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In bacteria, the coding regions typically take up 88% of the genome. The remaining 12% does not encode proteins, but much of it still has biological function through genes where the RNA transcript is functional (non-coding genes) and regulatory sequences, which means that almost all of the bacterial genome has a functi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the highest, at least in Western Europe, is in Loos-en-Gohelle in the former mining area of Pas-de-Calais, France. It comprises a range of five cones, of which two reach , surpassing the highest peak in Flanders, Mont Cassel. One of the regions of Europe most "littered" with (mountainous) spoil heaps is the Donb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to Lord Kelvin's equation of 1871,
If the particle is assumed to be spherical, then ; hence,
Note: Kelvin defined the surface tension as the work that was performed per unit area by the interface rather than on the interface; hence his term containing has a minus sign. In what follows, the surface tension ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some instances of ancient use of fluorite, main source mineral of fluorine, for ornamental use carvings exist. However, archeological finds are rare, perhaps in part because of the stone's softness. Two Roman cups made of Persian fluorite have been discovered and are currently exhibited at the British museum. Pliny the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The global steel industry has been going through major changes since 1970. China has emerged as a major producer and consumer, as has India to a lesser extent. Consolidation has been rapid in Europe. According to the 2019 International Energy Agency (IEA) report, the iron and steel industry directly contributed 2.6 Gt ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
New vaccines against currently circulating influenza variants are required every year due to the diversity of flu viruses and variable efficacy of vaccines to prevent them. A universal vaccine would eliminate the need to create a vaccine for each year's variants. The efficacy of a vaccine refers to the protection again... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
# Anaerobic Digestion: Micro-organisms decompose the sludge in the absence of oxygen either at mesophilic (at 35 °C) or thermophilic (between 50° and 57 °C) temperatures.
# Aerobic Digestion: Micro-organisms decompose the sludge in the presence of oxygen either at ambient and mesophilic (10 °C to 40 °C) or auto-thermal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Loss of Fluid Tests (LOFT) were an early attempt to scope the response of real nuclear fuel to conditions under a loss-of-coolant accident, funded by USNRC. The facility was built at Idaho National Laboratory, and was essentially a scale-model of a commercial PWR. (Power/volume scaling was used between the LOFT mod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Process upsets are temporary decreases in treatment plant performance caused by significant population change within the secondary treatment ecosystem. Conditions likely to create upsets include toxic chemicals and unusually high or low concentrations of organic waste BOD providing food for the bioreactor ecosystem.
Me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The amount of time it takes for water to be filtered through air stripping can vary from system to system depending on the size of the tank or how quickly water can flow through the device. The typical amount of time water takes to be filtered is around a few minutes. Though, other studies suggest that it can take far ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NaK has been used as the coolant in experimental fast neutron nuclear reactors. Unlike commercial plants, these are frequently shut down and defuelled. Use of lead or pure sodium, the other materials used in practical reactors, would require continual heating to maintain the coolant as a liquid. Use of NaK overcomes th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Motor proteins utilizing the cytoskeleton for movement fall into two categories based on their substrate: microfilaments or microtubules. Actin motors such as myosin move along microfilaments through interaction with actin, and microtubule motors such as dynein and kinesin move along microtubules through interaction wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Technetium exits the generator in the form of the pertechnetate ion, TcO. The oxidation state of Tc in this compound is +7. This is directly suitable for medical applications only in bone scans (it is taken up by osteoblasts) and some thyroid scans (it is taken up in place of iodine by normal thyroid tissues). In other... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vanadyl ribonucleoside is a potent transition-state analog of ribonucleic acid and potent inhibitor of many species of ribonuclease formed from a vanadium coordination complex and one ribonucleoside. Vanadium's [ 4s electron configuration allows it to make five sigma bonds and two pi bonds with adjacent atoms. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A flow promotes mixing by separating neighboring fluid particles. This separation occurs because of velocity gradients, a phenomenon called shearing. Let and be two neighboring fluid particles, separated by at time t. When the particles are advected by a flow , at time the approximate separation between the partic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A primary concern with the use of ionic liquids for carbon capture is their high viscosity compared with that of commercial solvents. Ionic liquids which employ chemisorption depend on a chemical reaction between solute and solvent for CO separation. The rate of this reaction is dependent on the diffusivity of CO in th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sustainable Engineering focuses on the following -
* Water supply
* Food production
* Housing and shelter
* Sanitation and waste management
* Energy development
* Transportation
* Industrial processing
* Development of natural resources
* Cleaning up polluted waste sites
* Planning projects to reduce environmental and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to the presence of two types of oxygen atoms in the PPA backbone, in addition to the fact that H tends to protonate oxygen atoms easily, depolymerization can occur through both endcap cleavage and protonation of oxygen atoms present in the backbone. For this reason, polymer chemists tend to use endcaps rich in oxyg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tissue remodeling is the reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. Tissue remodeling can be either physiological or pathological. The process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling. Macroph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A common dynamic covalent building motif is bond formation between a carbon center and a heteroatom such as nitrogen or oxygen. Because the bond formed between carbon and a heteroatom is less stable than a carbon-carbon bond, they offer more reversibility and reach thermodynamic equilibrium faster than carbon bond form... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PHBV was first manufactured in 1983 by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). It is commercialized under the trade name Biopol. ICI (Zeneca) sold it to Monsanto in 1996. This was then obtained by Metabolix in 2001. Biomer L is the trade name of PHBV from Biomer. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA is notoriously unstable and vulnerable to ribonucleases, which has thus been an obstacle to the production and analysis of the cellular transcriptome. First referenced by Berger et al., the substance was used to prevent the digestion of RNA during isolation from white blood cells, and was rapidly adopted for such p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most common imides are prepared by heating dicarboxylic acids or their anhydrides and ammonia or primary amines. The result is a condensation reaction:
: (RCO)O + R′NH → (RCO)NR′ + HO
These reactions proceed via the intermediacy of amides. The intramolecular reaction of a carboxylic acid with an amide is far faster t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hypothermia usually occurs from exposure to low temperatures, and is frequently complicated by alcohol consumption. Any condition that decreases heat production, increases heat loss, or impairs thermoregulation, however, may contribute. Thus, hypothermia risk factors include: substance use disorders (including alcohol ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Signal-correlation techniques were first experimentally applied to fluorescence in 1972 by Magde, Elson, and Webb, who are therefore commonly credited as the "inventors" of FCS. The technique was further developed in a group of papers by these and other authors soon after, establishing the theoretical foundations and t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymers are of great importance when considering protein adsorption in the biomedical arena. Polymers are composed of one or more types of "mers" bound together repeatedly, typically by directional covalent bonds. As the chain grows by the addition of mers, the chemical and physical properties of the material are dict... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A positioning goniometer or goniometric stage is a device that rotates an object precisely about a fixed axis in space. It is similar to a linear stage—however, rather than move linearly relative to its base, the stage platform rotates partially about a fixed axis above the mounting surface of the platform. Positioning... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The solar flux absorbed by the planet from the star is equal to the flux emitted by the planet:
Assuming a fraction of the incident sunlight is reflected according to the planet's Bond albedo, :
where represents the area- and time-averaged incident solar flux, and may be expressed as:
The factor of 1/4 in the above fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Strong bases such as LiNR can be used to deprotonate imines and form metalloenamines. Metalloenamines can prove synthetically useful due to their nucleophilicity (they are more nucleophilic than enolates). Thus they are better able to react with weaker electrophiles (for example, they can be used to open epoxides.) M... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two rulers died from elixir poisoning during the Five Dynasties period (907–979) of political turmoil after the overthrow of the Tang dynasty. Zhu Wen or Emperor Taizu (r. 907–912), the founder of the Later Liang dynasty, became seriously incapacitated as a result of elixir poisoning, and fell victim to an assassinatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Naphthenic hydrocarbons are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons, and are very important in the refining of liquid crude oil.
Also known as cyclic alkanes, they are represented by the formula CH, where n is a positive integer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Blocked isocyanates are organic compounds that have their isocyanate functionality chemically blocked to control reactivity. They are the product of an isocyanate moiety (nearly always a di-isocyanate) and a suitable blocking agent. It may also be a polyurethane prepolymer that is NCO terminated but this functionality ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Potentiometric sensors measure a potential or charge accumulation of an electrochemical cell. The transducer typically comprises an ion selective electrode (ISE) and a reference electrode. The ISE features a membrane that selectively interacts with the charged ion of interest, causing the accumulation of a charge pote... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanoparticles can self-assemble as a result of their intermolecular forces. As systems look to minimize their free energy, self-assembly is one option for the system to achieve its lowest free energy thermodynamically. Nanoparticles can be programmed to self-assemble by changing the functionality of their side groups, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In pre-modern medicine, the name diatragacanth was applied to certain powders that contain the natural gum tragacanth as its basis. There are two kinds: cold and hot.
Powder of cold diatragacanth is composed of the gums tragacanth and Arabic, liquorice, starch, white poppy seed, and the four great cold seeds (cucumber,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Somatic cells of different types can be fused to obtain hybrid cells. Hybrid cells are useful in a variety of ways, e.g.,
:(i) to study the control of cell division and gene expression,
:(ii) to investigate malignant transformations,
:(iii) to obtain viral replication,
:(iv) for gene or chromosome mapping and for
:(v) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a substrate binds to one enzymatic subunit, the rest of the subunits are stimulated and become active.
Ligands can either have positive cooperativity, negative cooperativity, or non-cooperativity.
An example of positive cooperativity is the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. One oxygen molecule can bind to the fer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carotenoids () are yellow, orange, and red organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, archaea, and fungi. Carotenoids give the characteristic color to pumpkins, carrots, parsnips, corn, tomatoes, canaries, flamingos, salmon, lobster, shrimp, and daffodils. Over 1,100 identified... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Borane tert-butylamine is an amine borane complex derived from tert-butylamine and borane. It is a colorless solid.
The compound is prepared by the reaction of tert-butylammonium chloride and sodium borohydride:
:t-BuNHCl + NaBH → t-BuNHBH + H + NaCl
In organic synthesis, borane tert-butylamine can be used fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term radical was already in use when radical theory was developed. Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau introduced the phrase "radical" in 1785 and the phrase was employed by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 in his Traité Élémentaire de Chimie. A radical was identified as the root base of certain acids (The Latin word "radix" ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some experimental work towards developing quantum computers use trapped ions. Units of quantum information called qubits are stored in stable electronic states of each ion, and quantum information can be processed and transferred through the collective quantized motion of the ions, interacting by the Coulomb force. La... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Stokes number (Stk), named after George Gabriel Stokes, is a dimensionless number characterising the behavior of particles suspended in a fluid flow. The Stokes number is defined as the ratio of the characteristic time of a particle (or droplet) to a characteristic time of the flow or of an obstacle, or
where is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The utility of PCBs is based largely on their chemical stability, including low flammability and high dielectric constant. In an electric arc, PCBs generate incombustible gases.
Use of PCBs is commonly divided into closed and open applications. Examples of closed applications include coolants and insulating fluids (tra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
L-(+)-tartaric acid, can participate in several reactions. As shown the reaction scheme below, dihydroxymaleic acid is produced upon treatment of L-(+)-tartaric acid with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a ferrous salt.
:HOCCH(OH)CH(OH)COH + HO → HOCC(OH)C(OH)COH + 2 HO
Dihydroxymaleic acid can then be oxidized to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scientists at Duke University in the U.S. have developed and are testing a pilot fecal sludge treatment unit that fits in a 20-foot shipping container and treats the fecal matter of roughly 1000 people using a new supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process. The SCWO technology can covert any type of organic waste (fe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Signaling Gateway is a web portal dedicated to signaling pathways powered by the San Diego Supercomputer Center at the University of California, San Diego. It was initiated by a collaboration between the Alliance for Cellular Signaling and Nature. A primary feature is the Molecule Pages database. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Farther from the sun, the temperature was low enough that volatile elements would precipitate as ices. The two are separated by a snow line controlled by the temperature distribution around the Sun.
Formed farthest from the sun, the carbonaceous chondrites have the highest K/U ratios. Ordinary chondrites which form clo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amoxicillin (α-amino-p-hydroxybenzyl penicillin) is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin with a structure similar to ampicillin but with better absorption when taken by mouth, thus yielding higher concentrations in blood and in urine. Amoxicillin diffuses easily into tissues and body fluids. It will cross the plac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Friction loss, which is due to the shear stress between the pipe surface and the fluid flowing within, depends on the conditions of flow and the physical properties of the system. These conditions can be encapsulated into a dimensionless number Re, known as the Reynolds number
where V is the mean fluid velocity and D t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anaerobic microbial mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants is of great environmental significance and involves intriguing novel biochemical reactions. In particular, hydrocarbons and halogenated compounds have long been doubted to be degradable in the absence of oxygen, but the isolation of hitherto unknown ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crucible is used in the laboratory to contain chemical compounds when heated to extremely high temperatures. Crucibles are available in several sizes and typically come with a correspondingly-sized lid. When heated over a flame, the crucible is often held inside a pipeclay triangle which itself is held on top of a tri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ninhydrin may cause allergic, IgE-mediated rhinitis and asthma. A case has been described in which a 41 year old forensic laboratory worker working with Ninhydrin developed rhinitis and respiratory difficulty. Her specific IgE levels were found almost doubled. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cell biology research looks at different ways to culture and manipulate cells outside of a living body to further research in human anatomy and physiology, and to derive medications.The techniques by which cells are studied have evolved. Due to advancements in microscopy, techniques and technology have allowed scientis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Serghidess solution is used to solve directly for the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f for a full-flowing circular pipe. It is an approximation of the implicit Colebrook–White equation. It was derived using Steffensens method.
The solution involves calculating three intermediate values and then substituting those valu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The operating principle of CCC equipment requires a column consisting of a tube coiled around a bobbin. The bobbin is rotated in a double-axis gyratory motion (a cardioid), which causes a variable g-force to act on the column during each rotation. This motion causes the column to see one partitioning step per revolutio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methods of delivering UCP1 to cells by gene transfer therapy or methods of its upregulation have been an important line of enquiry in research into the treatment of obesity, due to their ability to dissipate excess metabolic stores. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fusion takes place when atoms come into close proximity and the nuclear force pulls their nuclei together to form a single larger nucleus. Counteracting this process is the positive charge of the nuclei, which repel each other due to the electrostatic force. For fusion to occur, the nuclei must have enough energy to ov... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TsOH is prepared on an industrial scale by the sulfonation of toluene. Common impurities include benzenesulfonic acid and sulfuric acid. TsOH monohydrate contains an amount of water. To estimate the total moisture present as impurity, the Karl Fischer method is used. Impurities can be removed by recrystallization from... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a solid, there is a non-zero stiffness both for volumetric deformations and shear deformations. Hence, it is possible to generate sound waves with different velocities dependent
on the deformation mode. Sound waves generating volumetric deformations (compression) and shear deformations (shearing) are called pressure... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AutoAnalyzers are still used for a few clinical applications such as neonatal screening or Anti-D, but the majority of instruments are now used for industrial and environmental work. Standardized methods have been published by the ASTM (ASTM International), the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as the In... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compounds containing the tetrathionate anion include sodium tetrathionate, NaSO, potassium tetrathionate, KSO, and barium tetrathionate dihydrate, BaSO·2HO. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On 18 September 1856, a year after he arrived from Scotland, he married Elizabeth Clark in Melbourne, Australia. She had arrived three days before the wedding with her maid on the Admiral, the same ship on which he had travelled out a year earlier, which reached Hobsons Bay (Melbournes port) on 15 September 1856, havin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phoslock is the commercial name for a bentonite clay in which the sodium and/or calcium ions are exchanged for lanthanum. The lanthanum contained within Phoslock reacts with phosphate to form an inert mineral known as rhabdophane (). Phoslock is used in lake restoration projects to remove excess phosphorus from aquatic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The valence OSLOs of the molecule can also be constructed using the method. The oxidation state of the ligand and metal are also determined and show consistency with the expected Lewis structure and can provide great insight for evaluating the redox reactivity.
last FOLI and Δ-FOLI are two important values to evaluate ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclei with zero-spin and high excitation energies (more than about 1.022 MeV) also can't rid themselves of energy by (single) gamma emission due to the constraint imposed by conservation of momentum, but they do have enough decay energy to decay by pair production. In this type of decay, an electron and positron are b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In phase-II metabolizing includes glucuronidation and sulfation of the mycoestrogen compound. Glucuronidation is the major phase II metabolic pathway. The transferase UGT (5-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase) adds a glucuronic acid group sourced from uridine 5-diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like phosphine itself, but easier, organophosphines undergo protonation. The reaction is reversible. Whereas organophosphines are oxygen-sensitive, the protonated derivatives are not.
Primary and secondary derivatives, they can be deprotonated by strong bases to give organophosphide derivatives. Thus diphenylphosphi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1-(4-Chlorophenyl)silatrane is a GABA receptor antagonist and it destroys nervous functions in the central nervous system of vertebrates, primarily in the brain and possibly in the brain stem. It's a rapid acting convulsant, causing convulsions within 1 minute in mice and rats. Death occurred within 5 minutes. It is th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A primary flow element is a device inserted into the flowing fluid that produces a physical property that can be accurately related to flow. For example, an orifice plate produces a pressure drop that is a function of the square of the volume rate of flow through the orifice. A vortex meter primary flow element produc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compound collagen-based scaffolds have been developed in an attempt to improve the function of these scaffolds for tissue engineering. An example of a compound collagen scaffold is the collagen-chitosan matrix. Chitosan is a polysaccharide that is chemically similar to cellulose. Unlike collagen, chitosan biodegrades r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Viral protein interactomes consist of interactions among viral or phage proteins. They were among the first interactome projects as their genomes are small and all proteins can be analyzed with limited resources. Viral interactomes are connected to their host interactomes, forming virus-host interaction networks. Some ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The collision/reaction cell is used to remove interfering ions through ion/neutral reactions. Collision/reaction cells are known under several names. The dynamic reaction cell is located before the quadrupole in the ICP-MS device. The chamber has a quadrupole and can be filled with reaction (or collision) gases (ammoni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Traditionally Grignard reagents are prepared by treating an organic halide (normally organobromine) with magnesium metal. Ethers are required to stabilize the organomagnesium compound. Water and air, which rapidly destroy the reagent by protonolysis or oxidation, are excluded. Although the reagents still need to be d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lichenin, also known as lichenan or moss starch, is a complex glucan occurring in certain species of lichens. It can be extracted from Cetraria islandica (Iceland moss). It has been studied since about 1957. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first reported stable metallabenzene was the osmabenzene Os(CHS)CO(PPh). Characteristic of other metallaarenes, the Os-C bonds are about 0.6 Å longer than the C-C bonds (in benzene these are 1.39 Å), resulting in a distortion of the hexagonal ring. H NMR signals for the ring protons are downfield, consistent with a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Cornforth reagent is very toxic to aquatic life and may cause long-term damage to the environment if released in large amounts. It irritates skin and mucous membranes and may induce allergic reactions; it is carcinogenic. The maximum allowable concentration varies between 0.01 and 0.1 mg·m in air depending on the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Restlessness, apprehension, and anxiety were reported effects after the use of various beta-agonists, particularly after oral or parenteral treatment. In pilot clinical trials with ractopamine, four patients showed little evidence for central nervous system stimulation. Whether long-term treatment with these drugs resu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monoamine nuclei are clusters of cells that primarily use monoamine neurotransmitters to communicate. The raphe nuclei, ventral tegmental area, and locus coeruleus have been included in texts about monoamine nuclei. These nuclei receive a variety of inputs including from other monoamines, as well as from glutaminergi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Agriculture - Biosolids as an alternative to Chemical Fertilizers
** Biosolids are similar to animal manure in that they consist of various nutrients and organic materials that support the growth of crops, while also enriching the soil and enhancing its capacity to retain water.
** Nutrifor is the brand name of a Bio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The role of C:N ratio in compost feedstock is similar to that of soil feedstock. The recommendation is around 20-30:1. The microbes prefer a ratio of 30-35:1, but the carbon is usually not completely digested (especially in the case of lignin feedstock), hence the lowered ratio.
An imbalance of C:N ratio causes a slowd... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphine is used for pest control, but its usage is strictly regulated due to high toxicity. Gas from phosphine has high mortality rate and has caused deaths in Sweden and other countries.
Because the previously popular fumigant methyl bromide has been phased out in some countries under the Montreal Protocol, phosphin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The effects of electrostatic and steric interactions of the substituents as well as orbital interactions such as hyperconjugation are responsible for the relative stability of conformers and their transition states. The contributions of these factors vary depending on the nature of the substituents and may either contr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Roland Clift Developer of Life cycle assessment and broadcaster on environmental issues
* John Coulson (1910–1990) Co-writer of classic UK textbooks
* M. B. Donald (1897 - 1978) Fourth Ramsay professor of Chemical engineering at University College London. Former honorary secretary and vice-president of IChemE, Instit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
(a) Cloning: RM systems can be cloned into plasmids and selected because of the resistance provided by the methylation enzyme. Once the plasmid begins to replicate, the methylation enzyme will be produced and methylate the plasmid DNA, protecting it from a specific restriction enzyme.
(b) Restriction fragment length po... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agnes Luise Wilhelmine Pockels (14 February 1862 – 21 November 1935) was a German chemist whose research was fundamental in establishing the modern discipline known as surface science, which describes the properties of liquid and solid surfaces and interfaces.
Pockels became interested in fundamental research in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, sigma hole interactions (or σ-hole interactions) are a family of intermolecular forces that can occur between several classes of molecules and arise from an energetically stabilizing interaction between a positively-charged site, termed a sigma hole, and a negatively-charged site, typically a lone pair, o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Pidgeon process is a practical method for smelting magnesium. The most common method involves the raw material, dolomite being fed into an externally heated reduction tank and then thermally reduced to metallic magnesium using 75% ferrosilicon as a reducing agent in a vacuum. Overall the processes in magnesium smel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The best method of classifying a water mass is through using a T-S diagram. In the diagram pictured at the top, it categorises a water mass by the temperature and salinity of the water and is represented by a single point. However, water masses are not constant. Throughout time climates can change, seasons can drag out... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
KAP1 can regulate genomic transcription through a variety of mechanisms, many of which remain somewhat unclear. Studies have shown that KAP1 can repress transcription by binding directly to the genome (which can be sufficient in and of itself) or through the induction of heterochromatin formation via the Mi2α-SETB1-HP... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The M30 Apoptosense® ELISA is a non-invasive test for the detection of apoptosis of epithelially derived cells. Caspases are activated in apoptotic cells and cleave intracellular protein substrates. Keratin 18 (K18) is one such substrate, expressed by many epithelial cells (e.g. hepatocytes, intestinal cells, breast ce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Preclinical safety pharmacology integrates in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches. In vitro safety pharmacology studies are focused on early hazard identification and subsequent compound profiling in order to guide preclinical in vivo safety and toxicity studies. Early compound profiling can flag for receptor-, e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since the patient group receiving radioligand therapy is narrow, many health care providers are not equipped or eligible to administer radioligand therapy. PET imaging machines, a lead shielded area, and trained professionals must be available. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A chiral sp hybridized isomer contains four different substituents. All four substituents are assigned prorites based on its atomic numbers. After the substituents of a stereocenter have been assigned their priorities, the molecule is oriented in space so that the group with the lowest priority is pointed away from the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most critical eyespot proteins are the photoreceptor proteins that sense light. The photoreceptors found in unicellular organisms fall into two main groups: flavoproteins and retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins). Flavoproteins are characterized by containing flavin molecules as chromophores, whereas retinylidene prot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first paper on site-specific enrichment used the ninhydrin reaction to cleave the carboxyl site off alpha-amino acids in photosynthetic organisms. The authors demonstrated an enriched carboxyl site relative to the bulk δC of the molecules, which they attribute to uptake of heavier CO through the Calvin cycle. A re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By selective radio frequency irradiation, NMR spectra can be fully or partially decoupled, eliminating or selectively reducing the coupling effect. Carbon-13 NMR spectra are often recorded with proton decoupling. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In some Asian cuisines, fish is traditionally fermented with rice to produce lactic acid that preserves the fish. Examples of these dishes include burong isda of the Philippines; narezushi of Japan; and pla ra of Thailand. The same process is also used for shrimp in the Philippines in the dish known as balao-balao. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mary Jane Alvero-Al Mahdi was born in Makati, Philippines on April 29, 1970. She was born to Renato Alvero and Martha Alvero, along with four other children. Her father supported the family as a successful businessman, until he began to develop emphysema. Her father could no longer maintain the business and stayed conf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The primary industrial use of boric acid is in the manufacture of monofilament fiberglass usually referred to as textile fiberglass. Textile fiberglass is used to reinforce plastics in applications that range from boats, to industrial piping to computer circuit boards.
Boric Acid is used as a Nuclear Poison in modern P... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The original betaine, N,N,N-trimethylglycine, was named after its discovery in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) in the nineteenth century. It is a small N-trimethylated amino acid. It is a zwitterion, which cannot isomerize because there is no labile hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen atom. This substance... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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