Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, and Sicily) prepared by infusing neutral spirits with sugar, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and vanilla, and other herbs and flavoring agents. Its most striking characteristic is its scarlet color, obtained by the addition ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many other medical conditions have been targeted with encapsulation therapies, especially those involving a deficiency in some biologically derived protein. One of the most successful approaches is an external device that acts similarly to a dialysis machine, only with a reservoir of pig hepatocytes surrounding the sem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In ancient times, cinobufacini, which is extracted from the skin and the parotid venom glands of toad of the bufo genus was used to treat symptoms like swelling and pain. In the present time, cinobufacinin injections are used to achieve satisfactory effect on Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in China. Bufothionine is a m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cancer research has been ongoing for centuries, trying to elucidate the origin of its cause. As cancer research evolves with time, the scientific community tends to pay more attention to cell metabolism and how to target these metabolic needs and changes that cells undergo during carcinogenesis. There is growing eviden... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In January 2011, the ASTM withdrew standard ASTM D 6002, which had provided plastic manufacturers with the legal credibility to label a plastic as compostable. Its description is as follows:
The ASTM has yet to replace this standard. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Lorentz reciprocal theorem states a relationship between two Stokes flows in the same region. Consider fluid filled region bounded by surface . Let the velocity fields and solve the Stokes equations in the domain , each with corresponding stress fields and . Then the following equality holds:
Where is the u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Noyori has also demonstrated the kinetic resolution of allylic alcohols by asymmetric hydrogenation of the olefin.
Utilizing the Ru[BINAP] complex, selective hydrogenation can give high ees of the unsaturated alcohol in addition to the hydrogenated alcohol, as shown below. Thus, a second hydrogenation of the enantioenr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After receiving her masters degree, Brown began work as a research chemist at CIBA Pharmaceutical Company, where she was involved in research programs for drug development targeting tuberculosis and coccidiosis. She moved to Merck in 1969, where she co-authored 15 publications, obtained one patent and contributed to 5 ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pittsfield, in western Massachusetts, was home to the General Electric (GE) transformer, capacitor, and electrical generating equipment divisions. The electrical generating division built and repaired equipment that was used to power the electrical utility grid throughout the nation. PCB-contaminated oil routinely migr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetic resonance imaging uses the resonance of the protons to generate images. Protons are excited by a radio frequency pulse at an appropriate frequency (Larmor frequency) and then the excess energy is released in the form of a minuscule amount of heat to the surroundings as the spins return to their thermal equilib... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ocean salinity has been constant at about 3.5% for a very long time. Salinity stability in oceanic environments is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. The constant ocean salinity was a long-standing mystery, because no process counterbalancing the sa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conformational analysis of medium rings begins with examination of cyclooctane. Spectroscopic methods have determined that cyclooctane possesses three main conformations: chair-boat, chair-chair, and boat-boat. Cyclooctane prefers to reside in a chair-boat conformation, minimizing the number of eclipsing ethane interac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on the type of substrates to which the phytobenthos is attached, they would be considered as epilithic (growing on rocks and other manmade, artificial substances), epipelic (growing on silt), episammic (growing on sand), epiphytic (growing on other plants), or epizoic (growing on animals). Epizoic phytobentho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For more "light" quark species, flavors in general, the corresponding chiral symmetries are , decomposing into
and exhibiting a very analogous chiral symmetry breaking pattern.
Most usually, is taken, the u, d, and s quarks taken to be light (the eightfold way), so then approximately massless for the symmetry to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The PUREX process was invented by Herbert H. Anderson and Larned B. Asprey at the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago, as part of the Manhattan Project under Glenn T. Seaborg; their patent "Solvent Extraction Process for Plutonium" filed in 1947, mentions tributyl phosphate as the major reactant which... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Hydrides such as sodium borohydride, lithium aluminium hydride, diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL) and super hydride, are commonly used as reducing agents in chemical synthesis. The hydride adds to an electrophilic center, typically unsaturated carbon.
*Hydrides such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride are used a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multiple studies have found the MPT to be a key factor in the damage to neurons caused by excitotoxicity.
The induction of MPT, which increases mitochondrial membrane permeability, causes mitochondria to become further depolarized, meaning that Δψ is abolished. When Δψ is lost, protons and some molecules are able to fl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This is an example of a DNA microarray experiment which includes details for a particular case to better explain DNA microarray experiments, while listing modifications for RNA or other alternative experiments.
# The two samples to be compared (pairwise comparison) are grown/acquired. In this example treated sample (ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Packings where all spheres are constrained by their neighbours to stay in one location are called rigid or jammed. The strictly jammed (mechanically stable even as a finite system) sphere packing with the lowest known density is a diluted ("tunneled") fcc crystal with a density of only . The loosest known jammed packin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The stack effect or chimney effect is the movement of air into and out of buildings through unsealed openings, chimneys, flue-gas stacks, or other containers, resulting from air buoyancy. Buoyancy occurs due to a difference in indoor-to-outdoor air density resulting from temperature and moisture differences. The resu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A polaron is a quasiparticle used in condensed matter physics to understand the interactions between electrons and atoms in a solid material. The polaron concept was proposed by Lev Landau in 1933 and Solomon Pekar in 1946 to describe an electron moving in a dielectric crystal where the atoms displace from their equili... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the laboratory, it is used to detect the presence of alkaline phosphatase activity by hydrolysis of PNPP. In basic conditions, presence of hydrolytic enzymes will turn reaction vessel yellow.
4-Nitrophenol is a product of the enzymatic cleavage of several synthetic substrates such as 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (used as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The demand for vanilla flavoring has long exceeded the supply of vanilla beans. , the annual demand for vanillin was 12,000 tons, but only 1,800 tons of natural vanillin were produced. The remainder was produced by chemical synthesis. Vanillin was first synthesized from eugenol (found in oil of clove) in 1874–75, less ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Type M (82%Ni/18%Mo–99.2%Ni/0.8%Co, by weight) are used in vacuum furnaces for the same reasons as with type C (described below). Upper temperature is limited to 1400 °C. It is less commonly used than other types. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bina Shaheen Siddiqui is a Pakistani chemist and the Director of the H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry at the University of Karachi. Siddiqui graduated from the University of Karachi with an MPhil in 1978. In 1980, she graduated from the same university with a PhD in organic chemistry.
She specialises in the chemi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
BMB offers three degrees: Master of Health Science (MHS), Master of Science (ScM), and a Doctoral (PhD) degree. The MHS program is a one-year program in which students only take classes and the ScM program takes about two years to complete and consists of students taking classes their first year and laboratory work the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, a flow with periodic variations is known as pulsatile flow, or as Womersley flow. The flow profiles was first derived by John R. Womersley (1907–1958) in his work with blood flow in arteries. The cardiovascular system of chordate animals is a very good example where pulsatile flow is found, but pulsa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gas chromatography (GC) is ideal to separate volatilized VOCs due to their low molecular weight. VOCs are carried by a gas vector (helium) through a chromatographic column (the solid phase) on which they have different affinities, which allows to separate them.
Liquid chromatography may be used for liquid extractions o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although other cells lines, such as African green monkey kidney (COS) and baby hamster kidney (BHK), can be used for recombinant protein production, the most commonly employed host system in transient expression of mammalian cells involves derivatives of the HEK293 cell line, which is based on the human embryonic kidne... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Faraday's laws of electrolysis are quantitative relationships based on the electrochemical research published by Michael Faraday in 1833. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another extension to the traditional form of Darcy's law is the Brinkman term, which is used to account for transitional flow between boundaries (introduced by Brinkman in 1949),
where is an effective viscosity term. This correction term accounts for flow through medium where the grains of the media are porous themse... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Instead of the differential symbol , the symbol is used, a convention which originated in the 19th century work of German mathematician Carl Gottfried Neumann, indicating that (heat) and (work) are path-dependent, while (internal energy) is not. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AMGs play a crucial role in microbial adaptation to environmental changes. In extreme environments, AMGs can encode for alternate energy pathways such as subunits of dissimilatory sulfite reductase. The ability of viruses to confer new metabolic traits to their hosts enhances the resilience of microbial communities fac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boiling tea leaves in water extracts the tannins, theobromine, and caffeine out of the leaves and into the water, as an example of a solid-liquid extraction.
Decaffeination of tea and coffee is also an example of an extraction, where the caffeine molecules are removed from the tea leaves or coffee beans, often utilisin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Defective Fas-mediated apoptosis may lead to oncogenesis as well as drug resistance in existing tumors. Germline mutation of Fas is associated with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), a childhood disorder of apoptosis.
Increases in Fas-mediated signaling have been implicated in the pathology of low-risk mye... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Janet Jones was once married to Robert Osteryoung, who was also an award-winning chemist. In April 2010, she married Chris Cobb in Washington, D.C. Together, Jones and Cobb established the Comis Foundation, a family philanthropic foundation to benefit children and youth. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
India has a growing population, and large impoverished rural population that relies on monsoon-irrigated agriculture. Weather uncertainties, and potential climate change induced weather volatilities, raise concerns of social stability and impact of floods and droughts on rural poverty. The population of India is expect... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Theoretical descriptions of contrast formation in X-ray topography are largely based on the dynamical theory of diffraction. This framework is helpful in the description of many aspects of topographic image formation: entrance of an X-ray wavefield into a crystal, propagation of the wavefield inside the crystal, intera... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thread form follows the British Standard Whitworth standard:
* Symmetrical V-thread in which the angle between the flanks is 55° (measured in an axial plane)
* One-sixth of this sharp V is truncated at the top and the bottom
* The threads are rounded equally at crests and roots by circular arcs ending tangentially ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An assay (analysis) is never an isolated process, as it must be accompanied with pre- and post-analytic procedures. Both the communication order (the request to perform an assay plus related information) and the handling of the specimen itself (the collecting, documenting, transporting, and processing done before begin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clone Manager is a commercial bioinformatics software work suite of Sci-Ed, that supports molecular biologists with data management and allows them to perform certain in silico preanalysis.
This type of bioinformatics software is used for managing, analyzing and visualizing DNA and protein sequence data essential for m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many regular fluid dynamics equations are used in astrophysical fluid dynamics. Some of these equations are:
* Continuity equations
* The Navier–Stokes equations
* Euler's equations
Conservation of mass
The continuity equation is an extension of conservation of mass to fluid flow. Consider a fluid flowing through a fix... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since the dawn of modern chemistry, humic substances are among the most studied among the natural materials. Despite long study, their molecular structure remains elusive. The traditional view is that humic substances are heteropolycondensates, in varying associations with clay. A more recent view is that relatively sm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The bovids (family Bovidae) comprise some 140 species of ruminants in which at least the males bear unbranched, hollow horns covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. Most species of bovids have means of spacing themselves across their habitat; territorial behavior is the most consistent type of spacing behavior.
Capri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Selectfluor reagent also serves as a strong oxidant, a property that is useful in other reactions in organic chemistry. Oxidation of alcohols and phenols. As applied to electrophilic iodination, Selectfluor reagent activates the I–I bond in I molecule. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
π-effects can be broken down into numerous categories, including π-π interactions, cation-π and anion-π interactions, and polar-π interactions. In general, π-effects are associated with the interactions of molecules with the π-systems of conjugated molecules such as benzene. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Battlefield dynamics require portable power. Conventional diesel generators are too heavy for use in the field. Scalability allows TPVs to be smaller and lighter than conventional generators. Also, TPVs have few emissions and are silent. Multifuel operation is another potential benefit.
Investigations in the 1970s fail... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 16th century, heap leaching became commonly used to extract copper as well as saltpeter, from organic matter. Primarily used in Germany and Spain, pyrite would be brought to the surface and left out in the open. The pyrite would be set outside for months at a time, where rain and air exposure would lead to chemi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Faraday discovered that when the same amount of electric current is passed through different electrolytes connected in series, the masses of the substances deposited or liberated at the electrodes are directly proportional to their respective chemical equivalent/equivalent weight (). This turns out to be the molar mas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Notch signalling is a cell signalling pathway whose role is, among many others, to control the cell differentiation process in equivalent precursor cells. This means it is crucial in embryonic development, to the point that it has been tested on mice that the removal of glycans in Notch proteins can result in embryonic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For classical silencers, the signaling pathway is relatively simple. Since repression is active, silencer elements target the assembly of GTFs, necessary for transcription of the gene. These silencer elements are mostly located upstream of the gene and can vary between short and long distances. For long-range silencers... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* This is an irreversible physical immobilization technique which can be considered as a physical restriction of enzyme in a specified area/space. It can be used for raising mechanical stability and can be also used for the reduction of leaching events of enzymes. Since the enzyme in this process does not interact chem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modern reactive transport modeling has arisen from several separate schools of thought. Hydrologists primarily concerned with the physical nature of mass transport assumed relatively simple reaction formulations, such as linear distribution coefficients or linear decay terms, which could be added to the advection-dispe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ferredoxin can also be reduced by using NADH (-320 mV) or (-414 mV), but these processes are coupled to the consumption of the membrane potential to power the "boosting" of electrons to the higher energy state. The Rnf complex is a widespread membrane protein in bacteria that reversibly transfers electrons between NAD... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# Despite scientific advances in making microdialysis probes smaller and more efficient, the invasive nature of this technique still poses some practical and ethical limitations. For example, it has been shown that implantation of a microdialysis probe can alter tissue morphology resulting in disturbed microcirculation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleotides are the fundamental molecules that combine in series to form RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone. RNA is made of long stretches of specific nucleotides arranged so that their sequence of bases carries information. The RNA world hypothesis holds that in the primordi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Schrock carbenes do not have π-accepting ligands on the metal centre, and are typically found with:
* high oxidation state metal center
* early transition metals Ti(IV), Ta(V)
* σ-donor and sometimes π-donor metal ligands
* hydrogen and alkyl substituents on carbenoid carbon.
Examples include and .
Bonding in such c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While molecular glue compounds hold great potential in various fields, there are challenges to overcome. Ensuring the specificity of these compounds and minimizing off-target effects is essential. Additionally, understanding the long-term consequences of manipulating protein interactions is crucial for their safe and e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The in vivo synthesis of firefly luciferin is not completely understood. Only the final step of the enzymatic pathway has been studied, which is the condensation reaction of -cysteine with 2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole, and is the same reaction used to produce the compound synthetically. This was confirmed by radiolab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This reagent was originally prepared by Conrad Willgerodt by reacting iodobenzene with a mixture of acetic acid and peracetic acid:
PIDA can also be prepared from iodosobenzene and glacial acetic acid:
More recent preparations direct from iodine, acetic acid, and benzene have been reported, using either sodium perborat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is the smallest piece, which was moved to Mandu during Dilawar Khan's reign. Its length is according to both Coussen and Roessler. It is mostly of an octagonal cross-section, except one circular part at the end. Roessler estimated its weight at .
This piece was brought back from Mandu to Dhar sometime between 18... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxygen can be consumed by organisms in the sediment. This process is referred to as sediment oxygen demand (SOD). Measurement of SOD can be undertaken by measuring the change of oxygen in a box on the sediment (benthic respirometer).
The change in oxygen deficit due to consumption by sediment is described as
where
* ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Over 90% of the dry weight of hair comprises proteins called keratins, which have a high disulfide content, from the amino acid cysteine. The robustness conferred in part by disulfide linkages is illustrated by the recovery of virtually intact hair from ancient Egyptian tombs. Feathers have similar keratins and are ext... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The three cinnamyl alcohol-vicianosides of rhodiola rosea commonly referred to as "rosavins" are rosin and the structurally related disaccharide Rosavin which is the arabinose ester of rosin, and Rosarin, the arabinofuranose ester of rosin. Salidroside, common in rhodiola spp. and occurring in Rhodiola rosea is not a c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is the way by which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter, typically the electrons of an atom. Thus, the electromagnetic energy is transformed to other forms of energy, for example, to heat. The absorption of light during wave propagation is often called attenu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Epoxides are uncommon in nature. They arise usually via oxygenation of alkenes by the action of cytochrome P450. (but see also the short-lived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids which act as signalling molecules. and similar epoxydocosapentaenoic acids, and epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids.) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atomic, Molecular and Optical physics frequently considers atoms and molecules in isolation. Atomic models will consist of a single nucleus that may be surrounded by one or more bound electrons, whilst molecular models are typically concerned with molecular hydrogen and its molecular hydrogen ion. It is concerned with ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reduced Damköhler number is defined as follows
where and . The theory predicted an expression for the reduced Damköhler number at which the flame will extinguish, given by
where . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The EPS process produces scale-free steel strip which is interchangeable with acid-pickled steel strip, yet the EPS process entails lower capital and operating (variable) cost than an acid-pickling line of equivalent output. For this reason the EPS process is considered to be a direct replacement of acid pickling.
In a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Abnormal grain growth (AGG) is encountered in metallic or ceramic systems exhibiting one or more of several characteristics:
# Systems with secondary phase inclusions, precipitates or impurities above a certain threshold concentration.
# Systems with a highly anisotropic surface energy.
# Systems far from chemical equi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although chlororespiration is not as efficient as photosynthesis in producing energy, its significance its attributed to its role as a survival adaptation for plants when placed in conditions lacking light and water or if placed in uncomfortable temperatures (note: optimum temperatures vary across different plant spec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Somatomedins are a group of proteins produced predominantly by the liver when growth hormones act on target tissue. Somatomedins inhibit the release of growth hormones by acting directly on anterior pituitary and by stimulating the secretion of somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
Somatomedins are a group of proteins th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the early years of serious research into the locations of stations on the Antonine Itineraries, the location of Ariconium was in doubt, and William Camden (1551–1623) suggested Magnis, the site of modern Kenchester, some northwest of modern Hereford. Later analysis of the Antonine Itineraries, notably by John... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HTS is a relatively recent innovation, made feasible largely through modern advances in robotics and high-speed computer technology. It still takes a highly specialized and expensive screening lab to run an HTS operation, so in many cases a small- to moderate-size research institution will use the services of an existi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The structure, properties, and reactivity of a molecule are dependent on straightforward bonding interactions including covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and other forms of bonding. This bonding supplies a basic molecular skeleton that is modified by repulsive forces generally considered steric effects. Basi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Notable descaling agents include acetic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfamic acid and hydrochloric acid. The calcium salts are soluble and thus washed away during dissolution or solvation. The speed of the descaling action depends on the concentration and acidity or pH o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Releaser pheromones are pheromones that cause an alteration in the behavior of the recipient. For example, some organisms use powerful attractant molecules to attract mates from a distance of two miles or more. In general, this type of pheromone elicits a rapid response, but is quickly degraded. In contrast, a primer p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus of mammals. It participates in the regulation of hunger and fat storage. Increased nesfatin-1 in the hypothalamus contributes to diminished hunger, a sense of fullness, and a potential loss of body fat and weight.
A study of metabolic effects of nesfatin-1 in ra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
IMAGE cDNA clones are a collection of DNA vectors containing cDNAs from various organisms including human, mouse, rat, non-human primates, zebrafish, pufferfish, Xenopus (frogs), and cow. Together they represent a more or less complete set of expressed genes from these organisms. IMAGE stands for integrated molecular ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Vortex lattice method, (VLM), is a numerical method used in computational fluid dynamics, mainly in the early stages of aircraft design and in aerodynamic education at university level. The VLM models the lifting surfaces, such as a wing, of an aircraft as an infinitely thin sheet of discrete vortices to compute li... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In graphite-moderated reactors, fissile uranium rods are placed inside graphite blocks. These blocks act as a neutron moderator whose purpose is to slow down fast-moving neutrons so that nuclear chain reactions can occur with thermal neutrons. During their use, some of the non-radioactive carbon-12 and carbon-13 isotop... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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