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A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, to which fire sprinklers are connected. Although initially used only in factories and large commercial buildings, systems for homes and small b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The other possible case would be that the second step is slow and rate-determining, meaning that it is slower than the first step in the reverse direction: r ≪ r. In this hypothesis, r − r ≈ 0, so that the first step is (almost) at equilibrium. The overall rate is determined by the second step: r = r ≪ r, as very few m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water molecules stay close to each other (cohesion), due to the collective action of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking, with new bonds being formed with different water molecules; but at any given time in a sample of liquid water, a large portion of the molecules are h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Davis, Frederick Rowe. "Pesticides and the perils of synecdoche in the history of science and environmental history." History of Science 57.4 (2019): 469–492.
* Davis, Frederick Rowe. Banned: a history of pesticides and the science of toxicology (Yale UP, 2014).
* Matthews, Graham A. A history of pesticides (CABI, 20... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure. It is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape.
The density o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When an acid catalyst is used, the initial step in the reaction mechanism involves acid-catalyzed tautomerization of the carbonyl compound to the enol. The acid also serves to activate the carbonyl group of another molecule by protonation, rendering it highly electrophilic. The enol is nucleophilic at the α-carbon, all... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In multiphase flow in porous media, the relative permeability of a phase is a dimensionless measure of the effective permeability of that phase. It is the ratio of the effective permeability of that phase to the absolute permeability. It can be viewed as an adaptation of Darcy's law to multiphase flow.
For two-phase f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymer brushes can be used in Area-selective deposition. Area-selective deposition is a promising technique for positional self-alignment of materials at a prepatterned surface. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gaskets are the mechanical seals, or packings, used to prevent the leakage of a gas or fluids from valves. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA spiking, also known as custom spiking, is the differing ratio of bases at a single degenerate position when synthesizing oligonucleotides. DNA spiking is a unequal proportions of bases at a given position (for example, 10% Adenine, 75% Guanine, 5% Cytosine & 10% Thymine). As an example, with the degenerate code R ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In juvenile red deer (Cervus elaphus), the preorbital gland appears to play a role in the response to stress. The preorbital gland is closed in a relaxed calf, whereas it is opened in a stressed calf. One example of this is the signalling of hunger and satiety. Fawns open their preorbital glands as a signal that they a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Linolelaidic acid is an omega-6 trans fatty acid (TFA) and is a cis–trans isomer of linoleic acid. It is found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. It is a white (or colourless) viscous liquid.
TFAs are classified as conjugated and nonconjugated, corresponding usually to the structural elements and , respectively... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the inert pair effect of the heavy, organometallic compounds of Bi (III) show Lewis acid properties given the lower ability of the 6s electron pair to mix with molecular orbitals and form σ-bonds. The search for non-toxic equivalents of boronic acids in advancing the Suzuki-Miyaura carbon-carbon coupling reactio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After a conflict with that university, Markovnikov was appointed professor at the University of Odesa in 1871 and, two years later, at the University of Moscow, where he stayed the rest of his career. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1901. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An ATM designed with a rotated sample is typically a far-field measurement configuration using a time-domain spectroscopy strategy.
A high power infrared laser is typically used. Its beam is split by a beamsplitter into two optical paths: a probe beam and a THz generation beam.
The THz generation beam typically receive... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pyridine can be prepared by dealkylation of alkylated pyridines, which are obtained as byproducts in the syntheses of other pyridines. The oxidative dealkylation is carried out either using air over vanadium(V) oxide catalyst, by vapor-dealkylation on nickel-based catalyst, or hydrodealkylation with a silver- or platin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The oil and gas industry in general uses unsealed radioactive solids (powder and granular forms), liquids and gases to investigate or trace the movement of materials. The most common use of these radiotracers is at the well head for the measurement of flow rate for various purposes. A 1995 study found that radioactive... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is possible to modify Tebbe's reagent through the use of different ligands. This can alter the reactivity of the complex, allowing for a broader range of reactions. For example, cyclopropanation can be achieved using a chlorinated analogue. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The intrinsic color of liquid water may be demonstrated by looking at a white light source through a long pipe that is filled with purified water and closed at both ends with a transparent window. The light cyan color is caused by weak absorption in the red part of the visible spectrum.
Absorptions in the visible spec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In ammonia production CO and CO are considered poisons to most commonly used catalysts. Methanation catalysts are added after several hydrogen producing steps to prevent carbon oxide buildup in the ammonia synthesis loop as methane does not have similar adverse effects on ammonia synthesis rates. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Extensive studies have been performed on the formation of enolates. It is possible to generate, in most cases, the desired enolate geometry:
For ketones, most enolization conditions give Z enolates. For esters, most enolization conditions give E enolates. The addition of HMPA is known to reverse the stereoselectivity o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primitive unit cell for the body-centered cubic crystal structure contains several fractions taken from nine atoms (if the particles in the crystal are atoms): one on each corner of the cube and one atom in the center. Because the volume of each of the eight corner atoms is shared between eight adjacent cells, each... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To be effective on a given ore slurry, the collectors are chosen based upon their selective wetting of the types of particles to be separated. A good collector will adsorb, physically or chemically, with one of the types of particles. The wetting activity of a surfactant on a particle can in principle be quantified by ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A nucleosome is the basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes. The structure of a nucleosome consists of a segment of DNA wound around eight histone proteins and resembles thread wrapped around a spool. The nucleosome is the fundamental subunit of chromatin. Each nucleosome is composed of a little less than ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Joanna Sigfred Fowler (born August 9, 1942) is a scientist emeritus at the U.S. Department of Energys Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York. She served as professor of psychiatry at Mount Sinai School of Medicine and director of Brookhavens Radiotracer Chemistry, Instrumentation and Biological Imaging Program. Fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Permeable paving surfaces have been demonstrated as effective in managing runoff from paved surfaces and recharging groundwater aquifers. Large volumes of urban runoff causes serious erosion and siltation in surface water bodies. Permeable pavers provide a solid ground surface, strong enough to take heavy loads, like l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dravya in Jainism are fundamental entities, called astikaya (literally, collection that exists). They are believed to be eternal, and the ontological building blocks that constitute and explain all existence, whether perceived or not. According to both Śvētāmbara and Digambara traditions of Jainism, there are six e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA storage is an important aspect of DNA extraction projects as it ensures the integrity and stability of the extracted DNA for downstream applications.
One common method of DNA storage is ethanol precipitation, which involves adding ethanol and a salt, such as sodium chloride or potassium acetate, to the extracted DN... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrochemical energy conversion is a field of energy technology concerned with electrochemical methods of energy conversion including fuel cells and photoelectrochemical. This field of technology also includes electrical storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors. It is increasingly important in context of au... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Faraday devised the laws of chemical electrodeposition of metals from solutions in 1857. He formulated the second law of electrolysis stating "the amounts of bodies which are equivalent to each other in their ordinary chemical action have equal quantities of electricity naturally associated with them." In other words, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From 1992 to 1993, Marrow was appointed as postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Materials, University of Oxford, and a junior research fellow at Linacre College, Oxford, but moved with an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) postdoctoral research fellowship to the School of Metallu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) are a group of autoantigens that were originally identified as antibody targets in people with autoimmune disorders. They are termed ENA because they can be extracted from the cell nucleus with saline. The ENAs consist of ribonucleoproteins and non-histone proteins, named by either th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pzc is typically obtained by acid-base titrations of colloidal dispersions while monitoring the electrophoretic mobility of the particles and the pH of the suspension. Several titrations are required to distinguish pzc from iep, using different electrolytes (including varying the electrolyte ionic strength). Once s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Darcy-Weisbach's accuracy and universal applicability makes it the ideal formula for flow in pipes. The advantages of the equation are as follows:
* It is based on fundamentals.
* It is dimensionally consistent.
* It is useful for any fluid, including oil, gas, brine, and sludges.
* It can be derived analytically i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conversely, a spinning superconductor generates a magnetic field, precisely aligned with the spin axis. The effect, the London moment, was put to good use in Gravity Probe B. This experiment measured the magnetic fields of four superconducting gyroscopes to determine their spin axes. This was critical to the experiment... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The microscopic structure of liquids is complex and historically has been the subject of intense research and debate. A few of the key ideas are explained below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Chemical Educator is a peer-reviewed journal in chemical education. It was published by Springer-Verlag from 1996 to 2002, and has been published online independently since 2003. The journal publishes six issues per volume and one volume per year, on current topics, experiments, and teaching methodology. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is prepared from boron trifluoride, diethyl ether and epichlorohydrin:
where the Et stands for ethyl. The trimethyloxonium salt is available from dimethyl ether via an analogous route. These salts do not have long shelf-lives at room temperature. They degrade by hydrolysis:
The propens... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Seawater contains more dissolved ions than all types of freshwater. However, the ratios of solutes differ dramatically. For instance, although seawater contains about 2.8 times more bicarbonate than river water, the percentage of bicarbonate in seawater as a ratio of all dissolved ions is far lower than in river water.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wolffram’s Red Salt is an inorganic compound with the double salt formula [Pt(CHNH)Cl] [Pt(CHNH)]Cl·4HO. This compound is an early example of a one-dimensional coordination polymer, serving as a representative structure for studies in solid-state physics. This species has been of interest due to the unusual mixed valen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Specific Fan Power (SFP) is a parameter that quantifies the energy-efficiency of fan air movement systems. It is a measure of the electric power that is needed to drive a fan (or collection of fans), relative to the amount of air that is circulated through the fan(s). It is not constant for a given fan, but changes wit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atmospheric corrosion generally refers to general corrosion in a non-specific environment. Prevention of atmospheric corrosion is typically handled by use of materials selection and coatings specifications. The use of zinc coatings also known as galvanization on steel structures is a form of cathodic protection where t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primary standards are compounds with known stoichiometry, high purity, and high stability. Standard solutions can be prepared using primary standards by accurately weighing a known quantity of the compound, followed by dilution to a precise volume. For example, a weighed sample of 0.15 g sodium chloride contains 2.6 x ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The misorientation distribution (MD) is analogous to the ODF used in characterizing texture. The MD describes the probability of the misorientation between any two grains falling into a range around a given misorientation . While similar to a probability density, the MD is not mathematically the same due to the norm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The major steps in the sulfo-SFT pathway are:
* isomerization of sulfoquinovose to sulfofructose (catalyzed by sulfoquinovose isomerase);
* transaldol reaction of sulfofructose to release sulfolactaldehyde (catalyzed by sulfofructose transaldolase), and transfer of the C3-(glycerone)-moiety to glyceraldehyde phosphate,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In continuum mechanics, the Froude number (, after William Froude, ) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the flow inertia to the external field (the latter in many applications simply due to gravity). The Froude number is based on the speed–length ratio which he defined as:
where is the local flow veloci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The etymology of the words valence (plural valences) and valency (plural valencies) traces back to 1425, meaning "extract, preparation", from Latin valentia "strength, capacity", from the earlier valor "worth, value", and the chemical meaning referring to the "combining power of an element" is recorded from 1884, from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Double-walled pipe system may use plastic pressure pipe systems materials of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE). Dual-wall stainless steel tubing is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stochastic thermodynamics can be applied to driven (i.e. open) quantum systems whenever the effects of quantum coherence can be ignored. The dynamics of an open quantum system is then equivalent to a classical stochastic one. However, this is sometimes at the cost of requiring unrealistic measurements at the beginning... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are three classes of manufactured tubing: seamless, as-welded or electric resistant welded (ERW), and drawn-over-mandrel (DOM).
* Seamless tubing is produced via extrusion or rotary piercing.
* Drawn-over-mandrel tubing is made from cold-drawn electrical-resistance-welded tube that is drawn through a die and over... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Athletes may adopt gene therapy technologies to improve their performance. Gene doping is not known to occur, but multiple gene therapies may have such effects. Kayser et al. argue that gene doping could level the playing field if all athletes receive equal access. Critics claim that any therapeutic intervention for no... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many metal alkoxide compounds also feature oxo-ligands. Oxo-ligands typically arise via the hydrolysis, often accidentally, and via ether elimination: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a small number of cases, plant genes are effective against an entire pathogen species, even though that species is pathogenic on other genotypes of that host species. Examples include barley MLO against powdery mildew, wheat Lr34 against leaf rust and wheat Yr36 against wheat stripe rust. An array of mechanisms for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While gene knock-in technology has proven to be a powerful technique for the generation of models of human disease and insight into proteins in vivo, numerous limitations still exist. Many of these are shared with the limitations of knockout technology. First, combinations of knock-in genes lead to growing complexity i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a form of normal phase chromatography that uses a supercritical fluid such as carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. It is used for the analysis and purification of low to moderate molecular weight, thermally labile molecules and can also be used for the separation of chiral com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A superconductor is generally considered high-temperature if it reaches a superconducting state above a temperature of 30 K (−243.15 °C); as in the initial discovery by Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller. It may also reference materials that transition to superconductivity when cooled using liquid nitrogen – that is, at ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fatty acid ethoxylates are a class of very versatile surfactants, which combine in a single molecule the characteristic of a weakly anionic, pH-responsive head group with the presence of stabilizing and temperature responsive ethyleneoxide units. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cycling of and excretion of urea by the kidneys is a vital part of mammalian metabolism. Besides its role as carrier of waste nitrogen, urea also plays a role in the countercurrent exchange system of the nephrons, that allows for reabsorption of water and critical ions from the excreted urine. Urea is reabsorbed in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Product imaging of positive ions formed by REMPI detection is only one of the areas where charged particle imaging has become useful. Another area was in the detection of electrons. The first ideas along these lines seem to have an early history. Demkov et al. were perhaps the first to propose a "photoionization micr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HCFC-142b is used as a refrigerant, as a blowing agent for foam plastics production, and as feedstock to make polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). It was introduced to replace the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were initially undergoing a phase-out per the Montreal Protocol, but HCFCs still have a significant ozone-depleti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For fission reactors, the fuel (typically based on uranium) is usually based on the metal oxide; the oxides are used rather than the metals themselves because the oxide melting point is much higher than that of the metal and because it cannot burn, being already in the oxidized state. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1957, Lagaly started his chemistry studies (as well as Physics, Mineralogy and Botany) at the Heidelberg University, receiving his degree as "Diplom-Chemiker" in 1962. He conducted his doctorate studies at the Institute for Inorganic Chemistry at the same institution under Armin Weiss, and was awarded his Doctor deg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Interference of atom matter waves was first observed by Esterman and Stern in 1930, when a Na beam was diffracted off a surface of NaCl. The short de Broglie wavelength of atoms prevented progress for many years until two technological breakthroughs revived interest: microlithography allowing precise small devices and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reuterin is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol catalysed by the coenzyme B12-dependent glycerol dehydratase.
Reuterin is a potent antimicrobial compound produced by Lactobacillus reuteri. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol catalysed by the coenzyme B12-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Broadly, aptamers are small molecules composed of either single-stranded DNA or RNA and are typically 20-100 nucleotides in length, or ~3-60 kDa. Because of their single-stranded nature, aptamers are capable of forming many secondary structures, including pseudoknots, stem loops, and bulges, through intra-strand base p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Elastomers have to be used with more mechanically sensitive explosives like HMX. The elasticity of the matrix lowers sensitivity of the bulk material to shock and friction; their glass transition temperature is chosen to be below the lower boundary of the temperature working range (typically below -55 °C). Crosslinked ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Samarium(II) iodide is a powerful reducing agent – for example it rapidly reduces water to hydrogen. It is available commercially as a dark blue 0.1 M solution in THF. Although used typically in superstoichiometric amounts, catalytic applications have been described. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conjugated systems not only have low energy excitations in the visible spectral region but they also accept or donate electrons easily. Phthalocyanines, which, like Phthalocyanine Blue BN and Phthalocyanine Green G, often contain a transition metal ion, exchange an electron with the complexed transition metal ion that ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The location of the ropB gene is directly and sequentially proximal to the subject of its transcriptional regulation (speB) which lies downstream of a 941 bp intergenic region between the two. Transcription of the ropB gene seems to necessitate a promoter within a series sequences between 238 and 480 bp and up to 800 b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Free hydride anions exist only under extreme conditions and are not invoked for homogeneous solution. Instead, many compounds have hydrogen centres with hydridic character.
Aside from electride, the hydride ion is the simplest possible anion, consisting of two electrons and a proton. Hydrogen has a relatively low elec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transferrin has been shown to interact with insulin-like growth factor 2 and IGFBP3. Transcriptional regulation of transferrin is upregulated by retinoic acid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In circumstances where more than one laboratory is analysing samples and feeding data into a large programme of work such as the Harmonised monitoring scheme in the UK, AQC can also be applied to validate one laboratory against another. In such cases the work may be referred to as inter-laboratory calibration. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-blunt ends are created by various overhangs. An overhang is a stretch of unpaired nucleotides in the end of a DNA molecule. These unpaired nucleotides can be in either strand, creating either 3 or 5 overhangs. These overhangs are in most cases palindromic.
The simplest case of an overhang is a single nucleotide. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For solid materials with a significant length, like rods or cables, an estimate of the amount of thermal expansion can be described by the material strain, given by and defined as:
where is the length before the change of temperature and is the length after the change of temperature.
For most solids, thermal expansi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In many cases, denaturation is reversible (the proteins can regain their native state when the denaturing influence is removed). This process can be called renaturation. This understanding has led to the notion that all the information needed for proteins to assume their native state was encoded in the primary structur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The initial melting of the material to be smelted is usually referred to as the smelting or matte smelting stage. It can be undertaken in a variety of furnaces, including the largely obsolete blast furnaces and reverberatory furnaces, as well as flash furnaces, Isasmelt furnaces, etc. The product of this smelting stage... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two main types of kineses, both resulting in aggregations. However, the stimulus does not act to attract or repel individuals.
Orthokinesis: in which the speed of movement of the individual is dependent upon the stimulus intensity. For example, the locomotion of the collembola, Orchesella cincta, in relation ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfur concrete has a low porosity and is a poorly permeable material. Its low hydraulic conductivity slows down water ingress in its low porosity matrix and so decreases the transport of harmful chemical species, such as chloride (pitting corrosion), towards the steel reinforcements (physical protection of steel as lo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Brown MX-5BR or Reactive Brown 10 has a formula of CHClCrNNaOS and a molecular weight of 1163.6 g/mol, containing two dichlorotriazine rings. Brown MX-5BR, for example, can be used to purify lysozyme, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase. It also shown that it can elute tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase using Trp as eluant, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sr finds extensive use in medicine as a radioactive source for superficial radiotherapy of some cancers. Controlled amounts of Sr and Sr can be used in treatment of bone cancer, and to treat coronary restenosis via vascular brachytherapy. It is also used as a radioactive tracer in medicine and agriculture. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the mechanical behavior of ceramics is often dominated by flaws, i.e. porosity, instead of grain size, grain-size strengthening is also observed in high-density ceramic specimens. Additionally, nanocrystalline ceramics have been shown to sinter more rapidly than bulk ceramics, leading to higher densities and impr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The White catalyst was originally developed for use in a branched allylic acetoxylation reaction. An enantioselective version of this reaction was subsequently reported, using chromium(III) salen fluoride as a chiral cocatalyst. A macrolactonization reaction based on the branched allylic esterification was developed ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hexamethylenetetramine, also known as methenamine, hexamine, or its trade name Urotropin, is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula (CH)N. This white crystalline compound is highly soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It has a cage-like structure similar to adamantane. It is useful in the synthesis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fission product mixture contains significant amounts of molybdenum. Molybdenum-99 is of enormous interest to nuclear medicine as the parent nuclide to but its short half life means it'll usually be decayed long before the spent fuel is reprocessed. can be produced both by fission followed by immediate reprocessin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Suppose a single spin-1/2 is in the state , which is an eigenstate of the z-spin operator , that is . Similarly . Making use of the expansion of a Hermitian operator in terms of projections onto its eigenkets with eigenvalues as , the associated density operator is
where is the identity operator. Similarly, the de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the above techniques use a spatially extended, wide incident beam, section topography is based on a narrow beam on the order of some 10 micrometers (in one or, in the case of pinhole topography with a pencil beam, in both lateral dimensions). Section topographs therefore investigate only a restricted volume of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Mond gas could be produced very cheaply since it required only a low-quality coal, offering large savings for many processes. The production of Mond gas did not require much labor.
The Mond gas became popularized during the industrial power generation in the beginning of the 20th century, since industries were very... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*2-chloropropylene
*propenylbenzene (β-methylstyrene).
Many phenylpropanoids and their derivatives feature derivatives of propenylbenzene:
*Anethole
*Asarone
*Carpacin
*Coniferyl alcohol
*Isoeugenol
*Isosafrole
*Methyl isoeugenol
*Pseudoisoeugenol | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In H-NMR spectroscopy, the coupling of two hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbon atoms is called vicinal coupling. The coupling constant J represents coupling of vicinal hydrogen atoms because they couple through three bonds. Depending on the other substituents, the vicinal coupling constant is typically a value between 0 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The commonly used radioisotopes have short half lives and so do not occur in nature in large amounts. They are produced by nuclear reactions. One of the most important processes is absorption of a neutron by an atomic nucleus, in which the mass number of the element concerned increases by 1 for each neutron absorbed. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, explosive boiling or phase explosion is a method whereby a superheated metastable liquid undergoes an explosive liquid-vapor phase transition into a stable two-phase state because of a massive homogeneous nucleation of vapor bubbles. This concept was pioneered by M. M. Martynyuk in 1976 and then late... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jaynes (1985, 2003, et passim) discussed the concept of probability. According to the MaxEnt viewpoint, the probabilities in statistical mechanics are determined jointly by two factors: by respectively specified particular models for the underlying state space (e.g. Liouvillian phase space); and by respectively specifi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are five requirements for surfactants to successfully disperse oil:
*Dispersant must be on the oil's surface in the proper concentration
*Dispersant must penetrate (mix with) the oil
* Surfactant molecules must orient at the oil-water interface (hydrophobic in oil and hydrophilic in water)
* Oil-water interfacia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pharmacogenetics focuses on identifying genetic variations including SNPs associated with differential responses to treatment. Many drug metabolizing enzymes, drug targets, or target pathways can be influenced by SNPs. The SNPs involved in drug metabolizing enzyme activities can change drug pharmacokinetics, while the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA-Seq captures DNA variation, including single nucleotide variants, small insertions/deletions. and structural variation. Variant calling in RNA-Seq is similar to DNA variant calling and often employs the same tools (including SAMtools mpileup and GATK HaplotypeCaller) with adjustments to account for splicing. One un... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Four key assumptions in Scheil analysis enable determination of phases present in a cast part. These assumptions are:
# No diffusion occurs in solid phases once they are formed ()
# Infinitely fast diffusion occurs in the liquid at all temperatures by virtue of a high diffusion coefficient, thermal convection, Marango... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stark spectroscopy (sometimes known as electroabsorption/emission spectroscopy) is a form of spectroscopy based on the Stark effect. In brief, this technique makes use of the Stark effect (or electrochromism) either to reveal information about the physiochemical or physical properties of a sample using a well-character... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry (EWOC) is a scientific conference designed to bring the research and career interests of women in organic chemistry to the forefront and seeks to empower all marginalized individuals by promoting equity, justice, diversity, and inclusion across all chemistry fields. EWOC is the wor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Until 1986, physicists had believed that BCS theory forbade superconductivity at temperatures above about 30 K. In that year, Bednorz and Müller discovered superconductivity in lanthanum barium copper oxide (LBCO), a lanthanum-based cuprate perovskite material, which had a transition temperature of 35 K (Nobel Prize in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the isotopic fractionation associated solely with the step in the Calvin-Benson cycle where a molecule of carbon dioxide () is attached to the 5-carbon sugar ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) to produce two 3-carbon sugars c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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