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Methyl green (CI 42585) is a cationic or positive charged stain related to Ethyl Green that has been used for staining DNA since the 19th century. It has been used for staining cell nuclei either as a part of the classical Unna-Pappenheim stain or as a nuclear counterstain ever since.<br>
In recent years, its fluoresc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The agriculture industry uses 1 million pounds per year as a fertilizer. In particular, its use has been suggested for treatment of whiptail in broccoli and cauliflower in molybdenum-deficient soils. However, care must be taken because at a level of 0.3 ppm sodium molybdate can cause copper deficiencies in animals, par... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In atmospheric chemistry, mixing ratio usually refers to the mole ratio r, which is defined as the amount of a constituent n divided by the total amount of all other constituents in a mixture:
The mole ratio is also called amount ratio.
If n is much smaller than n (which is the case for atmospheric trace constituents),... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Osama Kamal helped establish Egyptian Petrochemicals Holding Company (Echem) in 2002, which belongs to Egypts petroleum ministry, and is mandated with managing and developing Egypts petrochemicals industry. Kamal was appointed chairman of Echem in 2009. While Kamal was in charge of Echem, a crisis erupted pertaining th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microbial production of Succinic acid can be performed with wild bacteria like Actinobacillus succinogenes, Mannheimia succiniciproducens and Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens or genetically modified Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Understanding of the central carbon metab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Grasselli Brown was born in 1928 to Hungarian immigrant parents Nicholas and Vera Gecsy. She grew up in a Hungarian neighborhood in the Buckeye Road area in Cleveland, Ohio during the Great Depression.
Her parents valued education and encouraged her to receive a college education in spite of economic and family diffic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flammability is the ease with which a combustible substance can be ignited, causing fire or combustion or even an explosion. The degree of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a substance is quantified through fire testing. Internationally, a variety of test protocols exist to quantify flammability. The ratin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkalis are all Arrhenius bases, ones which form hydroxide ions (OH) when dissolved in water. Common properties of alkaline aqueous solutions include:
* Moderately concentrated solutions (over 10 M) have a pH of 10 or greater. This means that they will turn phenolphthalein from colorless to pink.
* Concentrated solutio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* dicyanoacetylene - or , also called carbon subnitride or but-2-ynedinitrile
* tetracyanoethylene - or
* tetracyanomethane - or
* 2,2-diisocyanopropanedinitrile - or
* hexacyanoethane - or
* hexacyanocyclopropane - or
* hexacyanobutadiene - or | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1925 – Laboratory of crystallography at the Mineralogical Museum (Leningrad).
* 1932 – Crystallographic section of the Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
* 1937 – Crystallographic Laboratory becomes part of the Geological Group of the USSR Academy of Scien... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A spoil tip (also called a boney pile, culm bank, gob pile, waste tip or bing) is a pile built of accumulated spoil – waste material removed during mining. Spoil tips are not formed of slag, but in some areas, such as England and Wales, they are referred to as slag heaps. In Scotland the word bing is used. In North ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Damage to buildings, equipment and people can result from a large-scale, short-duration deflagration. The potential damage is primarily a function of the total amount of fuel burned in the event (total energy available), the maximum reaction velocity that is achieved, and the manner in which the expansion of the combu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At least 41 thread sizes have been defined, ranging from ⁄ to 18, although of these only 15 are included in ISO 7 and 24 in ISO 228. The size number was originally based on the inner diameter (measured in inches) of a steel tube for which the thread was intended, but contemporary pipes tend to use thinner walls to sav... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In E2 elimination reactions, a base abstracts a proton that is beta to a leaving group, such as a halide. The removal of the proton and the loss of the leaving group occur in a single, concerted step to form a new double bond. When a small, unhindered base – such as sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, or sodium ethoxid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, the fission barrier is the activation energy required for a nucleus of an atom to undergo fission. This barrier may also be defined as the minimum amount of energy required to deform the nucleus to the point where it is irretrievably committed to the fission process. The energy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marcus published his theory in 1956. For many years there was an intensive search for the inverted region which would be a proof of the theory. But all experiments with series of reactions of more and more negative ΔG revealed only an increase of the reaction rate up to the diffusion limit, i.e. to a value indica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nitronium ion is isoelectronic with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, and has the same linear structure and bond angle of 180°. For this reason it has a similar vibrational spectrum to carbon dioxide. Historically, the nitronium ion was detected by Raman spectroscopy, because its symmetric stretch is Raman-active b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LAs may enhance the effects of depolarisation and nondepolarising NMBAs through pre and post-synaptic interactions at the NMJ. It may result in blood levels high enough to potentiate NMBA-induced neuromuscular block. Epidurally administered levobupivacaine and mepivacaine potentiate amino-steroidal NMBAs and delay reco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA is multifunctional, its primary function is to encode proteins, according to the instructions within a cell's DNA. They control and regulate many aspects of protein synthesis in eukaryotes.
RNA encodes genetic information that can be translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins, as evidenced by the messenger... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magmatic water, also known as juvenile water, is an aqueous phase in equilibrium with minerals that have been dissolved by magma deep within the Earth's crust and is released to the atmosphere during a volcanic eruption. It plays a key role in assessing the crystallization of igneous rocks, particularly silicates, as w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plants contain CaM-related proteins (CMLs) apart from the typical CaM proteins. The CMLs have about 15% amino acid similarity with the typical CaMs. Arabidopsis thaliana contains about 50 different CML genes which leads to the question of what purpose these diverse ranges of proteins serve in the cellular function. All... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CAM is an adaptation for increased efficiency in the use of water, and so is typically found in plants growing in arid conditions. (CAM is found in over 99% of the known 1700 species of Cactaceae and in nearly all of the cacti producing edible fruits.) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As sedimentation field flow fractionation (SFFF) is one of field flow fractionation separation techniques, it is appropriate for fractionation and characterization of particulate materials and soluble samples in the colloid size range. Differences in interaction between a centrifugal force field and particles with diff... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arusi and his family members experienced several critical events during the era of Muammar Gaddafi. In June 1998, he was detained and sentenced on the grounds that he was allegedly a member of the underground Muslim Brotherhood movement. He spent eight years of a life-sentence in Abu Salim prison. He was released in Ap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It has been concluded that acetylcholine and related compounds must be in the gauche (bent) configuration when bound to the nicotinic receptor. Beers and Reich's studies on cholinergic receptors in 1970 showed a relationship affecting whether a compound was muscarinic or nicotinic. They showed that the distance from th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A synonymous substitution (often called a silent substitution though they are not always silent) is the evolutionary substitution of one base for another in an exon of a gene coding for a protein, such that the produced amino acid sequence is not modified. This is possible because the genetic code is "degenerate", mean... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Reduction of acyloins give diols.
* Oxidation of acyloins give diones.
* α-hydroxy ketones give positive Tollens and Fehlings test.
* Some acyloins rearrange with positions swapped under the influence of base in the Lobry–de Bruyn–van Ekenstein transformation
* A similar reaction is the so-called Voigt amination wher... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*as compiler with Joseph LeRoy Harrison:
*as compiler with Joseph LeRoy Harrison:
*as compiler with Joseph LeRoy Harrison:
* as editor with Edward L. Gordy:
* (revision of 1942 book The stone that burns) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The primary function of a hydraulic fluid is to convey power. In use, however, there are other important functions of hydraulic fluid such as protection of the hydraulic machine components. The table below lists the major functions of a hydraulic fluid and the properties of a fluid that affect its ability to perform th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The notation common with mass density underlines the connection between the two quantities (the mass concentration being the mass density of a component in the solution), but it can be a source of confusion especially when they appear in the same formula undifferentiated by an additional symbol (like a star superscript... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adsorbed species on single crystal surfaces are frequently found to exhibit long-range ordering; that is to say that the adsorbed species form a well-defined overlayer structure. Each particular structure may only exist over a limited coverage range of the adsorbate, and in some adsorbate/substrate systems a whole prog... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Roger Bacon grows "graphite wiskers" in an arc-discharge apparatus and use electron microscopy to show that the structure consist of rolled up graphene sheets in concentric cylinders.
* Bollmann and Spreadborough discuss friction properties of carbon due to rolling sheets of graphene in Nature. Electron microscope pi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Circuit topology categorises intra-chain contacts based on their arrangements. Circuit topology is a determinant of protein folding kinetics and stability. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An equivalent statement of the Dulong–Petit law in modern terms is that, regardless of the nature of the substance, the specific heat capacity c of a solid element (measured in joule per kelvin per kilogram) is equal to 3R/M, where R is the gas constant (measured in joule per kelvin per mole) and M is the molar mass (m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A phagosome is a vacuole formed around a particle absorbed by phagocytosis. The vacuole is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around the particle. A phagosome is a cellular compartment in which pathogenic microorganisms can be killed and digested. Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes in their maturation process, form... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pioneer factors can exhibit their greatest range of effects on transcription through the modulation of epigenetic factors by recruiting activating or repressing histone modification enzymes and controlling CpG methylation by protecting specific cysteine residues. This has effects on controlling the timing of transcrip... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* D. Markovitsi, Processes triggered in guanine quadruplexes by direct absorption of UV radiation: From fundamental studies toward optoelectronic biosensors, Photochem. Photobiol. 2023, doi.org/10.1111/php.13826.
* Balanikas, E.; Banyasz, A.; Baldacchino, G.; Markovitsi, D. Deprotonation Dynamics of Guanine Radical Cat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tritium was first detected in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant and Paul Harteck after bombarding deuterium with deuterons (deuterium nuclei). Deuterium is another isotope of hydrogen, which occurs naturally with an abundance of 0.015%. Their experiment could not isolate tritium, which was first accomplished in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HIVE is a massively parallel distributed computing environment where the distributed storage library and the distributed computational powerhouse are linked seamlessly. The system is both robust and flexible due to maintaining both storage and the metadata database on the same network. The distributed storage layer of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concept of chemical similarity can be expanded to consider chemical similarity network theory, where descriptive network properties and graph theory can be applied to analyze large chemical space, estimate chemical diversity and predict drug target. Recently, 3D chemical similarity networks based on 3D ligand confo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, Bent's rule describes and explains the relationship between the orbital hybridization and the electronegativities of substituents. The rule was stated by Henry A. Bent as follows:
Valence bond theory gives a good approximation of molecular structure. Bents rule addresses disparities between the observed ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ketones give positive results in Bradys test, the reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to give the corresponding hydrazone. Ketones may be distinguished from aldehydes by giving a negative result with Tollens reagent or with Fehlings solution. Methyl ketones give positive results for the iodoform test. Ketones also... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scarlett was a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, a Fellow of the Institute of Physics, and a Fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. He was awarded honorary doctorates (DSc) by the University of Coimbra (1997) and Loughborough University (1999).
In 2000, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* CCA1 – The CCA1 gene, also known as Circadian and Clock Associated Gene 1, is a gene that is especially important in maintaining the rhythmicity of plant cellular oscillations. Overexpression, results in the loss of rhythmic expression of clock controlled genes (CCGs), loss of photoperiod control, and loss of rhythmi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Waste enters a MRF when it is dumped onto the tipping floor by the collection trucks. The materials are then scooped up and placed onto conveyor belts, which transports it to the pre-sorting area. Here, human workers remove some items that are not recyclable, which will either be sent to a landfill or an incinerator. B... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a cylindrical coordinate system ( ρ , φ , z ), with the z–axis the line around which the incompressible flow is axisymmetrical, φ the azimuthal angle and ρ the distance to the z–axis. Then the flow velocity components u and u can be expressed in terms of the Stokes stream function by:
The azimuthal velocity c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Activated carbon has strong affinity for many gases and has an adsorption cross section of 0.162 nm for nitrogen adsorption at liquid-nitrogen temperature (77 K). BET theory can be applied to estimate the specific surface area of activated carbon from experimental data, demonstrating a large specific surface area, eve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.
It is formed by transketolase and acted upon by transaldolase.
Sedoheptulokinase is an enzyme that uses sedoheptulose and ATP to produce ADP and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate.
Sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase is an enzyme that uses sedoheptulose 1,7... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because natural moissanite is extremely scarce, most silicon carbide is synthetic. Silicon carbide is used as an abrasive, as well as a semiconductor and diamond simulant of gem quality. The simplest process to manufacture silicon carbide is to combine silica sand and carbon in an Acheson graphite electric resistance f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He worked as part of the DNA synthesis group at Genentech from 1986 to 1990, before joining Gilead in 1990 as Director of Organic Chemistry. In 1993, he began work, as head of a team, to create Tamiflu. In 1996, clinical studies were carried out on the drug, which was the first orally active commercially developed anti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HITRAN2020 also has an aerosols refractive indices section, with data in the visible, infrared, and millimeter spectral ranges of many types of cloud and aerosol particles. Knowledge of the refractive indices of the aerosols and cloud particles and their size distributions is necessary in order to specify their optical... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2007, Applied Biosystems started selling a new type of sequencer called SOLiD System. The technology allowed users to sequence 60 gigabases per run.
In June 2009, Illumina announced that they were launching their own Personal Full Genome Sequencing Service at a depth of 30× for $48,000 per genome. In August, the fou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The eastern meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus), sometimes called the field mouse or meadow mouse, is a North American vole found in eastern Canada and the United States. Its range extends farther south along the Atlantic coast.
The western meadow vole, Florida salt marsh vole, and beach vole were formerly considered... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neutrinos are conventionally produced in weak decays. Weak beta decays normally produce one electron (or positron), emit an antineutrino (or neutrino) and increase the nucleus proton number by one. The nucleus mass (i.e. binding energy) is then lower and thus more favorable. There exist a number of elements that can d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
:Pericline also refers to a doubly plunging anticline or syncline.
Pericline is a form of albite exhibiting elongate prismatic crystals.
Pericline twinning is a type of crystal twinning which show fine parallel twin laminae typically found in the alkali feldspars microcline. The twinning results from a structural tran... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the area of solid state chemistry. graphite intercalation compounds are materials prepared by intercalation of diverse guests into graphite. The materials have the formula (guest)C where n can range from 8 to 40's. The distance between the carbon layers increases significantly upon insertion of the guests. Commo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The only known exceptions to the Mattauch isobar rule are the cases of antimony-123 and tellurium-123 and of hafnium-180 and tantalum-180m, where both nuclei are observationally stable. It is predicted that Te would undergo electron capture to form Sb, but this decay has not yet been observed; Ta should be able to unde... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stickland fermentation or The Stickland Reaction is the name for a chemical reaction that involves the coupled oxidation and reduction of amino acids to organic acids. The electron donor amino acid is oxidised to a volatile carboxylic acid one carbon atom shorter than the original amino acid. For example, alanine wit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Butler worked as a postdoctoral fellow at University of California, Los Angeles with Joan S. Valentine and at California Institute of Technology with Harry B. Gray. She was appointed to the faculty at University of California, Santa Barbara in 1986. Here she was awarded an American Cancer Society Junior Faculty Researc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eigencolloid formation occurs readily in groundwater upon storage of radioactive waste. Colloid-facilitated transport is a mechanism responsible for the mobilisation of radionuclides into the wider environment, causing radioactive contamination. This is a public health concern, since elevated radioactivity in the envir... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The usual equipment includes a seal-able metabolic chamber, an oxygen sensor, and devices for data recording, stirring, thermostatisation and a way to introduce chemicals into the chamber. As described above for whole-animal respirometry the choice of materials is very important. Plastic materials are not suitable for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon acids which can be deprotonated by sodium amide in liquid ammonia include terminal alkynes,
methyl ketones,
cyclohexanone, phenylacetic acid and its derivatives
and diphenylmethane. Acetylacetone loses two protons to form a dianion. Sodium amide will also deprotonate indole and piperidine. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphinites are prepared by alcoholysis of organophosphinous chlorides. For example, treatment of chlorodiphenylphosphine with methanol and base gives methyl diphenylphosphinite:
:ClPPh + CHOH → CHOPPh + HCl
Although they are esters of phosphinous acids (RPOH), phosphinites are not made via such intermediates. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Gaia hypothesis continues to be broadly skeptically received by the scientific community. For instance, arguments both for and against it were laid out in the journal Climatic Change in 2002 and 2003. A significant argument raised against it are the many examples where life has had a detrimental or destabilising ef... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ligands are classified according to the number of electrons that they "donate" to the metal. L ligands are Lewis bases. L ligands are represented by amines, phosphines, CO, N, and alkenes. Examples of L ligands extend to include dihydrogen and hydrocarbons that interact by agostic interactions. X ligands are halides a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ligands where the coordinating atom bear nonbonding lone pairs often stabilize unsaturated complexes. Metal amides and alkoxides often violate the 18e rule | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An analysis of two infants suffering from cholelithiasis observed that a substantial amount of stercobilin was present in brown pigment gallstones. This study suggested that brown pigment gallstones could form spontaneously in infants suffering from bacterial infections of the biliary tract. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the absence of the original amino acid (-leucine) in an environment, -photo-leucine is used just as its naturally occurring analog in the protein processing mechanisms of the cell. Therefore, it can be used as a substitute for leucine in the primary structure of the protein. This property of photo-leucine is very us... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Based on the first high frequency, high precision, in situ atmospheric and archived air measurements, sulfuryl fluoride has an atmospheric lifetime of 30–40 years, much longer than the 5 years earlier estimated.
Sulfuryl fluoride has been reported to be a greenhouse gas which is about 4000–5000 times more efficient in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the field of drug discovery, retrometabolic drug design is a strategy for the design of safer drugs either using predictable metabolism to an inactive moiety or using targeted drug delivery approaches. The phrase retrometabolic drug design was coined by Nicholas Bodor. The method is analogous to retrosynthetic ana... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is the main ingredient in Ehrlich's reagent. It acts as a strong electrophile which reacts with the electron-rich α-carbon (2-position) of indole rings to form a blue-colored adduct. It can be used to detect the presence of indole alkaloids. Not all indole alkaloids give a colored adduct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is common in E1 and S1 reactions for a poor leaving group to be transformed into a good one by protonation or complexation with a Lewis acid. Thus, it is by protonation before departure that a molecule can formally lose such poor leaving groups as hydroxide.
The same principle is at work in the Friedel-Crafts reacti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early work examined the dechlorinations with copper. Substrates included DDT, endrin, chloroform, and hexachlorocyclopentadiene. Aluminum and magnesium behave similarly in the laboratory. Ground water treatment most generally focuses on the use of iron. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are various biphenyl based artificial products that are widely used as a dielectric fluid, industrial coolant, and lubricants in the 1960s and 1970s. There is no evidence its synthesis occurs naturally. They are classified as persistent organic pollutants. PCBs share the basic chemical... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eszopiclone, sold under the brand name Lunesta among others, is a medication used in the treatment of insomnia. Evidence supports slight to moderate benefit up to six months. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include headache, dry mouth, nausea, and dizziness. Severe side effects may include suicidal thoughts, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CK2 is a protein kinase responsible for phosphorylation of substrates in various pathways within a cell; ATP or GTP can be used as phosphate source. CK2 has a dual functionality with involvement in cell growth/proliferation and suppression of apoptosis. CK2s anti-apoptotic function is in the continuation of the cell cy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like most metal fluorides, UF is a dense highly crosslinked inorganic polymer. As established by X-ray crystallography, the U centres are eight-coordinate with square antiprismatic coordination spheres. The fluoride centres are doubly bridging. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The analogous calculation for electron capture must take into account the binding energy of the electrons. This is because the atom will be left in an excited state after capturing the electron, and the binding energy of the captured innermost electron is significant. Using the generic equation for electron capture
we ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A method employing very gentle cell lysis in yeast followed by co-immunoprecipitation with an antibody to a mediator subunit (Med 17) has confirmed almost all previously reported or predicted interactions and revealed many previously unsuspected specific interactions of various proteins with mediator. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many eukaryotic organisms have electron transport chains that differ from the much-studied mammalian enzymes described above. For example, plants have alternative NADH oxidases, which oxidize NADH in the cytosol rather than in the mitochondrial matrix, and pass these electrons to the ubiquinone pool. These enzymes do n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EcoProIT is a project initiated at Chalmers University of Technology at the department of Product and Production Development. The project aims to provide production engineers a tool for detailed ecological footprint analyses, which are becoming more important in terms of marketing and legislation. A published report by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The urea molecule is planar when in a solid crystal because of sp hybridization of the N orbitals. It is non-planar with C symmetry when in the gas phase or in aqueous solution, with C–N–H and H–N–H bond angles that are intermediate between the trigonal planar angle of 120° and the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. In solid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermocouples are often used at high temperatures and in reactive furnace atmospheres. In this case, the practical lifetime is limited by thermocouple aging. The thermoelectric coefficients of the wires in a thermocouple that is used to measure very high temperatures may change with time, and the measurement voltage ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The historical development of PIV has been driven by the need for accurate and non-intrusive flow measurements in various fields of science and engineering. The early years of PIV were marked by the development of basic PIV techniques, such as two-frame PIV, and the application of PIV in fundamental fluid dynamics rese... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nerve terminals, synaptic vesicles are produced quickly to compensate for their rapid depletion during neurotransmitter release. Their biogenesis involves segregating synaptic vesicle membrane proteins from other cellular proteins and packaging those distinct proteins into vesicles of appropriate size. Besides, it e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, a Mach wave, also known as a weak discontinuity, is a pressure wave traveling with the speed of sound caused by a slight change of pressure added to a compressible flow. These weak waves can combine in supersonic flow to become a shock wave if sufficient Mach waves are present at any location. Such a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agmatine was found to exert modulatory actions directly and indirectly at multiple key molecular targets underlying cellular control mechanisms of cardinal importance in health and disease. It is considered capable of exerting its modulatory actions simultaneously at multiple targets. The following outline indicates th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two drops of gastric juice are mixed with two drops of Gunzberg's reagent in an evaporating dish. The mixture is evaporated and if red is seen, free hydrochloric acid is present. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tautomers () are structural isomers (constitutional isomers) of chemical compounds that readily interconvert. The chemical reaction interconverting the two is called tautomerization. This conversion commonly results from the relocation of a hydrogen atom within the compound. The phenomenon of tautomerization is called ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbohydrate synthesis is a sub-field of organic chemistry concerned with generating complex carbohydrate structures from simple units (monosaccharides) through natural or unnatural processes. The generation of carbohydrate structures involves linking glycosyl groups like monosaccharides or oligosaccharides through gly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A nanofactory is a proposed system in which nanomachines (resembling molecular assemblers, or industrial robot arms) would combine reactive molecules via mechanosynthesis to build larger atomically precise parts. These, in turn, would be assembled by positioning mechanisms of assorted sizes to build macroscopic (visibl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Darwin drift refers to the phenomenon that a fluid parcel is permanently displaced after the passage of a body through a fluid – the fluid being at rest far away from the body.
Consider a plane of fluid parcels perpendicular to the direction of the bodys constant velocity vector, far before the passa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Freezing is a common method of food preservation that slows both food decay and the growth of micro-organisms. Besides the effect of lower temperatures on reaction rates, freezing makes water less available for bacteria growth. Freezing is one of the oldest and most widely used methods of food preservation; since as l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, the activation of cyclopropanes by transition metals is a research theme with implications for organic synthesis and homogeneous catalysis. Being highly strained, cyclopropanes are prone to oxidative addition to transition metal complexes. The resulting metallacycles are susceptible to a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The vast majority of important organic molecules contain heteroatoms, which polarize carbon skeletons by virtue of their electronegativity. Therefore, in standard organic reactions, the majority of new bonds are formed between atoms of opposite polarity. This can be considered to be the "normal" mode of reactivity.
One... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pharmacological action represents a mechanism by means of a specific effect can be obtained. Depending on the class and type of the drug, the pharmacological action may be different.
In the case of electrophysiology, the drug directly acts at the level of the cells, affecting the mechanism of opening/closing of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The extensive use of gold during early Philippine history is well-documented, both in the archeological record and in the various written accounts from precolonial and early Spanish colonial times. Gold was used throughout the Philippine archipelago in various decorative and ceremonial items, as clothing, and also as c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ppGpp inhibits IF2-mediated fMet-Phe initiation dipeptide formation, probably by interfering with 30S and 50S subunit interactions. E. coli accumulates more ppGpp than pppGpp during amino acid starvation, and ppGpp has about 8-fold greater efficiency than that of pppGpp. While B. subtilis accumulates more pppGpp than p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term zero-point energy (ZPE) is a translation from the German .
Sometimes used interchangeably with it are the terms zero-point radiation and ground state energy. The term zero-point field (ZPF) can be used when referring to a specific vacuum field, for instance the QED vacuum which specifically deals with quantum ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Secular equilibrium can occur in a radioactive decay chain only if the half-life of the daughter radionuclide B is much shorter than the half-life of the parent radionuclide A. In such a case, the decay rate of A and hence the production rate of B is approximately constant, because the half-life of A is very long compa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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